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Issa E, Salloum T, Tokajian S. From Normal Flora to Brain Abscesses: A Review of Streptococcus intermedius. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:826. [PMID: 32457718 PMCID: PMC7221147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus intermedius is a β-hemolytic Gram-positive member of the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG). Despite being a part of the normal microbiota, it is one of the most common pathogens associated with brain and liver abscesses and thoracic empyema, increasing as a result the morbidity and mortality rates in affected patients. Though there are numerous published case reports on S. intermedius infections, it is still understudied compared to other SAG members. Our knowledge of the genomic factors contributing to its dissemination to the brain and abscess development is also limited to few characterized genes. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on S. intermedius identification methods, virulence factors, and insight provided by the whole-genome and correlate patients’ metadata, symptoms, and disease outcome with S. intermedius infections in 101 recent case reports obtained from PubMed. This combined information highlights the gaps in our understanding of S. intermedius pathogenesis, suggesting future research directions to unveil the factors contributing to abscess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio Issa
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Tamara Salloum
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Sima Tokajian
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
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Tomoyasu T, Matoba M, Takao A, Tabata A, Whiley RA, Maeda N, Nagamune H. Rapid screening method for detecting highly pathogenic Streptococcus intermedius strains carrying a mutation in the lacR gene. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:4705894. [PMID: 29228148 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus intermedius is a member of the normal human commensal flora and secretes a human-specific cytolysin intermedilysin (ILY) as a major virulence factor. Expression of ily is repressed by LacR and loss-of-function mutations of LacR are observed in many ILY high-producing strains isolated from deep-seated abscesses, suggesting that high ILY production is necessary for increased virulence. However, because ILY exhibits no β-hemolysis on animal blood agar plates, differentiating ILY high- and low-producing strains using conventional laboratory methods is not possible. Interestingly, S. intermedius also produces glycosidases, including MsgA and NanA, which exhibit N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and neuraminidase activities, respectively. Moreover, MsgA expression, but not NanA, is negatively regulated by LacR. Here we measured the activities of MsgA, NanA and ILY in strains isolated from clinical specimens and dental plaque to determine the correlation between these glycosidase activities and ILY hemolytic activity. Hemolytic activity showed a strong positive correlation with MsgA and a weak negative correlation with NanA activities. Therefore, we calculated the ratio of MsgA and NanA activity (M/N ratio). This value showed a stronger positive correlation (r = 0.81) with ILY hemolytic activity and many strains with high M/N ratios (>2) were ILY-high producers with loss-of-function mutations in LacR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Tomoyasu
- Field of Biomolecular Functions and Technology, Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.,Department of Resource Circulation Engineering, Center for Frontier Research of Engineering, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Masaki Matoba
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Ayuko Takao
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku 230-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tabata
- Field of Biomolecular Functions and Technology, Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Robert A Whiley
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Nobuko Maeda
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku 230-8501, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagamune
- Field of Biomolecular Functions and Technology, Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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3
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Development of a multiplex PCR for identification of β-hemolytic streptococci relevant to human infections and serotype distribution of invasive Streptococcus agalactiae in Thailand. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 36:10-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Osman KM, Al-Maary KS, Mubarak AS, Dawoud TM, Moussa IMI, Ibrahim MDS, Hessain AM, Orabi A, Fawzy NM. Characterization and susceptibility of streptococci and enterococci isolated from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) showing septicaemia in aquaculture and wild sites in Egypt. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:357. [PMID: 29178882 PMCID: PMC5702248 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present investigation was an endeavor into the elucidation of the disease-causing pathogen of streptococcosis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Egypt affecting adult fish cultured and wild fish in the Nile river. Fish were obtained from commercial fishermen, collected as part of their routine fishing activities. The researchers observed the routine fishing process and selected fish for use in the study, at the point of purchase from the fisherman. Results Diseased fish showed exophthalmia with accumulation of purulent and haemorrhagic fluid around eyes, and ventral petechial haemorrhages. The Post mortem examination revealed, abdominal fat haemorrhage, pericarditis and enlargement of the liver, spleen and kidney. Gram-stained smears revealed the presence of Gram-positive cocci, β-hemolytic, oxidase and catalase negative. