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Biernbaum EN, Dassanayake RP, Nicholson EM, Kudva IT. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activity of human granulysin, bovine and porcine NK-lysins against Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292234. [PMID: 37768945 PMCID: PMC10538649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 (O157) is a foodborne pathogen causing human disease ranging from hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome to kidney failure, while remaining harmless to cattle, its primary reservoir. The severity of the human disease associated mainly with Shiga toxin production and a global emergence of antibiotic resistant STEC highlights the need for effective non-antibiotic, pre-harvest strategies to reduce O157 in cattle, the principal source of human infection. Towards this goal three synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs): human granulysin (hGRNL), bovine NK-lysin (bNK2A), and porcine NK-lysin (pNKL), were tested in vitro against O157 isolates. As expected, circular dichroism spectroscopy findings were consistent with a predominantly α-helical conformation for all three AMPs in an environment mimicking bacterial outer surface or liposaccharides. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations of hGRNL (200 μM), bNK2A (12.5 μM against strain 86-24 and 25 μM against EDL933), and pNKL (6.25 μM) were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution method in Müeller-Hinton broth (cation-adjusted). The bNK2A and pNKL AMPs did not induce Shiga toxin expression in O157 at MIC, as there was a significant decrease or no change in toxin expression following 4- or 20 h incubation with the AMPs; bNK2A p <0.0001 (4 h) and p = 0.4831 (20 h); pNKL p <0.0001 (4 h) and p = 0.0001 (20 h). Propidium iodide uptake assay revealed faster O157 membrane damage or killing kinetics with bNK2A and pNKL compared to hGRNL. Nonetheless, transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that all three AMPs mediated damage to O157 membranes. In contrast, the three AMPs showed minimal cytotoxicity (<2%) against cattle red blood cells at tested concentrations (0.39-50 μM). Overall, our results demonstrate the potential for bNK2A and pNKL to be further developed into novel non-antibiotic agents to reduce O157 shedding in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika N. Biernbaum
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Nicholson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Indira T. Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Chernov VM, Baranova NB, Mouzykantov AA, Medvedeva ES, Dramchini MA, Chernova OA. Adaptation of Mycoplasmas to Antimicrobial Peptides: Development of Melittin Resistance in Acholeplasma laidlawii Is Associated with Changes in Genomic and Proteomic Profiles and in Virulence. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2020; 495:300-303. [PMID: 33368039 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672920060034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For the first time it is shown that the development of resistance to melittin in Acholeplasma laidlawii, a mycoplasma that is widely spread in nature and that is the main contaminant of cell cultures and vaccines, is associated with significant changes in the genomic profile, in cellular and vesicular proteomes, as well as in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Chernov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - N B Baranova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia. .,Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
| | - A A Mouzykantov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - E S Medvedeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - M A Dramchini
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - O A Chernova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia.,Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Mahmoud MM, Yacoub HA. Characterization of transcription profile and structural properties of avian NK-lysin. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3793-3806. [PMID: 32731965 PMCID: PMC7597936 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the transcription profile of NK-lysin gene in native chickens. Moreover, it was targeted toward determining the primary, three-dimensional, and molecular dynamic structures of NK-lysin and granulysin peptides to understand their mode of action and intracellular transduction pathways using in silico analysis. The results revealed that NK-lysin gene in native chickens and Gallus gallus were closely related to those of other avian species. However, there was a low sequence homology when aligned with the mammalian peptides. The coding region of NK-lysin peptide in native chickens encoded 140 amino acids as found in G. gallus with a homology of 98% that declined to 20%, particularly in mammalian species. The results revealed that the NK-lysin in native chickens was closely related to that in avian species at a range of 71-76%. However, it was different from that of other mammalians in terms of nucleotide and amino acid identities. The mRNA transcripts of NK-lysin had high and moderate expression levels in the testis and pancreas, respectively. Nonetheless, the small intestine, kidney, spleen, and liver had a low expression level. The NK-lysin peptides contained more than 50% of the total AA with a nonpolar feature, whereas polar AA constituted up to 30% of AA. The results also indicated that the hydrophilic regions and positively charged amino acids were predominant on the surface of the investigated peptides. The NK-lysin was folded in 4-5 helical units and 3-4 loop structures in their saposin domain. The third helical peptide was long in both avian and bovine species (104-123 residues). However, the fourth helical peptide was short in humans, pigs, and chimpanzees (101-123, 104-123, and 102-124 residues, respectively), with the helical unit residues of 95-97, 96-99, and 96-98, respectively. The obtained results can be helpful in developing novel approaches that could be used as alternatives or adjuncts to the existing means of control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged M Mahmoud
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Human Genetics Division and Genome Research, Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haitham A Yacoub
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Gizza 12622, Egypt.
