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Jardinaud MF, Boivin S, Rodde N, Catrice O, Kisiala A, Lepage A, Moreau S, Roux B, Cottret L, Sallet E, Brault M, Emery RJN, Gouzy J, Frugier F, Gamas P. A Laser Dissection-RNAseq Analysis Highlights the Activation of Cytokinin Pathways by Nod Factors in the Medicago truncatula Root Epidermis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2256-76. [PMID: 27217496 PMCID: PMC4936592 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nod factors (NFs) are lipochitooligosaccharidic signal molecules produced by rhizobia, which play a key role in the rhizobium-legume symbiotic interaction. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression reprogramming induced by purified NF (4 and 24 h of treatment) in the root epidermis of the model legume Medicago truncatula Tissue-specific transcriptome analysis was achieved by laser-capture microdissection coupled to high-depth RNA sequencing. The expression of 17,191 genes was detected in the epidermis, among which 1,070 were found to be regulated by NF addition, including previously characterized NF-induced marker genes. Many genes exhibited strong levels of transcriptional activation, sometimes only transiently at 4 h, indicating highly dynamic regulation. Expression reprogramming affected a variety of cellular processes, including perception, signaling, regulation of gene expression, as well as cell wall, cytoskeleton, transport, metabolism, and defense, with numerous NF-induced genes never identified before. Strikingly, early epidermal activation of cytokinin (CK) pathways was indicated, based on the induction of CK metabolic and signaling genes, including the CRE1 receptor essential to promote nodulation. These transcriptional activations were independently validated using promoter:β-glucuronidase fusions with the MtCRE1 CK receptor gene and a CK response reporter (TWO COMPONENT SIGNALING SENSOR NEW). A CK pretreatment reduced the NF induction of the EARLY NODULIN11 (ENOD11) symbiotic marker, while a CK-degrading enzyme (CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE3) ectopically expressed in the root epidermis led to increased NF induction of ENOD11 and nodulation. Therefore, CK may play both positive and negative roles in M. truncatula nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Stéphane Boivin
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Nathalie Rodde
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Olivier Catrice
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kisiala
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Agnes Lepage
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Sandra Moreau
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Brice Roux
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Ludovic Cottret
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Erika Sallet
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Mathias Brault
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - R J Neil Emery
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Jérôme Gouzy
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Florian Frugier
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Pascal Gamas
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J., N.R., O.C., A.L., S.M., B.R., L.C., E.S., J.G., P.G.);INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.-F.J.);Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Universités Paris-Sud/Paris-Diderot/d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.B., M.B., F.F.);Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 (A.K., R.J.N.E.); andDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology, and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland (A.K.)
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Damiani I, Drain A, Guichard M, Balzergue S, Boscari A, Boyer JC, Brunaud V, Cottaz S, Rancurel C, Da Rocha M, Fizames C, Fort S, Gaillard I, Maillol V, Danchin EGJ, Rouached H, Samain E, Su YH, Thouin J, Touraine B, Puppo A, Frachisse JM, Pauly N, Sentenac H. Nod Factor Effects on Root Hair-Specific Transcriptome of Medicago truncatula: Focus on Plasma Membrane Transport Systems and Reactive Oxygen Species Networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:794. [PMID: 27375649 PMCID: PMC4894911 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are involved in water and nutrient uptake, and thereby in plant autotrophy. In legumes, they also play a crucial role in establishment of rhizobial symbiosis. To obtain a holistic view of Medicago truncatula genes expressed in root hairs and of their regulation during the first hours of the engagement in rhizobial symbiotic interaction, a high throughput RNA sequencing on isolated root hairs from roots challenged or not with lipochitooligosaccharides Nod factors (NF) for 4 or 20 h was carried out. This provided a repertoire of genes displaying expression in root hairs, responding or not to NF, and specific or not to legumes. In analyzing the transcriptome dataset, special attention was paid to pumps, transporters, or channels active at the plasma membrane, to other proteins likely to play a role in nutrient ion uptake, NF electrical and calcium signaling, control of the redox status or the dynamic reprogramming of root hair transcriptome induced by NF treatment, and to the identification of papilionoid legume-specific genes expressed in root hairs. About 10% of the root hair expressed genes were significantly up- or down-regulated by NF treatment, suggesting their involvement in remodeling plant functions to allow establishment of the symbiotic relationship. For instance, NF-induced changes in expression of genes encoding plasma membrane transport systems or disease response proteins indicate that root hairs reduce their involvement in nutrient ion absorption and adapt their immune system in order to engage in the symbiotic interaction. It also appears that the redox status of root hair cells is tuned in response to NF perception. In addition, 1176 genes that could be considered as "papilionoid legume-specific" were identified in the M. truncatula root hair transcriptome, from which 141 were found to possess an ortholog in every of the six legume genomes that we considered, suggesting their involvement in essential functions specific to legumes. This transcriptome provides a valuable resource to investigate root hair biology in legumes and the roles that these cells play in rhizobial symbiosis establishment. These results could also contribute to the long-term objective of transferring this symbiotic capacity to non-legume plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Damiani
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Alice Drain
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Marjorie Guichard
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-SaclayGif sur Yvette, France
| | - Sandrine Balzergue
- POPS Transcriptomic Platform, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-SaclayOrsay, France
- POPS Transcriptomic Platform, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Paris DiderotOrsay, France
| | - Alexandre Boscari
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Boyer
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Véronique Brunaud
- POPS Transcriptomic Platform, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-SaclayOrsay, France
- POPS Transcriptomic Platform, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Paris DiderotOrsay, France
| | - Sylvain Cottaz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CERMAVGrenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CERMAVGrenoble, France
| | - Corinne Rancurel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Martine Da Rocha
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Cécile Fizames
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Fort
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CERMAVGrenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CERMAVGrenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Gaillard
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Vincent Maillol
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CERMAVGrenoble, France
- Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier and Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Etienne G. J. Danchin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Hatem Rouached
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Eric Samain
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CERMAVGrenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CERMAVGrenoble, France
| | - Yan-Hua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing, China
| | - Julien Thouin
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Bruno Touraine
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Alain Puppo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Marie Frachisse
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-SaclayGif sur Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Pauly
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Pauly
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/386 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro Montpellier/Université de Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
- Hervé Sentenac
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