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed that the 17 tilapia isolates studied were 6/17 Enterococcus faecalis, 2/17 Enterococcus gallinarum, 3/17 Streptococcus pluranimalium, 2/17 Aerococcus viridans, 1/17 isolate of each Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus anginosus, Lactococcus garvieae and Granulicetella elegans/Leuconostoc mesenteroides cremoris. It should be noted that there was no mixed infection. Multiple resistance was observed and the most frequent antibiotic combination was penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, ofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline representing eight classes. Conclusions Consequently, we concluded that Streptococcus species are an emerging pathogen for Nile tilapia aquaculture in Egypt and to be considered as a new candidate in the warm water fish diseases in Egypt with special reference to L. garvieae, S. dysgalactiae in addition to L. mesenteroides cremoris which was not reported before from tilapia and taking into consideration their zoonotic implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamelia M Osman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Khalid S Al-Maary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aymen S Mubarak
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M Dawoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihab M I Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai D S Ibrahim
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashgan M Hessain
- Department of Health Science, College of Applied Studies and Community Service, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Orabi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nehal M Fawzy
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Hatrongjit R, Akeda Y, Hamada S, Gottschalk M, Kerdsin A. Multiplex PCR for identification of six clinically relevant streptococci. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1590-1595. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Osaka University Hospital, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Hamada
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
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Obszańska K, Kern-Zdanowicz I, Kozińska A, Machura K, Stefaniuk E, Hryniewicz W, Sitkiewicz I. Streptococcus anginosus (milleri) Group Strains Isolated in Poland (1996-2012) and their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns. Pol J Microbiol 2016; 65:33-41. [PMID: 27281992 DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1197323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus intermedius and Streptococcus constellatus form a group of related streptococcal species, namely the Streptococcus Anginosus Group (SAG). The group, previously called "milleri" had been rarely described until 1980/1990 as source of infections. Nowadays SAG bacteria are often described as pathogens causing predominantly purulent infections. The number of infections is highly underestimated, as SAG strains are often classified in the microbiology laboratory as less virulent "viridans streptococci" Epidemiological situation regarding SAG infections in Poland has been unrecognized, therefore we performed a retrospective analysis of strains isolated between 1996 and 2012. Strains suspected of belonging to SAG were re-identified using an automated biochemical approach (Vitek2) and MALDI-TOF MS. We performed first analysis of antibiotic resistance among SAG strains isolated in Poland using automated methods (Vitek2), disk diffusion tests and E-Tests. We also performed PCR detection of resistance determinants in antibiotic resistant strains. Clonal structure of analyzed strains was evaluated with PFGE and MLVF methods. All three species are difficult to distinguish using automated diagnostic methods and the same is true for automated MIC evaluation. Our analysis revealed SAG strains are rarely isolated in Poland, predominantly from purulent infections. All isolates are very diverse on the genomic level as estimated by PFGE and MLVF analyses. All analyzed strains are sensitive to penicillin, a substantial group of strains is resistant to macrolides and the majority of strains are resistant to tetracycline.
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Comparing Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Phenotypic and Molecular Methods for Identification of Species within the Streptococcus anginosus Group. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3580-8. [PMID: 26354817 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01892-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of members of the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG) has traditionally hampered their correct identification. Recently, the group was subdivided into 6 taxa whose prevalence among human infections is poorly described. We evaluated the accuracy of the Rapid ID32 Strep test, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and a PCR multiplex method to identify 212 SAG isolates recovered from human infections to the species and subspecies level by using multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) as the gold standard. We also determined the antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates. Representatives of all SAG taxa were found among our collection. MALDI-TOF MS and the Rapid ID32 Strep test correctly identified 92% and 68% of the isolates to the species level, respectively, but showed poor performance at the subspecies level, and the latter was responsible for major identification errors. The multiplex PCR method results were in complete agreement with the MLSA identifications but failed to distinguish the subspecies Streptococcus constellatus subsp. pharyngis and S. constellatus subsp. viborgensis. A total of 145 MLSA sequence types were present in our collection, indicating that within each taxon a number of different lineages are capable of causing infection. Significant antibiotic resistance was observed only to tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin and was present in most taxa. MALDI-TOF MS is a reliable method for routine SAG species identification, while the need for identification to the subspecies level is not clearly established.