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LL-37: Review of antimicrobial profile against sensitive and antibiotic-resistant human bacterial pathogens. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Identification and Characterization of Nasal Polyposis and Mycoplasma Superinfection by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Nasal Cytology with Optical Microscopy: A Case Report. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040174. [PMID: 31689994 PMCID: PMC6963757 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal polyposis is characterized by benign, non-cancerous and painless growths originating in the tissue of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses. Polyps arise from chronic inflammation due to asthma, recurrent infections, allergies, drug sensitivity or immune disorders. They can obstruct the nasal cavities and thus cause respiratory problems, a reduction in the sense of smell and susceptibility to infections. Furthermore, nasal polyps can recur. Hence the importance of using valid diagnostic methods. In this work, the diagnostic investigation carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nasal cytology led, for the first time, to the identification of a mycoplasma superinfection on nasal polyposis.
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Lim S, Yun HK, Kang KM, Lee BL, Won R, Lee IH. Interactions between Mycoplasma pulmonis and immune systems in the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 114:103231. [PMID: 31479697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasmas, the smallest self-replicating organisms, are unique in that they lack cell walls but possess distinctive plasma membranes containing sterol acquired from their growth environment. Although mycoplasmas are known to be successful pathogens in a wide range of animal hosts, including humans, the molecular basis for their virulence and interaction with the host immune systems remains largely unknown. This study was conducted to elucidate the biochemical relationship between mycoplasma and the insect immune system. We investigated defense reactions of Tenebrio molitor that were activated in response to infection with Mycoplasma pulmonis. The results revealed that T. molitor larvae were more resistant to mycoplasma infection than normal bacteria equipped with cell walls. Intruding M. pulmonis cells were effectively killed by toxins generated from activation of the proPO cascade in hemolymph, but not by cellular reactions or antimicrobial peptides. It was determined that these different anti-mycoplasma effects of T. molitor immune components were primarily attributable to surface molecules of M. pulmonis such as phospholipids occurring in the outer leaflet of the membrane lipid bilayer. While phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid derived from the growth environment, contributed to the resistance of M. pulmonis against antimicrobial peptides produced by T. molitor, phosphatidylglycerol was responsible for triggering activation of the proPO cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooa Lim
- Department of Food & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungnam, 336-795, South Korea
| | - Hwa-Kyung Yun
- Department of Biofood & Medical Sciences, Hanseo University, 360 Daegok-ri, Haemi-myen, Seosan, Chungnam, 356-706, South Korea
| | - Ki Mo Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungnam, 336-795, South Korea
| | - Bok Luel Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea
| | - Ran Won
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Division of Health Sciences, Dongseo University, Busan, 47011, South Korea
| | - In Hee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungnam, 336-795, South Korea.
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Chernov VM, Chernova OA, Mouzykantov AA, Medvedeva ES, Baranova NB, Malygina TY, Aminov RI, Trushin MV. Antimicrobial resistance in mollicutes: known and newly emerging mechanisms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5057471. [PMID: 30052940 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in mollicutes (class Bacilli, subclass Mollicutes), the smallest self-replicating bacteria, that can cause diseases in plants, animals and humans, and also contaminate cell cultures and vaccine preparations. Research in this area has been mainly based on the ubiquitous mollicute and the main contaminant of cell cultures, Acholeplasma laidlawii. The omics technologies applied to this and other bacteria have yielded a complex picture of responses to antimicrobials, including their removal from the cell, the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes and mutations that potentially allow global reprogramming of many cellular processes. This review provides a brief summary of well-known resistance mechanisms that have been demonstrated in several mollicutes species and, in more detail, novel mechanisms revealed in A. laidlawii, including the least explored vesicle-mediated transfer of short RNAs with a regulatory potency. We hope that this review highlights new avenues for further studies on antimicrobial resistance in these bacteria for both a basic science and an application perspective of infection control and management in clinical and research/production settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav M Chernov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS 2/31 Lobachevsky Str., Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.,Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Chernova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS 2/31 Lobachevsky Str., Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.,Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Mouzykantov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS 2/31 Lobachevsky Str., Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.,Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Elena S Medvedeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS 2/31 Lobachevsky Str., Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.,Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia B Baranova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS 2/31 Lobachevsky Str., Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.,Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Y Malygina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS 2/31 Lobachevsky Str., Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Rustam I Aminov
