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Muszyński A, Zarember KA, Heiss C, Shiloach J, Berg LJ, Audley J, Kozyr A, Greenberg DE, Holland SM, Malech HL, Azadi P, Carlson RW, Gallin JI. Granulibacter bethesdensis, a Pathogen from Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease, Produces a Penta-Acylated Hypostimulatory Glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulosonic Acid-Lipid A Glycolipid (Ko-Lipid A). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3303. [PMID: 33804872 PMCID: PMC8036547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulibacter bethesdensis can infect patients with chronic granulomatous disease, an immunodeficiency caused by reduced phagocyte NADPH oxidase function. Intact G. bethesdensis (Gb) is hypostimulatory compared to Escherichia coli, i.e., cytokine production in human blood requires 10-100 times more G. bethesdensis CFU/mL than E. coli. To better understand the pathogenicity of G. bethesdensis, we isolated its lipopolysaccharide (GbLPS) and characterized its lipid A. Unlike with typical Enterobacteriaceae, the release of presumptive Gb lipid A from its LPS required a strong acid. NMR and mass spectrometry demonstrated that the carbohydrate portion of the isolated glycolipid consists of α-Manp-(1→4)-β-GlcpN3N-(1→6)-α-GlcpN-(1⇿1)-α-GlcpA tetra-saccharide substituted with five acyl chains: the amide-linked N-3' 14:0(3-OH), N-2' 16:0(3-O16:0), and N-2 18:0(3-OH) and the ester-linked O-3 14:0(3-OH) and 16:0. The identification of glycero-d-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Ko) as the first constituent of the core region of the LPS that is covalently attached to GlcpN3N of the lipid backbone may account for the acid resistance of GbLPS. In addition, the presence of Ko and only five acyl chains may explain the >10-fold lower proinflammatory potency of GbKo-lipidA compared to E. coli lipid A, as measured by cytokine induction in human blood. These unusual structural properties of the G.bethesdensis Ko-lipid A glycolipid likely contribute to immune evasion during pathogenesis and resistance to antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Muszyński
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.H.); (P.A.); (R.W.C.)
| | - Kol A. Zarember
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.H.); (P.A.); (R.W.C.)
| | - Joseph Shiloach
- Biotechnology Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Lars J. Berg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - John Audley
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Arina Kozyr
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - David E. Greenberg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Steven M. Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Harry L. Malech
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.H.); (P.A.); (R.W.C.)
| | - Russell W. Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.H.); (P.A.); (R.W.C.)
| | - John I. Gallin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
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Di Lorenzo F, Billod JM, Martín-Santamaría S, Silipo A, Molinaro A. Gram-Negative Extremophile Lipopolysaccharides: Promising Source of Inspiration for a New Generation of Endotoxin Antagonists. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; via Cinthia 480126 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Billod
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology; CIB Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology; CIB Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; via Cinthia 480126 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; via Cinthia 480126 80126 Naples Italy
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