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Calcineurin Silencing in Dictyostelium discoideum Leads to Cellular Alterations Affecting Mitochondria, Gene Expression, and Oxidative Stress Response. Protist 2018; 169:584-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Plattner H. Evolutionary Cell Biology of Proteins from Protists to Humans and Plants. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:255-289. [PMID: 28719054 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, the cell as a fine-tuned machine had to undergo permanent adjustments to match changes in its environment, while "closed for repair work" was not possible. Evolution from protists (protozoa and unicellular algae) to multicellular organisms may have occurred in basically two lineages, Unikonta and Bikonta, culminating in mammals and angiosperms (flowering plants), respectively. Unicellular models for unikont evolution are myxamoebae (Dictyostelium) and increasingly also choanoflagellates, whereas for bikonts, ciliates are preferred models. Information accumulating from combined molecular database search and experimental verification allows new insights into evolutionary diversification and maintenance of genes/proteins from protozoa on, eventually with orthologs in bacteria. However, proteins have rarely been followed up systematically for maintenance or change of function or intracellular localization, acquirement of new domains, partial deletion (e.g. of subunits), and refunctionalization, etc. These aspects are discussed in this review, envisaging "evolutionary cell biology." Protozoan heritage is found for most important cellular structures and functions up to humans and flowering plants. Examples discussed include refunctionalization of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in cilia and replacement by other types during evolution. Altogether components serving Ca2+ signaling are very flexible throughout evolution, calmodulin being a most conservative example, in contrast to calcineurin whose catalytic subunit is lost in plants, whereas both subunits are maintained up to mammals for complex functions (immune defense and learning). Domain structure of R-type SNAREs differs in mono- and bikonta, as do Ca2+ -dependent protein kinases. Unprecedented selective expansion of the subunit a which connects multimeric base piece and head parts (V0, V1) of H+ -ATPase/pump may well reflect the intriguing vesicle trafficking system in ciliates, specifically in Paramecium. One of the most flexible proteins is centrin when its intracellular localization and function throughout evolution is traced. There are many more examples documenting evolutionary flexibility of translation products depending on requirements and potential for implantation within the actual cellular context at different levels of evolution. From estimates of gene and protein numbers per organism, it appears that much of the basic inventory of protozoan precursors could be transmitted to highest eukaryotic levels, with some losses and also with important additional "inventions."
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Plattner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P. O. Box M625, Konstanz, 78457, Germany
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Theaflavins from black tea affect growth, development, and motility in Dictyostelium discoideum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:449-454. [PMID: 28711497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Theaflavins, flavonoids found in black tea, exhibit a variety of health-promoting activities, but the mechanisms by which they act are not clear. Here, we assess the effects of black tea extract and isolated theaflavins on Dictyostelium discoideum, a model organism exhibiting an unusual life cycle relying on conserved pathways involved in human disease. Dictyostelium has been used to characterize the activities of numerous bioactive small molecules, including catechins, from which theaflavins are produced during the preparation of black tea. We show that theaflavins block growth, development, and motility in Dictyostelium, results that suggest catechins and theaflavins exert similar activities in this organism.