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Yoshida Y, Konno H, Nagano K, Abiko Y, Nakamura Y, Tanaka Y, Yoshimura F. The influence of a glucosyltransferase, encoded bygtfP, on biofilm formation byStreptococcus sanguinisin a dual-species model. APMIS 2014; 122:951-60. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology; Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry; Nagoya Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Konno
- Department of Microbiology; Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry; Nagoya Japan
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics; Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry; Nagoya Japan
| | - Keiji Nagano
- Department of Microbiology; Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry; Nagoya Japan
| | - Yuki Abiko
- Department of Microbiology; Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry; Nagoya Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nakamura
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics; Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry; Nagoya Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Tanaka
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics; Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry; Nagoya Japan
| | - Fuminobu Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology; Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry; Nagoya Japan
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Tabata A, Sato Y, Maya K, Nakano K, Kikuchi K, Whiley RA, Ohkura K, Tomoyasu T, Nagamune H. A streptolysin S homologue is essential for β-haemolytic Streptococcus constellatus subsp. constellatus cytotoxicity. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:980-991. [PMID: 24600025 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.075580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus constellatus is a member of the Anginosus group streptococci (AGS) and primarily inhabits the human oral cavity. S. constellatus is composed of three subspecies: S. constellatus subsp. constellatus (SCC), S. constellatus subsp. pharyngis and the newly described subspecies S. constellatus subsp. viborgensis. Although previous studies have established that SCC contains β-haemolytic strains, the factor(s) responsible for β-haemolysis in β-haemolytic SCC (β-SCC) has yet to be clarified. Recently, we discovered that a streptolysin S (SLS) homologue is the β-haemolytic factor of β-haemolytic Streptococcus anginosus subsp. anginosus (β-SAA), another member of the AGS. Furthermore, because previous studies have suggested that other AGS species, except for Streptococcus intermedius, do not possess a haemolysin(s) belonging to the family of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, we hypothesized that, as with β-SAA, the SLS homologue is the β-haemolytic factor of β-SCC, and therefore aimed to investigate and characterize the haemolytic factor of β-SCC in the present study. PCR amplification revealed that all of the tested β-SCC strains were positive for the sagA homologue of SCC (sagA(SCC)). Further investigations using β-SCC strain W277 were conducted to elucidate the relationship between sagA(SCC) and β-haemolysis by constructing sagA(SCC) deletion mutants, which completely lost β-haemolytic activity. This loss of β-haemolytic activity was restored by trans-complementation of sagA(SCC). Furthermore, a co-cultivation assay established that the cytotoxicity of β-SCC was clearly dependent on the presence of sagA(SCC). These results demonstrate that sagA(SCC) is the factor responsible for β-SCC β-haemolysis and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tabata
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yuji Sato
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Kentaro Maya
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Kota Nakano
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Ken Kikuchi
- Department of Infection Control Science, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Robert A Whiley
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Kazuto Ohkura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Suzuka, Mie 513-0816, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tomoyasu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagamune
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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Okayama H, Nagata E, Ito HO, Oho T, Inoue M. Experimental Abscess Formation Caused by Human Dental Plaque. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 49:399-405. [PMID: 15905601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human dental plaque consists of a wide variety of microorganisms, some of which are believed to cause systemic infections, including abscesses, at various sites in the body. To confirm this hypothesis experimentally, we examined the abscess-forming ability of native dental plaque in mice, the microbial features of the infectious locus produced by the plaque, and the anti-phagocytic property of microbial isolates. Aliquots of a suspension of supragingival dental plaque containing 6 x 10(6) colony-forming unit of bacteria were injected subcutaneously into the dorsa of mice. Abscess formation was induced in 76 of 85 mice using ten different plaque samples. Thirteen microorganisms were isolated from pus samples aspirated from abscess lesions. The microbial composition of pus, examined in 17 of 76 abscesses, was very simple compared to that of the plaque sample that had induced the abscess. The majority of the isolates belonged to the Streptococcus anginosus group, normally a minor component of plaque samples. S. anginosus was the most frequently detected organism and the most prevalent in seven abscesses, and Streptococcus intermedius and Streptococcus constellatus were predominant in one and three abscess samples, respectively. Each isolate of S. anginosus group produced abscesses in mice, and heat-treated supragingival dental plaque influenced the abscess-forming ability of S. anginosus isolate. These isolates possessed a high antiphagocytic capacity against human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Our results suggest that human supragingival dental plaque itself is a source of the infectious pathogens that cause abscess formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehito Okayama
