1
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Denisov IG, Sligar SG. Solvent isotope effects in the catalytic cycle of P450 CYP17A1: Computational modeling of the hydroxylation and lyase reactions. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 243:112202. [PMID: 37004494 PMCID: PMC10128154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic cycle of the cytochromes P450 (CYP) requires two electrons from a protein redox partner and two protons from water to generate the main catalytic intermediate, a ferryl-oxo complex with π-cation on the heme porphyrin ring, termed Compound 1. The protonation steps are at least partially rate-limiting, therefore the steady-state rates of P450 catalysis are usually slower in deuterated solvent (D2O) by a factor of 1.5-3. However, in several P450 systems a pronounced inverse kinetic solvent isotope effect (KSIE ∼0.4-0.7) is observed, where the reaction is faster in D2O. This raises an important mechanistic question: Is this inverse solvent isotope effect compatible with Compound 1 catalyzed reactions, or is it indicative of another catalytic intermediate being involved? In this communication we use exhaustive numerical modeling of the P450 steady-state kinetics to demonstrate that a significant inverse KSIE cannot be obtained for a pure Compound 1 driven catalytic cycle of P450. Rather, an alternative, protonation independent, catalytic intermediate needs to be introduced. This result is applicable to the broad spectrum of P450s in nature, but as an example we use the extensively documented inverse isotope effect in the human steroid biosynthetic P450 CYP17A1 where the involvement of a heme peroxo anion intermediate has been characterized. Based on this analysis, we show that the observation of an inverse KSIE can be used as a general mechanistic probe for reaction cycle intermediates in the cytochromes P450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Stephen G Sligar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America.
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2
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Carius Y, Hutter M, Kiss F, Bernhardt R, Lancaster CRD. Structural comparison of the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP106A1 and CYP106A2 provides insight into their differences in steroid conversion. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:3133-3144. [PMID: 36151590 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structural basis of the selectivity of steroid hydroxylation requires detailed structural and functional investigations on various steroid hydroxylases with different selectivities, such as the bacterial cytochrome P450 enzymes. Here, the crystal structure of the cytochrome P450 CYP106A1 from Priestia megaterium was solved. CYP106A1 exhibits a rare additional structural motif of a cytochrome P450, a sixth β-sheet. The protein was found in different unusual conformations corresponding to both open and closed forms even when crystallized without any known substrate. The structural comparison of CYP106A1 with the previously investigated CYP106A2, including docking studies for both isoforms with the substrate cortisol, reveals a completely different orientation of the steroid molecule in the active sites. This distinction convincingly explains the experimentally observed differences in substrate conversion and product formation by the two enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Carius
- Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hutter
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Flora Kiss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - C Roy D Lancaster
- Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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3
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Zhu R, Liu Y, Yang Y, Min Q, Li H, Chen L. Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases Catalyse Steroid Nucleus Hydroxylation with Regio‐ and Stereo‐selectivity. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Hartz P, Gehl M, König L, Bernhardt R, Hannemann F. Development and application of a highly efficient CRISPR-Cas9 system for genome engineering in Bacillus megaterium. J Biotechnol 2021; 329:170-179. [PMID: 33600891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus megaterium has become increasingly important for the biotechnological production of valuable compounds of industrial and pharmaceutical importance. Despite recent advances in rational strain design of B. megaterium, these studies have been largely impaired by the lack of molecular tools that are not state-of-the-art for comprehensive genome engineering approaches. In the current work, we describe the adaptation of the CRISPR-Cas9 vector pJOE8999 to enable efficient genome editing in B. megaterium. Crucial modifications comprise the exchange of promoter elements and associated ribosomal binding sites as well as the implementation of a 5-fluorouracil based counterselection system to facilitate proper plasmid curing. In addition, the functionality and performance of the new CRISPR-Cas9 vector pMOE was successfully evaluated by chromosomal disruption studies of the endogenous β-galactosidase gene (BMD_2126) and demonstrated an outstanding efficiency of 100 % based on combinatorial pheno- and genotype analyses. Furthermore, pMOE was applied for the genomic deletion of a steroid esterase gene (BMD_2256) that was identified among several other candidates as the gene encoding the esterase, which prevented accumulation of pharmaceutically important glucocorticoid esters. Recombinant expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase 1 gene (cat1) in the resulting esterase deficient B. megaterium strain ultimately yielded C21-acetylated as well as novel C21-esterified derivates of cortisone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hartz
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus Building B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Manuel Gehl
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus Building B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Present address: Microbial Protein Structure Group, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lisa König
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus Building B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus Building B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frank Hannemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus Building B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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5
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Hilberath T, Windeln LM, Decembrino D, Le‐Huu P, Bilsing FL, Urlacher VB. Two‐step Screening for Identification of Drug‐metabolizing Bacterial Cytochromes P450 with Diversified Selectivity. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hilberath
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Leonie M. Windeln
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Davide Decembrino
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Priska Le‐Huu
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Florestan L. Bilsing
