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Wu ZJ, Liu JC, Man X, Gu X, Li TY, Cai C, He MH, Shao Y, Lu N, Xue X, Qin Z, Zhou JQ. Cdc13 is predominant over Stn1 and Ten1 in preventing chromosome end fusions. eLife 2020; 9:53144. [PMID: 32755541 PMCID: PMC7406354 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres define the natural ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and are crucial for chromosomal stability. The budding yeast Cdc13, Stn1 and Ten1 proteins form a heterotrimeric complex, and the inactivation of any of its subunits leads to a uniformly lethal phenotype due to telomere deprotection. Although Cdc13, Stn1 and Ten1 seem to belong to an epistasis group, it remains unclear whether they function differently in telomere protection. Here, we employed the single-linear-chromosome yeast SY14, and surprisingly found that the deletion of CDC13 leads to telomere erosion and intrachromosome end-to-end fusion, which depends on Rad52 but not Yku. Interestingly, the emergence frequency of survivors in the SY14 cdc13Δ mutant was ~29 fold higher than that in either the stn1Δ or ten1Δ mutant, demonstrating a predominant role of Cdc13 in inhibiting telomere fusion. Chromosomal fusion readily occurred in the telomerase-null SY14 strain, further verifying the default role of intact telomeres in inhibiting chromosome fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jing Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Man
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Gu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting-Yi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Hong He
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Xue
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Petrova OA, Mantsyzov AB, Rodina EV, Efimov SV, Hackenberg C, Hakanpää J, Klochkov VV, Lebedev AA, Chugunova AA, Malyavko AN, Zatsepin TS, Mishin AV, Zvereva MI, Lamzin VS, Dontsova OA, Polshakov VI. Structure and function of the N-terminal domain of the yeast telomerase reverse transcriptase. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:1525-1540. [PMID: 29294091 PMCID: PMC5814841 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The elongation of single-stranded DNA repeats at the 3′-ends of chromosomes by telomerase is a key process in maintaining genome integrity in eukaryotes. Abnormal activation of telomerase leads to uncontrolled cell division, whereas its down-regulation is attributed to ageing and several pathologies related to early cell death. Telomerase function is based on the dynamic interactions of its catalytic subunit (TERT) with nucleic acids—telomerase RNA, telomeric DNA and the DNA/RNA heteroduplex. Here, we present the crystallographic and NMR structures of the N-terminal (TEN) domain of TERT from the thermotolerant yeast Hansenula polymorpha and demonstrate the structural conservation of the core motif in evolutionarily divergent organisms. We identify the TEN residues that are involved in interactions with the telomerase RNA and in the recognition of the ‘fork’ at the distal end of the DNA product/RNA template heteroduplex. We propose that the TEN domain assists telomerase biological function and is involved in restricting the size of the heteroduplex during telomere repeat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Petrova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey B Mantsyzov
- Centre for Magnetic Tomography and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V Rodina
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey V Efimov
- NMR Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Claudia Hackenberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Hakanpää
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir V Klochkov
- NMR Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Andrej A Lebedev
- Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - Anastasia A Chugunova
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Malyavko
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Timofei S Zatsepin
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Mishin
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of GPCRs, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Maria I Zvereva
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victor S Lamzin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olga A Dontsova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Polshakov
- Centre for Magnetic Tomography and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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3
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Liu J, Wang L, Wang Z, Liu JP. Roles of Telomere Biology in Cell Senescence, Replicative and Chronological Ageing. Cells 2019; 8:E54. [PMID: 30650660 PMCID: PMC6356700 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres with G-rich repetitive DNA and particular proteins as special heterochromatin structures at the termini of eukaryotic chromosomes are tightly maintained to safeguard genetic integrity and functionality. Telomerase as a specialized reverse transcriptase uses its intrinsic RNA template to lengthen telomeric G-rich strand in yeast and human cells. Cells sense telomere length shortening and respond with cell cycle arrest at a certain size of telomeres referring to the "Hayflick limit." In addition to regulating the cell replicative senescence, telomere biology plays a fundamental role in regulating the chronological post-mitotic cell ageing. In this review, we summarize the current understandings of telomere regulation of cell replicative and chronological ageing in the pioneer model system Saccharomyces cerevisiae and provide an overview on telomere regulation of animal lifespans. We focus on the mechanisms of survivals by telomere elongation, DNA damage response and environmental factors in the absence of telomerase maintenance of telomeres in the yeast and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lihui Wang
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jun-Ping Liu
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Immunology, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Melbourne, Vitoria 3004, Australia.