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Japan
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Novel twin streptolysin S-like peptides encoded in the sag operon homologue of beta-hemolytic Streptococcus anginosus. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:1090-9. [PMID: 23292771 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01344-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus anginosus is a member of the anginosus group streptococci, which form part of the normal human oral flora. In contrast to the pyogenic group streptococci, our knowledge of the virulence factors of the anginosus group streptococci, including S. anginosus, is not sufficient to allow a clear understanding of the basis of their pathogenicity. Generally, hemolysins are thought to be important virulence factors in streptococcal infections. In the present study, a sag operon homologue was shown to be responsible for beta-hemolysis in S. anginosus strains by random gene knockout. Interestingly, contrary to pyogenic group streptococci, beta-hemolytic S. anginosus was shown to have two tandem sagA homologues, encoding streptolysin S (SLS)-like peptides, in the sag operon homologue. Gene deletion and complementation experiments revealed that both genes were functional, and these SLS-like peptides were essential for beta-hemolysis in beta-hemolytic S. anginosus. Furthermore, the amino acid sequence of these SLS-like peptides differed from that of the typical SLS of S. pyogenes, especially in their propeptide domain, and an amino acid residue indicated to be important for the cytolytic activity of SLS in S. pyogenes was deleted in both S. anginosus homologues. These data suggest that SLS-like peptides encoded by two sagA homologues in beta-hemolytic S. anginosus may be potential virulence factors with a different structure essential for hemolytic activity and/or the maturation process compared to the typical SLS present in pyogenic group streptococci.
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Jensen A, Hoshino T, Kilian M. Taxonomy of the Anginosus group of the genus Streptococcus and description of Streptococcus anginosus subsp. whileyi subsp. nov. and Streptococcus constellatus subsp. viborgensis subsp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 63:2506-2519. [PMID: 23223817 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Anginosus group of the genus Streptococcus has been the subject of much taxonomic confusion, which has hampered the full appreciation of its clinical significance. The purpose of this study was to critically re-examine the taxonomy of the Anginosus group, with special attention to β-haemolytic, Lancefield group C strains, using multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) combined with 16S rRNA gene sequence and phenotypic analyses. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of seven housekeeping genes previously used for examination of viridans streptococci distinguished seven distinct and coherent clusters in the Anginosus group. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences and phenotypic characters supported the MLSA clustering and currently recognized taxa of the Anginosus group. Single gene analyses showed considerable allele sharing between species, thereby invalidating identification based on single-locus sequencing. Two novel clusters of β-haemolytic, Lancefield group C strains within the Streptococcus constellatus and Streptococcus anginosus species and isolated from patients with sore throat showed sufficient phylogenetic distances from other clusters to warrant status as novel subspecies. The novel cluster within S. anginosus was identified as the previously recognized DNA homology cluster, DNA group 2. The names S. anginosus subsp. whileyi subsp. nov. (type strain CCUG 39159(T) = DSM 25818(T) = SK1267(T)) and S. constellatus subsp. viborgensis subsp. nov. (type strain SK1359(T) = CCUG 62387(T) = DSM 25819(T)) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tomonori Hoshino
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mogens Kilian
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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A simple, semiselective medium for anaerobic isolation of anginosus group streptococci from patients with chronic lung disease. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1430-2. [PMID: 22238446 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06184-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaerobic isolation of anginosus group streptococci (AGS) from respiratory specimens containing diverse microbiota using a semiselective blood agar medium incorporating nalidixic acid and sulfamethazine (NAS) is described. AGS were detected in 60% of tested sputa from patients with cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and bronchiectasis. This demonstrates NAS to be a diagnostic tool for detecting AGS within the complex microbial communities associated with chronic lung disorders.