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
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6
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Expanding the promoter toolbox of Bacillus megaterium. J Biotechnol 2019; 294:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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7
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Szaleniec M, Wojtkiewicz AM, Bernhardt R, Borowski T, Donova M. Bacterial steroid hydroxylases: enzyme classes, their functions and comparison of their catalytic mechanisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8153-8171. [PMID: 30032434 PMCID: PMC6153880 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The steroid superfamily includes a wide range of compounds that are essential for living organisms of the animal and plant kingdoms. Structural modifications of steroids highly affect their biological activity. In this review, we focus on hydroxylation of steroids by bacterial hydroxylases, which take part in steroid catabolic pathways and play an important role in steroid degradation. We compare three distinct classes of metalloenzymes responsible for aerobic or anaerobic hydroxylation of steroids, namely: cytochrome P450, Rieske-type monooxygenase 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylase, and molybdenum-containing steroid C25 dehydrogenases. We analyze the available literature data on reactivity, regioselectivity, and potential application of these enzymes in organic synthesis of hydroxysteroids. Moreover, we describe mechanistic hypotheses proposed for all three classes of enzymes along with experimental and theoretical evidences, which have provided grounds for their formulation. In case of the 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylase, such a mechanistic hypothesis is formulated for the first time in the literature based on studies conducted for other Rieske monooxygenases. Finally, we provide comparative analysis of similarities and differences in the reaction mechanisms utilized by bacterial steroid hydroxylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Szaleniec
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka M Wojtkiewicz
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus B2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tomasz Borowski
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marina Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Oblast, 142290, Russia
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8
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Characterization and engineering of a carotenoid biosynthesis operon from Bacillus megaterium. Metab Eng 2018; 49:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Khatri Y, Jóźwik IK, Ringle M, Ionescu IA, Litzenburger M, Hutter MC, Thunnissen AMWH, Bernhardt R. Structure-Based Engineering of Steroidogenic CYP260A1 for Stereo- and Regioselective Hydroxylation of Progesterone. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1021-1028. [PMID: 29509407 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The production of regio- and stereoselectively hydroxylated steroids is of high pharmaceutical interest and can be achieved by cytochrome P450-based biocatalysts. CYP260A1 from Sorangium cellulosum strain So ce56 catalyzes hydroxylation of C19 or C21 steroids at the very unique 1α-position. However, the conversion of progesterone (PROG) by CYP260A1 is very unselective. In order to improve its selectivity we applied a semirational protein engineering approach, resulting in two different, highly regio- and stereoselective mutants by replacing a single serine residue (S276) of the substrate recognition site 5 with an asparagine or isoleucine. The S276N mutant converted PROG predominantly into 1α-hydroxy-PROG, while the S276I mutant led to 17α-hydroxy-PROG. We solved the high-resolution crystal structures of the PROG-bound S276N and S276I mutants, which revealed two different binding modes of PROG in the active site. The orientations were consistent with the exclusive 1α- (pro-1α binding mode) and 17α-hydroxylation (pro-17α-binding mode) of S276N and S276I, respectively. We observed that water-mediated hydrogen bonds contribute to the stabilization of the polar C3 and C17 substituents of PROG. Both binding modes of PROG may be stabilized in the wild-type enzyme. The change in regioselectivity is mainly driven by destabilizing the alternative binding mode due to steric hindrance and hydrogen bond disruption, caused by the mutations of Ser276. Thus, for the first time, the change in the selectivity of cytochrome P450-mediated steroid hydroxylation created by rational mutagenesis can be explained by the obtained 3D structures of the substrate-bound mutants, providing the basis for further experiments to engineer the biocatalyst toward novel steroid hydroxylation positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogan Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ilona K. Jóźwik
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ringle
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Martin Litzenburger
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Andy-Mark W. H. Thunnissen
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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10
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Litzenburger M, Bernhardt R. CYP260B1 acts as 9α-hydroxylase for 11-deoxycorticosterone. Steroids 2017; 127:40-45. [PMID: 28827071 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Steroids and their oxyfunctionalized counterparts are valuable compounds for the pharmaceutical industry; however, the regio- and stereoselective introduction of oxygen is a challenging task for the synthetic chemistry. Thus, cytochromes P450 play an important role for the functionalization of steroidal compounds. In this study, we elucidated the main product of 11-deoxycorticosterone conversion formed by CYP260B1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 as 9α-OH 11-deoxycorticosterone by NMR spectroscopy. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first identification of a 9α-hydroxylase for this substrate. In addition, the major side product was identified as 21-OH pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione. Studies using 1α-OH 11-deoxycorticosterone as substrate suggested that the major side product is formed via dehydrogenation reaction. This side reaction was considerably decreased by employing the CYP260B1-T224A mutant, which showed an increased selectivity of about 75% compared to the 60% of the wild type for the 9α-hydroxylation. To scale up the production, an E. coli based whole-cell system harboring the CYP260B1-T224A variant as well as two heterologous redox partners was used. Employing growing cells in minimal medium led to a productivity of about 0.25g/l/d at a 50ml scale showing the biotechnological potential of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Litzenburger
- Saarland University, Institute of Biochemistry, Campus B.2.2, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Saarland University, Institute of Biochemistry, Campus B.2.2, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
