1
|
Alam S, Gu Y, Reichert P, Bähler J, Oliferenko S. Optimization of energy production and central carbon metabolism in a non-respiring eukaryote. Curr Biol 2023; 33:2175-2186.e5. [PMID: 37164017 PMCID: PMC7615655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Most eukaryotes respire oxygen, using it to generate biomass and energy. However, a few organisms have lost the capacity to respire. Understanding how they manage biomass and energy production may illuminate the critical points at which respiration feeds into central carbon metabolism and explain possible routes to its optimization. Here, we use two related fission yeasts, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, as a comparative model system. We show that although S. japonicus does not respire oxygen, unlike S. pombe, it is capable of efficient NADH oxidation, amino acid synthesis, and ATP generation. We probe possible optimization strategies through the use of stable isotope tracing metabolomics, mass isotopologue distribution analysis, genetics, and physiological experiments. S. japonicus appears to have optimized cytosolic NADH oxidation via glycerol-3-phosphate synthesis. It runs a fully bifurcated TCA pathway, sustaining amino acid production. Finally, we propose that it has optimized glycolysis to maintain high ATP/ADP ratio, in part by using the pentose phosphate pathway as a glycolytic shunt, reducing allosteric inhibition of glycolysis and supporting biomass generation. By comparing two related organisms with vastly different metabolic strategies, our work highlights the versatility and plasticity of central carbon metabolism in eukaryotes, illuminating critical adaptations supporting the preferential use of glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alam
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Ying Gu
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Polina Reichert
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jürg Bähler
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Snezhana Oliferenko
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mukherjee S, Das S, Bedi M, Vadupu L, Ball WB, Ghosh A. Methylglyoxal-mediated Gpd1 activation restores the mitochondrial defects in a yeast model of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130328. [PMID: 36791826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Human MPV17, an evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial inner-membrane channel protein, accounts for the tissue-specific mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. However, the precise molecular function of the MPV17 protein is still elusive. Previous studies showed that the mitochondrial morphology and cristae organization are severely disrupted in the MPV17 knockout cells from yeast, zebrafish, and mammalian tissues. As mitochondrial cristae morphology is strictly regulated by the membrane phospholipids composition, we measured mitochondrial membrane phospholipids (PLs) levels in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae MPV17 ortholog, SYM1 (Stress-inducible Yeast MPV17) deleted cells. We found that Sym1 knockout decreases the mitochondrial membrane PL, phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), and inhibits respiratory growth at 37 ̊C on rich media. Both the oxygen consumption rate and the steady state expressions of mitochondrial complex II and super-complexes are compromised. Apart from mitochondrial PE defect a significant depletion of mitochondrial phosphatidyl-choline (PC) was noticed in the sym1∆ cells grown on synthetic media at both 30 ̊C and 37 ̊C temperatures. Surprisingly, exogenous supplementation of methylglyoxal (MG), an intrinsic side product of glycolysis, rescues the respiratory growth of Sym1 deficient yeast cells. Using a combination of molecular biology and lipid biochemistry, we uncovered that MG simultaneously restores both the mitochondrial PE/PC levels and the respiration by enhancing cytosolic NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (Gpd1) enzymatic activity. Further, MG is incapable to restore respiratory growth of the sym1∆gpd1∆ double knockout cells. Thus, our work provides Gpd1 activation as a novel strategy for combating Sym1 deficiency and PC/PE defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumyajit Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata Pin-700019, India
| | - Shubhojit Das
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata Pin-700019, India
| | - Minakshi Bedi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata Pin-700019, India
| | - Lavanya Vadupu
- Department of the Biological Sciences, SRM University- AP, Andhra Pradesh Pin- 522240, India
| | - Writoban Basu Ball
- Department of the Biological Sciences, SRM University- AP, Andhra Pradesh Pin- 522240, India