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Development of real-time PCR assays for detection of the Streptococcus milleri group from cystic fibrosis clinical specimens by targeting the cpn60 and 16S rRNA genes. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1150-60. [PMID: 20164275 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02082-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multiorgan disease, with the majority of mortalities resulting from pulmonary failure due to repeated pulmonary exacerbations. Recently, members of the Streptococcus anginosus group (S. anginosus, S. constellatus, and S. intermedius), herein referred to as the "Streptococcus milleri group" (SMG) have been implicated as important etiological pathogens contributing to pulmonary exacerbations in CF patients. This is partly due to better microbiological detection of the SMG species through the development of a novel specific medium termed "McKay agar." McKay agar demonstrated that SMG has been an underreported respiratory pathogen contributing to lung exacerbations. Our aim was to develop a real-time PCR assay to expedite the detection of SMG within diagnostic samples. The cpn60 gene was chosen as a target, with all three members amplified using a single hybridization probe set. SMG strain analysis showed that speciation based on melting curve analysis allowed for the majority of the S. constellatus (96%), S. intermedius (94%), and S. anginosus (60%) strains to be correctly identified. To increase specificity for S. anginosus, two 16S rRNA real-time PCR assays were developed targeting the 16S rRNA gene. The 16s_SA assay is specific for S. anginosus (100%), while the 16s_SCI assay is specific for S. constellatus and S. intermedius (100%). These assays can detect <10 genome equivalents in pure culture and >10(4) genome equivalents in sputum samples, making this a great tool for assessment of the presence of SMG in complex polymicrobial samples. Novel molecular methods were developed providing detection ability for SMG, an emerging opportunistic pathogen.
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Characterization of Streptococcus milleri group isolates from expectorated sputum of adult patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 48:395-401. [PMID: 20007382 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01807-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent insights into the Streptococcus milleri group (SMG) as pulmonary pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), we sought to characterize 128 isolates from the sputum of adults with CF, along with 45 isolates from patients with invasive diseases for comparison. The tests performed included Lancefield grouping; tests for hemolysis; tests for the production of hyaluronidase, chondroitin sulfatase, DNase, proteases, and hydrogen peroxide; and PCR for the detection of the intermedilysin gene (ily). We also generated biochemical profiles with the Rapid ID Strep 32 API system and tested cell-free supernatants for the presence of the signal molecule autoinducer-2 (AI-2) using a Vibrio harveyi bioassay with a subset of CF strains. The S. intermedius isolates from both strain collections were similar, while the S. constellatus and S. anginosus isolates yielded several biotypes that differed in prevalence between the two strain collections. Beta-hemolytic, Lancefield group C S. constellatus comprised 74.4% of the S. constellatus isolates from patients with CF but only 13.3% of the corresponding isolates from patients with invasive infections. This was the only S. constellatus biotype associated with pulmonary exacerbations. Hyaluronidase-positive S. anginosus was detected only among the isolates from patients with CF. Strain-to-strain variability in AI-2 expression was evident, with the mean values being the highest for S. anginosus, followed by S. constellatus and then S. intermedius. Cluster analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the species of SMG could be accurately determined with a minimum of three phenotypic tests: tests for the Lancefield group, hyaluronidase production, and chondroitin sulfatase production. Furthermore, isolates from patients with invasive infections clustered with isolates from the sputum of patients with CF, suggesting that the respiratory tract isolates were equally pathogenic.
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Streptococcus intermedius causing infective endocarditis and abscesses: a report of three cases and review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8:154. [PMID: 18992173 PMCID: PMC2600825 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus intermedius is a member of the Streptococcus anginosus group. Clinical disease with S. intermedius is characterized by abscess formation and rarely endocarditis. Identification of Streptococcus intermedius is difficult, leading to the development of molecular methods to more accurately identify and characterize this organism. Case presentation Over a period of 6 months we encountered three cases of invasive Streptococcus intermedius infection presenting as hepatic abscesses, brain abscess, and endocarditis. We confirmed our microbiologic diagnosis through 16S sequencing and found a common virulence gene in each case. Conclusion Our report illustrates three different clinical manifestations due to Streptococcus intermedius infection that can be encountered in healthy individuals in a community hospital setting. To our knowledge, this is the first case of Streptococcus intermedius endocarditis confirmed by 16S sequencing analysis. The use of molecular methods may allow a better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this organism.
