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Keeratikunakorn K, Kaeoket K, Ounjai P, Wannigama DL, Chatsuwan T, Ngamwongsatit N. First detection of multidrug-resistant and toxigenic Pasteurella aerogenes in sow vaginal discharge: a novel threat to swine health in Thailand. Sci Rep 2024; 14:25510. [PMID: 39462022 PMCID: PMC11513033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-76428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella aerogenes has been implicated in reproductive disorders in sows, yet its prevalence and characteristics in vaginal discharge are not well understood. This study aimed to detect P. aerogenes in sow vaginal discharge samples and investigate its antibiotic resistance profile, toxin genes, and toxicity. P. aerogenes was isolated from 40% (8/20) of samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed universal resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate (4:1), with 87.5% of isolates also resistant to oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and enrofloxacin. The colistin resistance gene mcr-2 was detected in 75% of isolates, while class 1 integron (int1) was found in 12.5%. The pax toxin gene cluster was present in 75% of isolates. Toxicity assays using Panagrellus redivivus demonstrated dose-dependent effects of P. aerogenes supernatant containing pax toxins. This study represents the first report of P. aerogenes isolation from sow vaginal discharge in Thailand. The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance, presence of the mcr-2 gene, and toxicity of pax toxin-positive isolates suggest that P. aerogenes may be an underestimated factor in swine reproductive health. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the role of P. aerogenes in sow reproductive disorders and its potential impact on swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittika Keeratikunakorn
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Kampon Kaeoket
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI, Phayathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Dhammika Leshan Wannigama
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship Research, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Biofilms and Antimicrobial Resistance Consortium of ODA receiving countries, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Pathogen Hunter's Research Team, Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tanittha Chatsuwan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship Research, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natharin Ngamwongsatit
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
- Laboratory of Bacteria, Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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Suay-García B, Alemán-López PA, Bueso-Bordils JI, Falcó A, Antón-Fos G, Pérez-Gracia MT. New solvent options for in vivo assays in the Galleria mellonella larvae model. Virulence 2019; 10:776-782. [PMID: 31451073 PMCID: PMC6735471 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1659663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimentation in mammals is a long and expensive process in which ethical aspects must be considered, which has led the scientific community to develop alternative models such as that of Galleria mellonella. This model is a cost and time effective option to act as a filter in the drug discovery process. The main limitation of this model is the lack of variety in the solvents used to administer compounds, which limits the compounds that can be studied using this model. Five aqueous (DMSO, MeOH, acetic acid, HCl and NaOH) and four non-aqueous (olive oil, isopropyl myristate, benzyl benzoate and ethyl oleate) solvents was assessed to be used as vehicles for toxicity and antimicrobial activity in vivo assays. All the tested solvents were innocuous at the tested concentrations except for NaOH, which can be used at a maximum concentration of 0.5 M. The toxicity of two additional compounds, 5-aminosalicylic acid and DDT, was also assessed. The results obtained allow for the testing of a broader range of compounds using wax moth larvae. This model appears as an alternative to mammal models, by acting as a filter in the drug development process and reducing costs and time invested in new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Suay-García
- Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU , Valencia , España
| | - Pedro A Alemán-López
- Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU , Valencia , España
| | - José Ignacio Bueso-Bordils
- Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU , Valencia , España
| | - Antonio Falcó
- ESI International Chair@CEU-UCH. Departamento de Matemáticas, Física y Ciencias Tecnológicas. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU , Valencia , España
| | - Gerardo Antón-Fos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU , Valencia , España
| | - María Teresa Pérez-Gracia
- Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU , Valencia , España
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Utility of Greater Wax Moth Larva (Galleria mellonella) for Evaluating the Toxicity and Efficacy of New Antimicrobial Agents. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 78:25-53. [PMID: 22305092 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394805-2.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new antimicrobial agents to combat infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens. Once a compound is shown to be effective in vitro, it is necessary to evaluate its efficacy in an animal infection model. Typically, this is achieved using a mammalian model, but such experiments are costly, time consuming, and require full ethical consideration. Hence, cheaper and ethically more acceptable invertebrate models of infection have been introduced, including the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. Invertebrates have an immune system that is functionally similar to the innate immune system of mammals, and often identical virulence and pathogenicity factors are used by human pathogenic microbes to infect wax moth larvae and mammals. Moreover, the virulence of many human pathogens is comparable in wax moth larvae and mammals. Using key examples from the literature, this chapter highlights the benefits of using the wax moth larva model to provide a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable evaluation of the toxicity and efficacy of new antimicrobial agents in vivo and prior to the use of more expensive mammalian models. This simple insect model can bridge the gap between in vitro studies and mammalian experimentation by screening out compounds with a low likelihood of success, while providing greater justification for further studies in mammalian systems. Thus, broader implementation of the wax moth larva model into anti-infective drug discovery and development programs could reduce the use of mammals during preclinical assessments and the overall cost of drug development.