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Maxim V Trushin
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
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Lee MO, Dobson L, Davis BW, Skow L, Derr J, Womack JE. Genomic Structure and Tissue Expression of the NK-Lysin Gene Family in Bison. J Hered 2018; 109:598-603. [PMID: 29718298 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of natural peptides with varying numbers of amino acids. They are principal components of innate immunity in vertebrates, encoding natural antibiotics and providing a protective response against a broad range of microbes including those responsible for tuberculosis, an important disease in bison. NK-lysins are AMPs that have been described in various organisms and are coded by a single gene in several mammalian species, including human. Recently, we described a family of 4 NK-lysin genes in cattle. Here, we examined NK-lysin genes in bison and identified 4 bison paralogs (NK1, NK2A, NK2B, and NK2C), although the current bison genome assembly annotates only 2 (NK1 and NK2). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis support the triplication of NK2 prior to the most recent common ancestor of bison and cattle. Comparative mapping of bison and cattle paralogs indicates that the NK-lysin family is located on bison chromosome 11 with well-conserved synteny of flanking genes relative to cattle. The 3 bison NK-lysin2 genes share high sequence similarity with each other. RNA-seq analysis demonstrates that NK2A, NK2B, and NK2C are expressed primarily in the lung, whereas NK1 is expressed at low levels in all tissues studied. This tissue expression pattern differs from that previously reported for cattle, suggesting some divergence in function since the evolutionary separation of the 2 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ok Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
| | - Lauren Dobson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Loren Skow
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - James Derr
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
| | - James E Womack
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
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Antimicrobial activity of bovine NK-lysin-derived peptides on Mycoplasma bovis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197677. [PMID: 29771981 PMCID: PMC5957369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a diverse group of molecules which play an important role in the innate immune response. Bovine NK-lysins, a type of AMP, have been predominantly found in the granules of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and NK-cells. Bovine NK-lysin-derived peptides demonstrate antimicrobial activity against various bacterial pathogens, including several involved in bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) in cattle; however, such studies are yet to be performed with one important contributor to the BRDC, Mycoplasma bovis. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of bovine NK-lysin-derived peptides on M. bovis. Thirty-mer synthetic peptides corresponding to the functional region helices 2 and 3 of bovine NK-lysins NK1, NK2A, NK2B, and NK2C were evaluated for killing activity on M. bovis isolates. Among four peptides, NK2A and NK2C showed the highest antimicrobial activity against the M. bovis isolates tested. All four NK-lysin peptides induced rapid plasma membrane depolarization in M. bovis at two concentrations tested. However, based on propidium iodide uptake, only NK2A and NK2C appeared capable of causing structural damage to M. bovis plasma membrane. Confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy further suggested NK-lysin-induced damage to the plasma membrane. Taken together, the findings in this study suggest that plasma membrane depolarization alone was insufficient to induce lethality, but disruption/permeabilization of the M. bovis plasma membrane was the cause of lethality.
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Dassanayake RP, Falkenberg SM, Briggs RE, Tatum FM, Sacco RE. Antimicrobial activity of bovine NK-lysin-derived peptides on bovine respiratory pathogen Histophilus somni. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183610. [PMID: 28827826 PMCID: PMC5565109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine NK-lysins, which are functionally and structurally similar to human granulysin and porcine NK-lysin, are predominantly found in the granules of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and NK-cells. Although antimicrobial activity of bovine NK-lysin has been assessed for several bacterial pathogens, not all the important bacterial pathogens that are involved in the bovine respiratory disease complex have been studied. Therefore the objective of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of bovine NK-lysin-derived peptides on bovine respiratory pathogen Histophilus somni. Four, 30-mer peptides corresponding to the functional region of NK-lysin helices 2 and 3 were synthesized and assessed for antibacterial activity on four bovine pneumonic H. somni isolates. Although there were some differences in the efficiency of bactericidal activity among the NK-lysin peptides at lower concentrations (2–5 μM), all four peptides effectively killed most H. somni isolates at higher concentrations (10–30 μM) as determined by a bacterial killing assay. Confocal microscopic and flow cytometric analysis of Live/Dead Baclight stained H. somni (which were preincubated with NK-lysin peptides) were consistent with the killing assay findings and suggest NK-lysin peptides are bactericidal for H. somni. Among the four peptides, NK2A-derived peptide consistently showed the highest antimicrobial activity against all four H. somni isolates. Electron microscopic examination of H. somni following incubation with NK-lysin revealed extensive cell membrane damage, protrusions of outer membranes, and cytoplasmic content leakage. Taken together, the findings from this study clearly demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of all four bovine NK-lysin-derived peptides against bovine H. somni isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shollie M. Falkenberg
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Briggs
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Fred M. Tatum
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Randy E. Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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