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Ito S, Nagamune H, Tamura H, Yoshida Y. Identification and molecular analysis of βC–S lyase producing hydrogen sulfide in Streptococcus intermedius. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:1411-1419. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.2008/001677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic gas that induces the modification and release of haemoglobin in erythrocytes; however, it also functions in methionine biosynthesis in bacteria.βC–S lyase, encoded by thelcdgene, is responsible for bacterial H2S production through the cleavage ofl-cysteine. In this study, 26 of 29 crude extracts from reference and clinical strains ofStreptococcus intermediusproduced H2S froml-cysteine. The capacities in those strains were not higher than those in strains of the other anginosus group of streptococci,Streptococcus anginosusandStreptococcus constellatus, but were much greater than those in strains ofStreptococcus gordonii, which is known to have an extremely low capacity for H2S production. Incubation of the remaining three extracts withl-cysteine did not result in H2S production. Sequence analysis revealed that thelcdgenes from these three strains (S. intermediusstrains ATCC 27335, IMU151 and IMU202) contained mutations or small deletions. H2S production in crude extracts prepared fromS. intermediusATCC 27335 was restored by repairing thelcdgene sequence in genomic DNA. The kinetic properties of the purified recombinant protein encoded by the repairedlcdgene were comparable to those of native proteins produced by H2S-producing strains, whereas the truncated protein produced byS. intermediusATCC 27335 had no enzymic activity withl-cysteine orl-cystathionine. However, real-time PCR analysis indicated that thelcdgene in strains ATCC 27335, IMU151 and IMU202 is transcribed and regulated in a manner similar to that in the H2S-producing strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Ito
- Department of Periodontology, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka, Japan
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagamune
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Haruki Tamura
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshida
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka, Japan
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Yoshida Y, Ito S, Sasaki T, Kishi M, Kurota M, Suwabe A, Kunimatsu K, Kato H. Molecular and enzymatic characterization of βC-S lyase in Streptococcus constellatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:245-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Friedrichs C, Rodloff AC, Chhatwal GS, Schellenberger W, Eschrich K. Rapid identification of viridans streptococci by mass spectrometric discrimination. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2392-7. [PMID: 17553974 PMCID: PMC1951256 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00556-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viridans streptococci (VS) are responsible for several systemic diseases, such as endocarditis, abscesses, and septicemia. Unfortunately, species identification by conventional methods seems to be more difficult than species identification of other groups of bacteria. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of cell matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) for the rapid identification of 10 different species of VS. A total of 99 VS clinical isolates, 10 reference strains, and 20 strains from our in-house culture collection were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS. To evaluate the mass-spectrometric discrimination results, all strains were identified in parallel by phenotypic and genotypic methods. MALDI-TOF-MS identified 71 isolates as the mitis group, 23 as the anginosus group, and 5 as Streptococcus salivarius. Comparison of the species identification results obtained by the MALDI-TOF-MS analyses and with the phenotypic/genotypic identification systems showed 100% consistency at the species level. Thus, MALDI-TOF-MS seems to be a rapid and reliable method for the identification of species of VS from clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Friedrichs
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 24, D-04105 Leipzig, Germany.
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Power DA, Burton JP, Chilcott CN, Tagg JR, Dawes PJ. Non-culture-based analysis of bacterial populations from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:5822-4. [PMID: 16272532 PMCID: PMC1287827 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.11.5822-5824.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle meatus aspirates from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis were analyzed by bacterial culture, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and antibiotic sensitivity techniques. DGGE detected a greater bacterial diversity than culture methods. Although resistance to antibiotics was low, there was evidence of changes in the composition of the bacterial microbiota over time, and the presence of noncultured bacteria was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Power
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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