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Dysregulation of erythropoiesis and altered erythroblastic NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx in Lrfn2-deficient mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245624. [PMID: 33481887 PMCID: PMC7822338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
LRFN2 encodes a synaptic adhesion-like molecule that physically interacts with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 1 and its scaffold proteins. Previous studies in humans and mice have demonstrated its genetic association with neurodevelopmental disorders such as learning deficiency and autism. In this study, we showed that Lrfn2-deficient (KO) mice exhibit abnormalities of erythropoietic systems due to altered NMDA receptor function. In mature Lrfn2 KO male mice, peripheral blood tests showed multilineage abnormalities, including normocytic erythrocythemia, and reduced platelet volume. Colony forming unit assay using bone marrow cells revealed decreases in the counts of erythrocyte progenitors (CFU-E) as well as granulocytes and monocyte progenitors (CFU-GM). Whole bone marrow cell staining showed that serum erythropoietin (EPO) level was decreased and EPO receptor-like immunoreactivity was increased. Flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow cells revealed increased early erythroblast count and increased transferrin receptor expression in late erythroblasts. Further, we found that late erythroblasts in Lrfn2 KO exhibited defective NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx, which was inhibited by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK801. These results indicate that Lrfn2 has biphasic roles in hematopoiesis and is associated with the functional integrity of NMDA receptors in hematopoietic cells. Furthermore, taken together with previous studies that showed the involvement of NMDA receptors in hematopoiesis, the results of this study indicate that Lrfn2 may regulate erythropoiesis through its regulatory activity on NMDA receptors.
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Pellegrino RM, Riondato F, Ferbo L, Boero M, Palmieri A, Osella L, Pollicino P, Miniscalco B, Saglio G, Roetto A. Altered Erythropoiesis in Mouse Models of Type 3 Hemochromatosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2408941. [PMID: 28540293 PMCID: PMC5433419 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2408941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 3 haemochromatosis (HFE3) is a rare genetic iron overload disease which ultimately lead to compromised organs functioning. HFE3 is caused by mutations in transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) gene that codes for two main isoforms (Tfr2α and Tfr2β). Tfr2α is one of the hepatic regulators of iron inhibitor hepcidin. Tfr2β is an intracellular isoform of the protein involved in the regulation of iron levels in reticuloendothelial cells. It has been recently demonstrated that Tfr2 is also involved in erythropoiesis. This study aims to further investigate Tfr2 erythropoietic role by evaluating the erythropoiesis of two Tfr2 murine models wherein either one or both of Tfr2 isoforms have been selectively silenced (Tfr2 KI and Tfr2 KO). The evaluations were performed in bone marrow and spleen, in 14 days' and 10 weeks' old mice, to assess erythropoiesis in young versus adult animals. The lack of Tfr2α leads to macrocytosis with low reticulocyte number and increased hemoglobin values, together with an anticipation of adult BM erythropoiesis and an increased splenic erythropoiesis. On the other hand, lack of Tfr2β (Tfr2 KI mice) causes an increased and immature splenic erythropoiesis. Taken together, these data confirm the role of Tfr2α in modulation of erythropoiesis and of Tfr2β in favoring iron availability for erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Pellegrino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - F. Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - L. Ferbo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - M. Boero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - A. Palmieri
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - L. Osella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - P. Pollicino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - B. Miniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - G. Saglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - A. Roetto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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Rees CL, White CM, Ascoli GA. Neurochemical Markers in the Mammalian Brain: Structure, Roles in Synaptic Communication, and Pharmacological Relevance. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:3077-3103. [PMID: 28413962 PMCID: PMC5646670 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170414163506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of molecular marker (typically protein or mRNA) expression in neural systems can provide insight to the chemical blueprint of signal processing and transmission, assist in tracking developmental or pathological progressions, and yield key information regarding potential medicinal targets. These markers are particularly relevant in the mammalian brain in the light of its unsurpassed cellular diversity. Accordingly, molecular expression profiling is rapidly becoming a major approach to classify neuron types. Despite a profusion of research, however, the biological functions of molecular markers commonly used to distinguish neuron types remain incompletely understood. Furthermore, most molecular markers of mammalian neuron types are also present in other organs, therefore complicating considerations of their potential pharmacological interactions. OBJECTIVE Here, we survey 15 prominent neurochemical markers from five categories, namely membrane transporters, calcium-binding proteins, neuropeptides, receptors, and extracellular matrix proteins, explaining their relation and relevance to synaptic communication. METHOD For each marker, we summarize fundamental structural features, cellular functionality, distributions within and outside the brain, as well as known drug effectors and mechanisms of action. CONCLUSION This essential primer thus links together the cellular complexity of the brain, the chemical properties of key molecular players in neurotransmission, and possible biomedical opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Rees