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11
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Khatri Y, Schifrin A, Bernhardt R. Investigating the effect of available redox protein ratios for the conversion of a steroid by a myxobacterial CYP260A1. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1126-1140. [PMID: 28281299 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since cytochromes P450 are external monooxygenases, available surrogate redox partners have been used to reconstitute the P450 activity. However, the effect of various ratios of P450s and the redox proteins have not been extensively studied so far, although different combinations of the redox partners have shown variations in substrate conversion. To address this issue, CYP260A1 was reconstituted with various ratios of adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase to convert 11-deoxycorticosterone, and the products were characterized by NMR. We show the effect of the available redox protein ratios not only on the P450 catalytic activity but also on the product pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogan Khatri
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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12
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Putkaradze N, Kiss FM, Schmitz D, Zapp J, Hutter MC, Bernhardt R. Biotransformation of prednisone and dexamethasone by cytochrome P450 based systems – Identification of new potential drug candidates. J Biotechnol 2017; 242:101-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Litzenburger M, Lo Izzo R, Bernhardt R, Khatri Y. Investigating the roles of T224 and T232 in the oxidation of cinnamaldehyde catalyzed by myxobacterial CYP260B1. FEBS Lett 2016; 591:39-46. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Lo Izzo
- Institut für Biochemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Saarbruecken Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institut für Biochemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Saarbruecken Germany
| | - Yogan Khatri
- Institut für Biochemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Saarbruecken Germany
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14
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Khatri Y, Carius Y, Ringle M, Lancaster CRD, Bernhardt R. Structural characterization of CYP260A1 fromSorangium cellulosumto investigate the 1α-hydroxylation of a mineralocorticoid. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4638-4648. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogan Khatri
- Institute of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Yvonne Carius
- Department of Structural Biology; Institute of Biophysics and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Michael Ringle
- Institute of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - C. Roy D. Lancaster
- Department of Structural Biology; Institute of Biophysics and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
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15
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Jóźwik IK, Kiss FM, Gricman Ł, Abdulmughni A, Brill E, Zapp J, Pleiss J, Bernhardt R, Thunnissen AMWH. Structural basis of steroid binding and oxidation by the cytochrome P450 CYP109E1 from Bacillus megaterium. FEBS J 2016; 283:4128-4148. [PMID: 27686671 PMCID: PMC5132081 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are attractive enzymes for the pharmaceutical industry, in particular, for applications in steroidal drug synthesis. Here, we report a comprehensive functional and structural characterization of CYP109E1, a novel steroid‐converting cytochrome P450 enzyme identified from the genome of Bacillus megaterium DSM319. In vitro and whole‐cell in vivo turnover experiments, combined with binding assays, revealed that CYP109E1 is able to hydroxylate testosterone at position 16β. Related steroids with bulky substituents at carbon C17, like corticosterone, bind to the enzyme without being converted. High‐resolution X‐ray structures were solved of a steroid‐free form of CYP109E1 and of complexes with testosterone and corticosterone. The structural analysis revealed a highly dynamic active site at the distal side of the heme, which is wide open in the absence of steroids, can bind four ordered corticosterone molecules simultaneously, and undergoes substantial narrowing upon binding of single steroid molecules. In the crystal structures, the single bound steroids adopt unproductive binding modes coordinating the heme‐iron with their C3‐keto oxygen. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggest that the steroids may also bind in ~180° reversed orientations with the C16 carbon and C17‐substituents pointing toward the heme, leading to productive binding of testosterone explaining the observed regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The X‐ray structures and MD simulations further identify several residues with important roles in steroid binding and conversion, which could be confirmed by site‐directed mutagenesis. Taken together, our results provide unique insights into the CYP109E1 activity, substrate specificity, and regio/stereoselectivity. Database The atomic coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with accession codes 5L90 (steroid‐free CYP109E1), 5L91 (CYP109E1‐COR4), 5L94 (CYP109E1‐TES), and 5L92 (CYP109E1‐COR). Enzymes Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP109E1, EC 1.14.14.1, UniProt ID: D5DKI8, Adrenodoxin reductase EC 1.18.1.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona K Jóźwik
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Flora M Kiss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Łukasz Gricman
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ammar Abdulmughni
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Elisa Brill
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Josef Zapp
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Juergen Pleiss
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andy-Mark W H Thunnissen
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Gerber A, Milhim M, Hartz P, Zapp J, Bernhardt R. Genetic engineering of Bacillus megaterium for high-yield production of the major teleost progestogens 17α,20β-di- and 17α,20β,21α-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. Metab Eng 2016; 36:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Salamanca-Pinzon SG, Khatri Y, Carius Y, Keller L, Müller R, Lancaster CRD, Bernhardt R. Structure-function analysis for the hydroxylation of Δ4 C21-steroids by the myxobacterial CYP260B1. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1838-51. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yogan Khatri
- Institute of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Yvonne Carius
- Department of Structural Biology; Institute of Biophysics and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Lena Keller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - C. Roy D. Lancaster
- Department of Structural Biology; Institute of Biophysics and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
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