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Galleria mellonella as an alternative model of Coxiella burnetii infection. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:1175-1181. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.077230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium and is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever. Several rodent and non-human primate models of virulent phase I C. burnetii [Nine Mile (NM)I] have been developed, and have been used to determine the efficacy of antibiotics and vaccine candidates. However, there are several advantages to using insect models to study host–microbe interactions, such as reduced animal use, lowered cost and ease of manipulation in high containment. In addition, many laboratories use the avirulent phase II C. burnetii clone (NMII) to study cellular interactions and identify novel virulence determinants using genetic manipulation. We report that larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, were susceptible to infection with both C. burnetii NMI and NMII. Following subcutaneous infection, we report that intracellular bacteria were present within haemocytes and that larval death occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, we have used the model to characterize the role of the type 4 secretion system in C. burnetii NMII and to determine antibiotic efficacy in a non-mammalian model of disease.
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Lebeaux D, Chauhan A, Rendueles O, Beloin C. From in vitro to in vivo Models of Bacterial Biofilm-Related Infections. Pathogens 2013; 2:288-356. [PMID: 25437038 PMCID: PMC4235718 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens2020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of microorganisms growing as sessile communities in a large number of human infections has been extensively studied and recognized for 30–40 years, therefore warranting intense scientific and medical research. Nonetheless, mimicking the biofilm-life style of bacteria and biofilm-related infections has been an arduous task. Models used to study biofilms range from simple in vitro to complex in vivo models of tissues or device-related infections. These different models have progressively contributed to the current knowledge of biofilm physiology within the host context. While far from a complete understanding of the multiple elements controlling the dynamic interactions between the host and biofilms, we are nowadays witnessing the emergence of promising preventive or curative strategies to fight biofilm-related infections. This review undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the literature from a historic perspective commenting on the contribution of the different models and discussing future venues and new approaches that can be merged with more traditional techniques in order to model biofilm-infections and efficiently fight them.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lebeaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Ashwini Chauhan
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Olaya Rendueles
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Christophe Beloin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
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Srinivasan J, Dillman AR, Macchietto MG, Heikkinen L, Lakso M, Fracchia KM, Antoshechkin I, Mortazavi A, Wong G, Sternberg PW. The draft genome and transcriptome of Panagrellus redivivus are shaped by the harsh demands of a free-living lifestyle. Genetics 2013; 193:1279-95. [PMID: 23410827 PMCID: PMC3606103 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.148809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematodes compose an abundant and diverse invertebrate phylum with members inhabiting nearly every ecological niche. Panagrellus redivivus (the "microworm") is a free-living nematode frequently used to understand the evolution of developmental and behavioral processes given its phylogenetic distance to Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we report the de novo sequencing of the genome, transcriptome, and small RNAs of P. redivivus. Using a combination of automated gene finders and RNA-seq data, we predict 24,249 genes and 32,676 transcripts. Small RNA analysis revealed 248 microRNA (miRNA) hairpins, of which 63 had orthologs in other species. Fourteen miRNA clusters containing 42 miRNA precursors were found. The RNA interference, dauer development, and programmed cell death pathways are largely conserved. Analysis of protein family domain abundance revealed that P. redivivus has experienced a striking expansion of BTB domain-containing proteins and an unprecedented expansion of the cullin scaffold family of proteins involved in multi-subunit ubiquitin ligases, suggesting proteolytic plasticity and/or tighter regulation of protein turnover. The eukaryotic release factor protein family has also been dramatically expanded and suggests an ongoing evolutionary arms race with viruses and transposons. The P. redivivus genome provides a resource to advance our understanding of nematode evolution and biology and to further elucidate the genomic architecture leading to free-living lineages, taking advantage of the many fascinating features of this worm revealed by comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagan Srinivasan
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Marissa G. Macchietto
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Liisa Heikkinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Merja Lakso
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Kelley M. Fracchia
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Igor Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Garry Wong
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Paul W. Sternberg
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, California 91125
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Desalermos A, Fuchs BB, Mylonakis E. Selecting an invertebrate model host for the study of fungal pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002451. [PMID: 22319439 PMCID: PMC3271057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Desalermos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pathogenicity, virulence factors, and strategies to fight against Burkholderia cepacia complex pathogens and related species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:31-40. [PMID: 20390415 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) is a group of 17 closely related species of the beta-proteobacteria subdivision that emerged in the 1980s as important human pathogens, especially to patients suffering from cystic fibrosis. Since then, a remarkable progress has been achieved on the taxonomy and molecular identification of these bacteria. Although some progress have been achieved on the knowledge of the pathogenesis traits and virulence factors used by these bacteria, further work envisaging the identification of potential targets for the scientifically based design of new therapeutic strategies is urgently needed, due to the very difficult eradication of these bacteria with available therapies. An overview of these aspects of Bcc pathogenesis and opportunities for the design of future therapies is presented and discussed in this work.