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Charise M. White
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Giorgio A. Ascoli
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Lin L, Yan F, Zhao D, Lv M, Liang X, Dai H, Qin X, Zhang Y, Hao J, Sun X, Yin Y, Huang X, Zhang J, Lu J, Ge Q. Reelin promotes the adhesion and drug resistance of multiple myeloma cells via integrin β1 signaling and STAT3. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9844-58. [PMID: 26848618 PMCID: PMC4891088 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein that is essential for neuron migration and positioning. The expression of reelin in multiple myeloma (MM) cells and its association with cell adhesion and survival were investigated. Overexpression, siRNA knockdown, and the addition of recombinant protein of reelin were used to examine the function of reelin in MM cells. Clinically, high expression of reelin was negatively associated with progression-free survival and overall survival. Functionally, reelin promoted the adhesion of MM cells to fibronectin via activation of α5β1 integrin. The resulting phosphorylation of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) led to the activation of Src/Syk/STAT3 and Akt, crucial signaling molecules involved in enhancing cell adhesion and protecting cells from drug-induced cell apoptosis. These findings indicate reelin's important role in the activation of integrin-β1 and STAT3/Akt pathways in multiple myeloma and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting reelin/integrin/FAK axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fan Yan
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, China
| | - Meng Lv
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | | | - Hui Dai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaodan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiuyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanhui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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Khialeeva E, Carpenter EM. Nonneuronal roles for the reelin signaling pathway. Dev Dyn 2016; 246:217-226. [PMID: 27739126 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reelin signaling pathway has been established as an important regulator of cell migration during development of the central nervous system, and disruptions in reelin signaling alter the positioning of many types of neurons. Reelin is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein and governs cell migration through activation of multiple intracellular signaling events by means of the receptors ApoE receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), and the intracellular adaptor protein Disabled-1 (Dab1). Earlier studies reported expression of reelin in nonneuronal tissues, but the functions of this signaling pathway outside of the nervous system have not been studied until recently. A large body of evidence now suggests that reelin functions during development and disease of multiple nonneuronal tissues. This review addresses recent advances in the field of nonneuronal reelin signaling. Developmental Dynamics 246:217-226, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Khialeeva
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ellen M Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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Gong XL, Gu XL, Chen YC, Zhu H, Xia ZN, Li JZ, Lu GC. Chronic preclinical safety evaluation of EPO-018B, a pegylated peptidic erythropoiesis-stimulating agent in monkeys and rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 307:45-61. [PMID: 27457977 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
EPO-018B, a synthetic peptide-based erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA), is mainly designed for treatment of anemia caused by chronic renal failure and chemotherapy against cancer. It overcomes the deficiencies of currently approved ESA, including the frequent administration of temperature-sensitive recombinant protein and anti-EPO antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). This study was designed to evaluate the potential chronic toxicity of EPO-018B. Subcutaneous administration doses were designed as 0, 0.2, 1 and 10mg/kg for six months for 160 rats (20/gender/group) and 0, 0.3, 3 and 20mg/kg for nine months for 32 monkeys (4/gender/group) once every three weeks. The vehicles received the same volume of physiological saline injection. All animals survived to the scheduled necropsies after six weeks (for rats) and fourteen weeks (for monkeys) recovery period, except for the two high-dose female rats and two high-dose male monkeys, which were considered related to the increased RBCs, chronic blood hyperviscosity and chronic cardiac injury. EPO-018B is supposed to be subcutaneously injected once every month and the intended human therapeutic dose is 0.025mg/kg. The study findings at 0.2mg/kg for rats and 0.3mg/kg for monkeys were considered to be the study NOAEL (the no observed adverse effect level), which were more than ten times the intended human therapeutic dose. Higher doses caused adverse effects related to the liver toxicity, cardiotoxicity, appearance of neutralizing antibodies of EPO-018B and the decrease of serum glucose and cholesterol. Most treatment-induced effects were reversible or revealed ongoing recovery upon the discontinuation of treatment. The sequelae occurred in rats and monkeys were considered secondary to exaggerated pharmacology and would less likely occur in the intended patient population. As to the differences between human beings and animals, the safety of EPO-018B need to be further confirmed in the future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian Gong
- Department of Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Gu
- Department of Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yong-Chun Chen
- Department of Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Pharmacy, No.422 Hospital, Zhanjiang 524005, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- Department of Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhen-Na Xia
- Department of Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Li
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Guo-Cai Lu