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Sugden C, Urbaniak MD, Araki T, Williams JG. The Dictyostelium prestalk inducer differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) triggers unexpectedly complex global phosphorylation changes. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:805-20. [PMID: 25518940 PMCID: PMC4325849 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) is a polyketide that induces Dictyostelium amoebae to differentiate as prestalk cells. We performed a global quantitative screen for phosphorylation changes that occur within the first minutes after addition of DIF-1, using a triple-label SILAC approach. This revealed a new world of DIF-1-controlled signaling, with changes in components of the MAPK and protein kinase B signaling pathways, components of the actinomyosin cytoskeletal signaling networks, and a broad range of small GTPases and their regulators. The results also provide evidence that the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin plays a role in DIF-1 signaling to the DimB prestalk transcription factor. At the global level, DIF-1 causes a major shift in the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation equilibrium toward net dephosphorylation. Of interest, many of the sites that are dephosphorylated in response to DIF-1 are phosphorylated in response to extracellular cAMP signaling. This accords with studies that suggest an antagonism between the two inducers and also with the rapid dephosphorylation of the cAMP receptor that we observe in response to DIF-1 and with the known inhibitory effect of DIF-1 on chemotaxis to cAMP. All MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001555.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Sugden
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Urbaniak
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, United Kingdom
| | - Tsuyoshi Araki
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey G Williams
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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Thewes S, Schubert SK, Park K, Mutzel R. Stress and development inDictyostelium discoideum: the involvement of the catalytic calcineurin A subunit. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 54:607-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Thewes
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy; Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian K. Schubert
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy; Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Kyuhyeon Park
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy; Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Rupert Mutzel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy; Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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The calcineurin dependent transcription factor TacA is involved in development and the stress response of Dictyostelium discoideum. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:789-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sieber M, Baumgrass R. Novel inhibitors of the calcineurin/NFATc hub - alternatives to CsA and FK506? Cell Commun Signal 2009; 7:25. [PMID: 19860902 PMCID: PMC2774854 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-7-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The drugs cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) revolutionized organ transplantation. Both compounds are still widely used in the clinic as well as for basic research, even though they have dramatic side effects and modulate other pathways than calcineurin-NFATc, too. To answer the major open question - whether the adverse side effects are secondary to the actions of the drugs on the calcineurin-NFATc pathway - alternative inhibitors were developed. Ideal inhibitors should discriminate between the inhibition of (i) calcineurin and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases; the matchmaker proteins of CsA and FK506), (ii) calcineurin and the other Ser/Thr protein phosphatases, and (iii) NFATc and other transcription factors. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about novel inhibitors, synthesized or identified in the last decades, and focus on their mode of action, specificity, and biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Sieber
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Catalano A, O'Day DH. Calmodulin-binding proteins in the model organism Dictyostelium: a complete & critical review. Cell Signal 2007; 20:277-91. [PMID: 17897809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin is an essential protein in the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum. As in other organisms, this small, calcium-regulated protein mediates a diversity of cellular events including chemotaxis, spore germination, and fertilization. Calmodulin works in a calcium-dependent or -independent manner by binding to and regulating the activity of target proteins called calmodulin-binding proteins. Profiling suggests that Dictyostelium has 60 or more calmodulin-binding proteins with specific subcellular localizations. In spite of the central importance of calmodulin, the study of these target proteins is still in its infancy. Here we critically review the history and state of the art of research into all of the identified and presumptive calmodulin-binding proteins of Dictyostelium detailing what is known about each one with suggestions for future research. Two individual calmodulin-binding proteins, the classic enzyme calcineurin A (CNA; protein phosphatase 2B) and the nuclear protein nucleomorphin (NumA), which is a regulator of nuclear number, have been particularly well studied. Research on the role of calmodulin in the function and regulation of the various myosins of Dictyostelium, especially during motility and chemotaxis, suggests that this is an area in which future active study would be particularly valuable. A general, hypothetical model for the role of calmodulin in myosin regulation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Catalano
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd., Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6