| | - Alok Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata Pin-700019, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang H, Cao L, Li Q, Wijayawardene NN, Zhao J, Cheng M, Li QR, Li X, Promputtha I, Kang YQ. Overexpressing GRE3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae enables high ethanol production from different lignocellulose hydrolysates. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1085114. [PMID: 36601405 PMCID: PMC9807136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1085114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiently renewable bioethanol can help to alleviate energy crisis and environmental pollution. Genetically modified strains for efficient use of xylose and developing lignocellulosic hydrolysates play an essential role in facilitating cellulosic ethanol production. Here we present a promising strain GRE3OE via GRE3 overexpressed in a previously reported Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain WXY70. A comprehensive evaluation of the fermentation level of GRE3OE in alkaline-distilled sweet sorghum bagasse, sorghum straw and xylose mother liquor hydrolysate. Under simulated corn stover hydrolysate, GRE3OE produced 53.39 g/L ethanol within 48 h. GRE3OE produced about 0.498 g/g total sugar in sorghum straw hydrolysate solution. Moreover, GRE3OE consumed more xylose than WXY70 in the high-concentration xylose mother liquor. Taken together, GRE3OE could be a candidate strain for industrial ethanol development, which is due to its remarkable fermentation efficiency during different lignocellulosic hydrolysates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology & Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Limin Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Nalin N. Wijayawardene
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China,Section of Genetics, Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka,National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Jian Zhao
- State key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology & Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China,Department of Hospital Infection Management, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qi-Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology & Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Chishui Riverside Jiangi-Flavour Baijiu Research Center, Guizhou Sunveen Liquor Co., Ltd, Guiyang, China
| | - Itthayakorn Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ying-Qian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology & Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China,*Correspondence: Ying-Qian Kang,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Biermann AR, Hogan DA. Transcriptional Response of Candida auris to the Mrr1 Inducers Methylglyoxal and Benomyl. mSphere 2022; 7:e0012422. [PMID: 35473297 PMCID: PMC9241502 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00124-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an urgent threat to human health due to its rapid spread in health care settings and its repeated development of multidrug resistance. Diseases that increase risk for C. auris infection, such as diabetes, kidney failure, or immunocompromising conditions, are associated with elevated levels of methylglyoxal (MG), a reactive dicarbonyl compound derived from several metabolic processes. In other Candida species, expression of MG reductase enzymes that catabolize and detoxify MG are controlled by Mrr1, a multidrug resistance-associated transcription factor, and MG induces Mrr1 activity. Here, we used transcriptomics and genetic assays to determine that C. auris MRR1a contributes to MG resistance, and that the main Mrr1a targets are an MG reductase and MDR1, which encodes a drug efflux protein. The C. auris Mrr1a regulon is smaller than Mrr1 regulons described in other species. In addition to MG, benomyl (BEN), a known Mrr1 stimulus, induces C. auris Mrr1 activity, and characterization of the MRR1a-dependent and -independent transcriptional responses revealed substantial overlap in genes that were differentially expressed in response to each compound. Additionally, we found that an MRR1 allele specific to one C. auris phylogenetic clade, clade III, encodes a hyperactive Mrr1 variant, and this activity correlated with higher MG resistance. C. auris MRR1a alleles were functional in Candida lusitaniae and were inducible by BEN, but not by MG, suggesting that the two Mrr1 inducers act via different mechanisms. Together, the data presented in this work contribute to the understanding of Mrr1 activity and MG resistance in C. auris. IMPORTANCE Candida auris is a fungal pathogen that has spread since its identification in 2009 and is of concern due to its high incidence of resistance against multiple classes of antifungal drugs. In other Candida species, the transcription factor Mrr1 plays a major role in resistance against azole antifungals and other toxins. More recently, Mrr1 has been recognized to contribute to resistance to methylglyoxal (MG), a toxic metabolic product that is often elevated in different disease states. MG can activate Mrr1 and its induction of Mdr1 which can protect against diverse challenges. The significance of this work lies in showing that MG is also an inducer of Mrr1 in C. auris, and that one of the major pathogenic C. auris lineages has an activating Mrr1 mutation that confers protection against MG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Biermann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Deborah A. Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chaudhari AK, Das S, Singh VK, Prasad J, Dubey NK. Assessing the Levisticum officinale Koch. essential oil as a novel preservative for stored chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) with emphasis on probable mechanism of action. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68690-68705. [PMID: 34273074 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to explore the inhibitory effect of Levisticum officinale Koch. essential oil (LoffEO) on the growth and aflatoxin B1 secretion by Aspergillus flavus (AF-LHP-SH1, aflatoxigenic strain) causing deterioration of stored chia seeds (Salvia hispanica). The chemical profile analysis of LoffEO by GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of α-terpinyl acetate (26.03 %) as a major component followed by terpineol <1- > (24.03 %) and citronellal (24.03 %). Results on antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activity indicated that LoffEO at 2.0 and 1.75 μL/mL caused complete inhibition of growth and aflatoxin B1 production, respectively. Antifungal toxicity of LoffEO was strongly correlated with the inhibition of ergosterol content, leakage of cellular ions, and disintegration of membrane permeability. Reduction in cellular methylglyoxal by LoffEO indicated a novel antiaflatoxigenic mechanism of action. The LoffEO showed moderate free radical quenching activity in DPPH assay (IC50 = 26.10 μL/mL) and exhibited remarkable inhibitory efficacy against lipid peroxidation of chia seeds. In addition, LoffEO presented strong in situ antiaflatoxigenic efficacy, and exhibited non-phytotoxic nature, acceptable sensory characteristics, and favorable safety profile (LD50 = 19786.59 μL/kg), which recommends its practical utilization as a novel and safe preservative to improve the shelf life of stored chia seeds from fungal infestation and aflatoxin B1 contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Chaudhari
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Somenath Das
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Jitendra Prasad
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Nawal Kishore Dubey
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pallapati AR, Sirigiri SD, Jain S, Ratnala V, Roy I. Lysine245 plays a crucial role in stability and function of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpd1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1726-1736. [PMID: 34369003 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpd1 isoform) catalyzes the rate limiting step of glycerol synthesis and is a critical component of the osmo-responsive machinery in yeast. The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme is similar to the enzyme from many other organisms, including humans. A recent study with the human enzyme has proposed K120 (K152 in yeast) to be in the correct orientation for catalysis; K204 (K245 in yeast) is out of plane and is not a participant in the catalytic cycle. The current work was carried out to establish the role of K245 in the catalytic cycle of yeast Gpd1. K245A mutant was found to possess lower catalytic activity. Osmotically stressed cells expressing Gpd1 (K245A) showed no change in intracellular glycerol as compared with wild-type cells which showed ~60% increase. Fluorescence microscopy, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and Thioflavin T spectrofluorimetry showed a relatively unstable, aggregation- and degradation-prone conformation for the mutant. In silico studies showed an aggregation "hotspot" around K245. This study establishes the requirement of K245 for conformational stability and functional adaptation of Gpd1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anusha R Pallapati
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Sri D Sirigiri
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Swati Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Vamsi Ratnala
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pavin SS, Prestes ADS, Dos Santos MM, de Macedo GT, Ferreira SA, Claro MT, Dalla Corte C, Vargas Barbosa N. Methylglyoxal disturbs DNA repair and glyoxalase I system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 31:107-115. [PMID: 33059495 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1838019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive aldehyde able to form covalent adducts with proteins and nucleic acids, disrupting cellular functions. In this study, we performed a screening of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) strains to find out which genes of cells are responsive to MG, emphasizing genes against oxidative stress and DNA repair. Yeast strains were grown in the YPD-Galactose medium containing MG (0.5 to 12 mM). The tolerance to MG was evaluated by determining cellular growth and cell viability. The toxicity of MG was more pronounced in the strains with deletion in genes engaged with DNA repair checkpoint proteins, namely Rad23 and Rad50. MG also impaired the growth and viability of S. cerevisiae mutant strains Glo1 and Gsh1, both components of the glyoxalase I system. Differently, the strains with deletion in genes encoding for antioxidant enzymes were apparently resistant to MG. In summary, our data indicate that DNA repair and MG detoxification pathways are keys in the control of MG toxicity in S. cerevisiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sartoretto Pavin