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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Viviescas MA, Cano MIN, Segatto M. Chaperones and Their Role in Telomerase Ribonucleoprotein Biogenesis and Telomere Maintenance. CURR PROTEOMICS 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164615666180713103133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomere length maintenance is important for genome stability and cell division. In most
eukaryotes, telomeres are maintained by the telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, minimally
composed of the Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) and the telomerase RNA (TER) components.
In addition to TERT and TER, other protein subunits are part of the complex and are involved in
telomerase regulation, assembly, disassembly, and degradation. Among them are some molecular
chaperones such as Hsp90 and its co-chaperone p23 which are found associated with the telomerase
RNP complex in humans, yeast and probably in protozoa. Hsp90 and p23 are necessary for the telomerase
RNP assembly and enzyme activity. In budding yeast, the Hsp90 homolog (Hsp82) is also responsible
for the association and dissociation of telomerase from the telomeric DNA by its direct interaction
with a telomere end-binding protein (Cdc13), responsible for regulating telomerase access to telomeres.
In addition, AAA+ ATPases, such as Pontin and Reptin, which are also considered chaperone-
like proteins, associate with the human telomerase complex by the direct interaction of Pontin with
TERT and dyskerin. They are probably responsible for telomerase RNP assembly since their depletion
impairs the accumulation of the complex. Moreover, various RNA chaperones, are also pivotal in the
assembly and migration of the mature telomerase complex and complex intermediates. In this review,
we will focus on the importance of molecular chaperones for telomerase RNP biogenesis and how they
impact telomere length maintenance and cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alejandra Viviescas
- Genetics Department, Biosciences Institute, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcela Segatto
- Genetics Department, Biosciences Institute, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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5
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Wu Z, Liu J, Zhang QD, Lv DK, Wu NF, Zhou JQ. Rad6-Bre1-mediated H2B ubiquitination regulates telomere replication by promoting telomere-end resection. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:3308-3322. [PMID: 28180293 PMCID: PMC5389628 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rad6 and Bre1, ubiquitin-conjugating E2 and E3 enzymes respectively, are responsible for histone H2B lysine 123 mono-ubiquitination (H2Bub1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previous studies have shown that Rad6 and Bre1 regulate telomere length and recombination. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Here we report that H2BK123 mutation results in telomere shortening, while inactivation of Ubp8 and/or Ubp10, deubiquitinases of H2Bub1, leads to telomere lengthening in Rad6–Bre1-dependent manner. In telomerase-deficient cells, inactivation of Rad6–Bre1 pathway retards telomere shortening rate and the onset of senescence, while deletion of UBP8 and/or UBP10 accelerates senescence. Thus, Rad6–Bre1 pathway regulates both telomere length and recombination through its role in H2Bub1. Additionally, inactivation of both Rad6–Bre1–H2Bub1 and Mre11–Rad50–Xrs2 (MRX) pathways causes synthetic growth defects and telomere shortening in telomerase-proficient cells, and significantly accelerates senescence and eliminates type II telomere recombination in telomerase-deficient cells. Furthermore, RAD6 or BRE1 deletion, or H2BK123R mutation decreases the accumulation of ssDNA at telomere ends. These results support the model that Rad6–Bre1–H2Bub1 cooperates with MRX to promote telomere-end resection and thus positively regulates both telomerase- and recombination-dependent telomere replication. This study provides a mechanistic link between histone H2B ubiquitination and telomere replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiong-Di Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - De-Kang Lv
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Nian-Feng Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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6
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Jalal D, Chalissery J, Hassan AH. Genome maintenance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the role of SUMO and SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:2242-2261. [PMID: 28115630 PMCID: PMC5389695 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of the cell is often exposed to DNA damaging agents and therefore requires an intricate well-regulated DNA damage response (DDR) to overcome its deleterious effects. The DDR needs proper regulation for its timely activation, repression, as well as appropriate choice of repair pathway. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have advanced our understanding of the DNA damage response, as well as the mechanisms the cell employs to maintain genome stability and how these mechanisms are regulated. Eukaryotic cells utilize post-translational modifications as a means for fine-tuning protein functions. Ubiquitylation and SUMOylation involve the attachment of small protein molecules onto proteins to modulate function or protein–protein interactions. SUMO in particular, was shown to act as a molecular glue when DNA damage occurs, facilitating the assembly of large protein complexes in repair foci. In other instances, SUMOylation alters a protein's biochemical activities, and interactions. SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs) are enzymes that target SUMOylated proteins for ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation, providing a function for the SUMO modification in the regulation and disassembly of repair complexes. Here, we discuss the major contributions of SUMO and STUbLs in the regulation of DNA damage repair pathways as well as in the maintenance of critical regions of the genome, namely rDNA regions, telomeres and the 2 μm circle in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Jalal
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Jisha Chalissery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Ahmed H Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE
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7
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Beletsky AV, Malyavko AN, Sukhanova MV, Mardanova ES, Zvereva MI, Petrova OA, Parfenova YY, Rubtsova MP, Mardanov AV, Lavrik OI, Dontsova OA, Ravin NV. The genome-wide transcription response to telomerase deficiency in the thermotolerant yeast Hansenula polymorpha DL-1. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:492. [PMID: 28659185 PMCID: PMC5490237 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the course of replication of eukaryotic chromosomes, the telomere length is maintained due to activity of telomerase, the ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase. Abolishing telomerase function causes progressive shortening of telomeres and, ultimately, cell cycle arrest and replicative senescence. To better understand the cellular response to telomerase deficiency, we performed a transcriptomic study for the thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha DL-1 lacking telomerase activity. RESULTS Mutant strain of H. polymorpha carrying a disrupted telomerase RNA gene was produced, grown to senescence and analyzed by RNA-seq along with wild type strain. Telomere shortening induced a transcriptional response involving genes relevant to telomere structure and maintenance, DNA damage response, information processing, and some metabolic pathways. Genes involved in DNA replication and repair, response to environmental stresses and intracellular traffic were up-regulated in senescent H. polymorpha cells, while strong down-regulation was observed for genes involved in transcription and translation, as well as core histones. CONCLUSIONS Comparison of the telomerase deletion transcription responses by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and H. polymorpha demonstrates that senescence makes different impact on the main metabolic pathways of these yeast species but induces similar changes in processes related to nucleic acids metabolism and protein synthesis. Up-regulation of a subunit of the TORC1 complex is clearly relevant for both types of yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Beletsky
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld 2, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Alexander N Malyavko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 3, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Center of Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143026, Russia
| | - Maria V Sukhanova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Eugenia S Mardanova
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld 2, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Maria I Zvereva
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Olga A Petrova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 40, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Yulia Yu Parfenova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Maria P Rubtsova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey V Mardanov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld 2, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Olga I Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Olga A Dontsova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 3, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 40, Moscow, 119992, Russia.,Center of Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143026, Russia
| | - Nikolai V Ravin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld 2, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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8
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Abstract
Telomerase is an RNA-protein complex that extends the 3' ends of linear chromosomes, using a unique telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and template in the telomerase RNA (TR), thereby helping to maintain genome integrity. TR assembles with TERT and species-specific proteins, and telomerase function in vivo requires interaction with telomere-associated proteins. Over the past two decades, structures of domains of TR and TERT as well as other telomerase- and telomere-interacting proteins have provided insights into telomerase function. A recently reported 9-Å cryo-electron microscopy map of the Tetrahymena telomerase holoenzyme has provided a framework for understanding how TR, TERT, and other proteins from ciliate as well as vertebrate telomerase fit and function together as well as unexpected insight into telomerase interaction at telomeres. Here we review progress in understanding the structural basis of human and Tetrahymena telomerase activity, assembly, and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569; , ,
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569; , ,
| | - Juli Feigon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569; , ,
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Druzhinina IS, Kubicek CP. Familiar Stranger: Ecological Genomics of the Model Saprotroph and Industrial Enzyme Producer Trichoderma reesei Breaks the Stereotypes. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 95:69-147. [PMID: 27261782 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) has properties of an efficient cell factory for protein production that is exploited by the enzyme industry, particularly with respect to cellulase and hemicellulase formation. Under conditions of industrial fermentations it yields more than 100g secreted protein L(-1). Consequently, T. reesei has been intensively studied in the 20th century. Most of these investigations focused on the biochemical characteristics of its cellulases and hemicellulases, on the improvement of their properties by protein engineering, and on enhanced enzyme production by recombinant strategies. However, as the fungus is rare in nature, its ecology remained unknown. The breakthrough in the understanding of the fundamental biology of T. reesei only happened during 2000s-2010s. In this review, we compile the current knowledge on T. reesei ecology, physiology, and genomics to present a holistic view on the natural behavior of the organism. This is not only critical for science-driven further improvement of the biotechnological applications of this fungus, but also renders T. reesei as an attractive model of filamentous fungi with superior saprotrophic abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Druzhinina
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - C P Kubicek
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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