- Department of Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Caruncho HJ, Brymer K, Romay-Tallón R, Mitchell MA, Rivera-Baltanás T, Botterill J, Olivares JM, Kalynchuk LE. Reelin-Related Disturbances in Depression: Implications for Translational Studies. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:48. [PMID: 26941609 PMCID: PMC4766281 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The finding that reelin expression is significantly decreased in mood and psychotic disorders, together with evidence that reelin can regulate key aspects of hippocampal plasticity in the adult brain, brought our research group and others to study the possible role of reelin in the pathogenesis of depression. This review describes recent progress on this topic using an animal model of depression that makes use of repeated corticosterone (CORT) injections. This methodology produces depression-like symptoms in both rats and mice that are reversed by antidepressant treatment. We have reported that CORT causes a decrease in the number of reelin-immunopositive cells in the dentate gyrus subgranular zone (SGZ), where adult hippocampal neurogenesis takes place; that down-regulation of the number of reelin-positive cells closely parallels the development of a depression-like phenotype during repeated CORT treatment; that reelin downregulation alters the co-expression of reelin with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS); that deficits in reelin might also create imbalances in glutamatergic and GABAergic circuits within the hippocampus and other limbic structures; and that co-treatment with antidepressant drugs prevents both reelin deficits and the development of a depression-like phenotype. We also observed alterations in the pattern of membrane protein clustering in peripheral lymphocytes in animals with low levels of reelin. Importantly, we found parallel changes in membrane protein clustering in depression patients, which differentiated two subpopulations of naïve depression patients that showed a different therapeutic response to antidepressant treatment. Here, we review these findings and develop the hypothesis that restoring reelin-related function could represent a novel approach for antidepressant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector J Caruncho
- Neuroscience Cluster, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kyle Brymer
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Milann A Mitchell
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Department of Psychiatry, Alvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute of Vigo Galicia, Spain
| | - Justin Botterill
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jose M Olivares
- Department of Psychiatry, Alvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute of Vigo Galicia, Spain
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Tseng WL, Chen TH, Huang CC, Huang YH, Yeh CF, Tsai HJ, Lee HY, Kao CY, Lin SW, Liao HR, Cheng JC, Tseng CP. Impaired thrombin generation in Reelin-deficient mice: a potential role of plasma Reelin in hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:2054-64. [PMID: 25255925 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reelin is a large extracellular glycoprotein that is present in the peripheral blood. That Reelin interacts with the coagulation components and elicits a functional role in hemostasis has not yet been elucidated. OBJECTIVES The hemostatic activity of Reelin is investigated and defined in this study. METHODS The interplay of Reelin with coagulation components was elucidated by far-Western and liposome/platelet binding assays. In vivo and ex vivo hemostasis-related analyses of Reelin-deficient mice and plasma were also performed. RESULTS Reelin interacted with the liposomes containing phosphatidylserine (PS) or phosphatidylcholine. Instead of interacting with known Reelin receptors (ApoE receptor 2, very low density lipoprotein receptor and integrin β1), Reelin interacted with PS of the activated platelets. The interaction between Reelin and the coagulation factors of thrombin and FXa was also demonstrated with the Kd of 11.7 and 21.2 nm, respectively. Reelin-deficient mice displayed a prolonged bleeding time and an increase in rebleeding rate. Despite the fact that Reelin deficiency had no significant effect on the clotting time of prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time, the fibrin clot formation was abnormal and the fibrin clot structure was relatively loosened with reduced clot strength. Abnormal fibrinogen expression did not account for the hemostatic defects associated with Reelin deficiency. Instead, thrombin generation was impaired concomitant with an altered prothrombin cleavage pattern. CONCLUSIONS By interacting with platelet phospholipids and the coagulation factors, thrombin and FXa, Reelin plays a selective role in coagulation activation, leading to thrombin generation and formation of a normal fibrin clot.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-L Tseng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Chu HC, Tseng WL, Lee HY, Cheng JC, Chang SS, Yung BYM, Tseng CP. Distinct effects of Disabled-2 on transferrin uptake in different cell types and culture conditions. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:1252-9. [PMID: 24889971 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Iron uptake by the transferrin (Tf)-transferrin receptor (TfR) complex is critical for erythroid differentiation. The mechanisms of TfR trafficking have been examined, but the adaptor proteins involved in this process are not fully elucidated. We have investigated the role of the adaptor protein, Disabled-2 (Dab2), in erythroid differentiation and Tf uptake in the cells of hematopoietic lineage. Dab2 was upregulated in a time-dependent manner during erythroid differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and human K562 erythroleukemic cells. Attenuating Dab2 expression in K562 cells diminished TfR internalization and increased surface levels of TfR concomitantly with a decrease in Tf uptake and erythroid differentiation. Dab2 regulated Tf uptake of the suspended, but not adherent, cultures of K562 cells. In contrast, Dab2 is not involved in TfR trafficking in the HeLa cells with epithelial origin. These differential effects are Dab2-specific because attenuating the expression of adaptor protein 2 μ subunit inhibited the uptake of Tf regardless of culture condition. We offer novel insight of Dab2 function in iron uptake and TfR internalization for the suspended culture of hematopoietic lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Chu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan, Republic of China
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