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Souza Prestes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Mulling Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Teixeira de Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Antunes Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Torri Claro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Dalla Corte
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Nilda Vargas Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jana GA, Yaish MW. Functional characterization of the Glyoxalase-I ( PdGLX1) gene family in date palm under abiotic stresses. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1811527. [PMID: 32835595 PMCID: PMC7588186 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1811527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG), a cytotoxic oxygenated short aldehyde, is a by-product of various metabolic reactions in plants, including glycolysis. The basal level of MG in plants is low, whereby it acts as an essential signaling molecule regulating multiple cellular processes. However, hyperaccumulation of MG under stress conditions is detrimental for plants as it inhibits multiple developmental processes, including seed germination, photosynthesis, and root growth. The evolutionarily conserved glyoxalase system is critical for MG detoxification, and it comprises of two-enzymes, the glyoxalase-I and glyoxalase-II. Here, we report the functional characterization of six putative glyoxalase-I genes from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) (PdGLX1), by studying their gene expression under various environmental stress conditions and investigating their function in bacteria (Escherichia coli) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant cells. The putative PdGLX1 genes were initially identified using computational methods and cloned using molecular tools. The PdGLX1 gene expression analysis using quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed differential expression under various stress conditions such as salinity, oxidative stress, and exogenous MG stress in a tissue-specific manner. Further, in vivo functional characterization indicated that overexpression of the putative PdGLX1 genes in E. coli enhanced their growth and MG detoxification ability. The putative PdGLX1 genes were also able to complement the loss-of-function MG hypersensitive GLO1 (YML004C) yeast mutants and promote growth by enhancing MG detoxification and reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under stress conditions as indicated by flow cytometry. These findings denote the potential importance of PdGLX1 genes in MG detoxification under stress conditions in the date palm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Aplang Jana
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mahmoud W. Yaish
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Scheckhuber CQ. Studying the mechanisms and targets of glycation and advanced glycation end-products in simple eukaryotic model systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
11
|
The Lsm1-7/Pat1 complex binds to stress-activated mRNAs and modulates the response to hyperosmotic shock. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007563. [PMID: 30059503 PMCID: PMC6085073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) establish the cellular fate of a transcript, but an understanding of these processes has been limited by a lack of identified specific interactions between RNA and protein molecules. Using MS2 RNA tagging, we have purified proteins associated with individual mRNA species induced by osmotic stress, STL1 and GPD1. We found members of the Lsm1-7/Pat1 RBP complex to preferentially bind these mRNAs, relative to the non-stress induced mRNAs, HYP2 and ASH1. To assess the functional importance, we mutated components of the Lsm1-7/Pat1 RBP complex and analyzed the impact on expression of osmostress gene products. We observed a defect in global translation inhibition under osmotic stress in pat1 and lsm1 mutants, which correlated with an abnormally high association of both non-stress and stress-induced mRNAs to translationally active polysomes. Additionally, for stress-induced proteins normally triggered only by moderate or high osmostress, in the mutants the protein levels rose high already at weak hyperosmosis. Analysis of ribosome passage on mRNAs through co-translational decay from the 5’ end (5P-Seq) showed increased ribosome accumulation in lsm1 and pat1 mutants upstream of the start codon. This effect was particularly strong for mRNAs induced under osmostress. Thus, our results indicate that, in addition to its role in degradation, the Lsm1-7/Pat1 complex acts as a selective translational repressor, having stronger effect over the translation initiation of heavily expressed mRNAs. Binding of the Lsm1-7/Pat1p complex to osmostress-induced