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Castonguay-Vanier J, Vial L, Tremblay J, Déziel E. Drosophila melanogaster as a model host for the Burkholderia cepacia complex. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11467. [PMID: 20635002 PMCID: PMC2902503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colonization with bacterial species from the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) is associated with fast health decline among individuals with cystic fibrosis. In order to investigate the virulence of the Bcc, several alternative infection models have been developed. To this end, the fruit fly is increasingly used as surrogate host, and its validity to enhance our understanding of host-pathogen relationships has been demonstrated with a variety of microorganisms. Moreover, its relevance as a suitable alternative to mammalian hosts has been confirmed with vertebrate organisms. Methodology/Principal Findings The aim of this study was to establish Drosophila melanogaster as a surrogate host for species from the Bcc. While the feeding method proved unsuccessful at killing the flies, the pricking technique did generate mortality within the populations. Results obtained with the fruit fly model are comparable with results obtained using mammalian infection models. Furthermore, validity of the Drosophila infection model was confirmed with B. cenocepacia K56-2 mutants known to be less virulent in murine hosts or in other alternative models. Competitive index (CI) analyses were also performed using the fruit fly as host. Results of CI experiments agree with those obtained with mammalian models. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that Drosophila is a useful alternative infection model for Bcc and that fly pricking assays and competition indices are two complementary methods for virulence testing. Moreover, CI results indicate that this method is more sensitive than mortality tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Castonguay-Vanier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier, Laval, Canada
| | - Ludovic Vial
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier, Laval, Canada
| | - Julien Tremblay
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier, Laval, Canada
| | - Eric Déziel
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier, Laval, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Seabra R, Bhogal N. Hospital infections, animal models and alternatives. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 28:561-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-008-0680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Mylonakis E, Casadevall A, Ausubel FM. Exploiting amoeboid and non-vertebrate animal model systems to study the virulence of human pathogenic fungi. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e101. [PMID: 17676994 PMCID: PMC1933451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments with insects, protozoa, nematodes, and slime molds have recently come to the forefront in the study of host–fungal interactions. Many of the virulence factors required for pathogenicity in mammals are also important for fungal survival during interactions with non-vertebrate hosts, suggesting that fungal virulence may have evolved, and been maintained, as a countermeasure to environmental predation by amoebae and nematodes and other small non-vertebrates that feed on microorganisms. Host innate immune responses are also broadly conserved across many phyla. The study of the interaction between invertebrate model hosts and pathogenic fungi therefore provides insights into the mechanisms underlying pathogen virulence and host immunity, and complements the use of mammalian models by enabling whole-animal high throughput infection assays. This review aims to assist researchers in identifying appropriate invertebrate systems for the study of particular aspects of fungal pathogenesis.
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Chiarini L, Bevivino A, Dalmastri C, Tabacchioni S, Visca P. Burkholderia cepacia complex species: health hazards and biotechnological potential. Trends Microbiol 2006; 14:277-86. [PMID: 16684604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Burkholderia cepacia complex is a group of nine closely related bacterial species that have useful properties in the natural environment as plant pest antagonists, plant growth promoters and degradative agents of toxic substances. Because these species are human opportunistic pathogens, especially in cystic fibrosis patients, biotechnological applications that involve environmental releases have been severely restricted. Recent progress in understanding the taxonomy, epidemiology and ecology of the B. cepacia complex species has unravelled considerable variability in their pathogenicity and ecological properties, which has set the basis for a reassessment of the risk posed by individual species to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Chiarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Protection of Health and Ecosystems, C.R. Casaccia, ENEA, 00060 Rome, Italy.
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