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Carruthers NJ, Dowd MK, Stemmer PM. Gossypol inhibits calcineurin phosphatase activity at multiple sites. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 555:106-14. [PMID: 17141216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin, the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependant serine/threonine phosphatase is the target for the immunosuppressant drugs FK506 and cyclosporine-A. These established calcineurin inhibitors each require an immunophilin protein cofactor. Gossypol, a polyphenol produced by the cotton plant, inhibits calcineurin (IC50=15 microM), in a noncompetitive, reversible manner, and is independent of any cofactor. We found that gossypol acts by at least two mechanisms to inhibit calcineurin phosphatase activity. A calmodulin-independent form of calcineurin was less sensitive to inhibition by gossypol than native calcineurin (IC50=41 and 18 microM, respectively) indicating that gossypol may interfere with calmodulin binding. A fluorescence polarization based assay demonstrated that 100 microM gossypol reduced the affinity of calmodulin for calcineurin (from K(d)=2.4 to 250 nM). Inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase activity by gossypol could not be overcome by adding excess calmodulin or by testing the inhibition toward a calmodulin-independent calcineurin indicating that gossypol acts at a site different from the calmodulin-binding site. Gossypol decreased the affinity of calcineurin for immunosuppressant/immunophilin complexes only in the presence of calmodulin, indicating that gossypol blocks the effects of calmodulin binding to calcineurin. In addition, gossypol had a stimulatory effect on native calcineurin in the absence of calmodulin, possibly indicating a calmodulin mimetic effect. Gossypol exists in two enantiomeric forms which are reported to have different potency for cell toxicity. (+) and (-) gossypol had equivalent potency for inhibition of native and calmodulin-independent calcineurin phosphatase activity, and for inhibition of calmodulin binding. The inhibition of calcineurin by gossypol via multiple binding sites without stereo-specificity indicates that gossypol is not a specific calcineurin inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Carruthers
- Wayne State University, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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O'Day DH, Suhre K, Myre MA, Chatterjee-Chakraborty M, Chavez SE. Isolation, characterization, and bioinformatic analysis of calmodulin-binding protein cmbB reveals a novel tandem IP22 repeat common to many Dictyostelium and Mimivirus proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:879-88. [PMID: 16777069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel calmodulin-binding protein cmbB from Dictyostelium discoideum is encoded in a single gene. Northern analysis reveals two cmbB transcripts first detectable at 4 h during multicellular development. Western blotting detects an approximately 46.6 kDa protein. Sequence analysis and calmodulin-agarose binding studies identified a "classic" calcium-dependent calmodulin-binding domain (179IPKSLRSLFLGKGYNQPLEF198) but structural analyses suggest binding may not involve classic alpha-helical calmodulin-binding. The cmbB protein is comprised of tandem repeats of a newly identified IP22 motif ([I,L]Pxxhxxhxhxxxhxxxhxxxx; where h = any hydrophobic amino acid) that is highly conserved and a more precise representation of the FNIP repeat. At least eight Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus proteins and over 100 Dictyostelium proteins contain tandem arrays of the IP22 motif and its variants. cmbB also shares structural homology to YopM, from the plague bacterium Yersenia pestis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danton H O'Day
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6.
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Boeckeler K, Tischendorf G, Mutzel R, Weissenmayer B. Aberrant stalk development and breakdown of tip dominance in Dictyostelium cell lines with RNAi-silenced expression of calcineurin B. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2006; 6:12. [PMID: 16512895 PMCID: PMC1431509 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcineurin, the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, plays important roles in various cellular processes in lower and higher eukaryotes. Here we analyze the role of calcineurin in the development of Dictyostelium discoideum by RNAi-mediated manipulation of its expression. RESULTS The cnbA gene of Dictyostelium discoideum which encodes the regulatory B subunit (CNB) of calcineurin was silenced by RNAi. We found a variety of silencing levels of CNB in different recombinant cell lines. Reduction of CNB expression in a given cell line was correlated with developmental aberrations. Cell lines with strongly reduced protein levels developed slower than wild type cells and formed short stalks and spore heads with additional tips. Formation of short stalks results from incomplete vacuolization of prestalk cells during terminal differentiation. Expression of the stalk-specific gene ecmB was reduced in mutant cells. Aberrant stalk development is a cell autonomous defect, whereas the breakdown of tip dominance can be prevented by the presence of as low as 10% wild type cells in chimeras. CONCLUSION Silencing of calcineurin B in Dictyostelium by expression of RNAi reveals an unexpected link between increased intracellular calcium levels, possibly triggered by the morphogen DIF, activation of calcineurin, and the terminal stage of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Boeckeler
- Institut für Biologie – Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- University College London, Department of Biology, Gower Street, London, Wc1 E6BT, UK
| | - Gilbert Tischendorf
- Institut für Biologie – Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rupert Mutzel
- Institut für Biologie – Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Weissenmayer
- Institut für Biologie – Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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