mRNAs mitigates their translation, suppressing it in conditions of weak or no stress, and avoiding a hyperresponse when triggered. When confronted with external physical or chemical stress, cells respond by increasing the mRNA output of a small number of genes required for stress survival, while shutting down the majority of other genes. Moreover, each mRNA is regulated under stress to either enhance or diminish its translation into proteins. The overall purpose is for the cell to optimize gene expression for survival and recovery during rapidly changing conditions. Much of this regulation is mediated by RNA-binding proteins. We have isolated proteins binding to specific mRNAs induced by stress, to investigate how they affect the stress response. We found members of one protein complex to be bound to stress-induced mRNAs. When mutants lacking these proteins were exposed to stress, ribosomes were more engaged with translating mRNAs than in the wild-type. In the mutants, it was also possible to trigger expression of stress proteins with only minimal stress levels. Tracing the passage of ribosomes over mRNAs, we saw that ribosomes accumulated around the start codon in the mutants. These findings indicate that the protein complex is required to moderate the stress response and prevent it from overreacting, which would be harmful for the cell.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zemva J, Fink CA, Fleming TH, Schmidt L, Loft A, Herzig S, Knieß RA, Mayer M, Bukau B, Nawroth PP, Tyedmers J. Hormesis enables cells to handle accumulating toxic metabolites during increased energy flux. Redox Biol 2017; 13:674-686. [PMID: 28826004 PMCID: PMC5565788 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy production is inevitably linked to the generation of toxic metabolites, such as reactive oxygen and carbonyl species, known as major contributors to ageing and degenerative diseases. It remains unclear how cells can adapt to elevated energy flux accompanied by accumulating harmful by-products without taking any damage. Therefore, effects of a sudden rise in glucose concentrations were studied in yeast cells. This revealed a feedback mechanism initiated by the reactive dicarbonyl methylglyoxal, which is formed non-enzymatically during glycolysis. Low levels of methylglyoxal activate a multi-layered defence response against toxic metabolites composed of prevention, detoxification and damage remission. The latter is mediated by the protein quality control system and requires inducible Hsp70 and Btn2, the aggregase that sequesters misfolded proteins. This glycohormetic mechanism enables cells to pre-adapt to rising energy flux and directly links metabolic to proteotoxic stress. Further data suggest the existence of a similar response in endothelial cells. Low-dose MG induces tolerance towards toxic levels of MG and ROS in yeast cells. This preconditioning effect is mediated via a multi-layered defence mechanism. The hormetic defence is composed of prevention, detoxification and damage remission. Low MG induces the PQS including protein sorting and handling via HSPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Zemva
- Department for Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Andreas Fink
- Department for Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Henry Fleming
- Department for Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonard Schmidt
- Department for Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Loft
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Department for Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Department for Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert André Knieß
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Bukau
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Paul Nawroth
- Department for Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Department for Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jens Tyedmers
- Department for Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kosmachevskaya OV, Shumaev KB, Topunov AF. Signal and regulatory effects of methylglyoxal in eukaryotic cells (review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
14
|
Kinzurik MI, Ly K, David KM, Gardner RC, Fedrizzi B. The GLO1 Gene Is Required for Full Activity of O-Acetyl Homoserine Sulfhydrylase Encoded by MET17. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:414-421. [PMID: 27935278 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During glycolysis, yeast generates methylglyoxal (MG), a toxic metabolite that affects growth. Detoxification can occur when glyoxylase I (GLO1) and glyoxylase II (GLO2) convert MG to lactic acid. We have identified an additional, previously unrecognized role for GLO1 in sulfur assimilation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. During a screening for putative carbon-sulfur lyases, the glo1 deletion strain showed significant production of H2S during fermentation. The glo1 strain also assimilated sulfate inefficiently but grew normally on cysteine. These phenotypes are consistent with reduced activity of the O-acetyl homoserine sulfhydrylase, Met17p. Overexpression of Glo1p gave a dominant negative phenotype that mimicked the glo1 and met17 deletion strain phenotypes. Western analysis revealed reduced expression of Met17p in the glo1 deletion, but there was no indication of an altered conformation of Met17p or any direct interaction between the two proteins. Unravelling a novel function in sulfur assimilation and H2S generation in yeast for a gene never connected with this pathway provides new opportunities for the study of this molecule in cell signaling, as well as the potential regulation of its accumulation in the wine and beer industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matias I. Kinzurik
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kien Ly
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karine M. David
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard C. Gardner
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bruno Fedrizzi
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
van Bergen B, Cyr N, Strasser R, Blanchette M, Sheppard JD, Jardim A. α,β-Dicarbonyl reduction is mediated by the Saccharomyces Old Yellow Enzyme. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow059. [PMID: 27400981 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The undesirable flavor compounds diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione are vicinal diketones (VDKs) formed by extracellular oxidative decarboxylation of intermediate metabolites of the isoleucine, leucine and valine (ILV) biosynthetic pathway. These VDKs are taken up by Saccharomyces and enzymatically converted to acetoin and 3-hydroxy-2-pentanone, respectively. Purification of a highly enriched diacetyl reductase fraction from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in conjunction with mass spectrometry identified Old Yellow Enzyme (Oye) as an enzyme capable of catalyzing VDK reduction. Kinetic analysis of recombinant Oye1p, Oye2p and Oye3p isoforms confirmed that all three isoforms reduced diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione in an NADPH-dependent reaction. Transcriptomic analysis of S. cerevisiae (ale) and S. pastorianus (lager) yeast during industrial fermentations showed that the transcripts for OYE1, OYE2, arabinose dehydrogenase (ARA1), α-acetolactate synthase (ILV2) and α-acetohydroxyacid reductoisomerase (ILV5) were differentially regulated in a manner that correlated with changes in extracellular levels of VDKs. These studies provide insights into the mechanism for reducing VDKs and decreasing maturation times of beer which are of commercial importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry van Bergen
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Normand Cyr
- Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27612, USA
| | - Rona Strasser
- Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Maxime Blanchette
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - John D Sheppard
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27612, USA
| | - Armando Jardim
- Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gpd1 Regulates the Activity of Tcp-1 and Heat Shock Response in Yeast Cells: Effect on Aggregation of Mutant Huntingtin. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3900-3913. [PMID: 26164272 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A significant correlation has been observed between the length of the polyglutamine tract in huntingtin, its aggregation and the progression of Huntington's disease (HD). The chaperonin TRiC is a potent antagonist of aggregation of mutant huntingtin. Using the well-validated Saccharomyces cerevisiae model of HD, we have investigated the role of age-related post-translational modifications of this heterooligomeric chaperonin on its ability to inhibit aggregation of the mutant protein. We show that the glycerol synthetic enzyme Gpd1 is involved in the post-translational modification of Tcp-1 (subunit of TRiC) by acetylation and glycation through the NAD(+)/NADH shuttle and the triose phosphate intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate, respectively. The extent of modification of Tcp-1 shows a negative correlation with the solubility of mutant huntingtin. The absence of Gpd1 also induces heat shock response in yeast cells, further inhibiting aggregation of the mutant protein. Thus, Gpd1 acts as a major regulator of the protein folding machinery in the yeast model of HD. Modification and inactivation of cellular chaperonin are accelerated in an aging cell, which has further deleterious effects for a cell harbouring misfolded/aggregated protein(s).
Collapse
|
17
|
Ariño J, Aydar E, Drulhe S, Ganser D, Jorrín J, Kahm M, Krause F, Petrezsélyová S, Yenush L, Zimmermannová O, van Heusden GPH, Kschischo M, Ludwig J, Palmer C, Ramos J, Sychrová H. Systems biology of monovalent cation homeostasis in yeast: the translucent contribution. Adv Microb Physiol 2014; 64:1-63. [PMID: 24797924 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800143-1.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of monovalent cation homeostasis (mainly K(+) and Na(+)) is vital for cell survival, and cation toxicity is at the basis of a myriad of relevant phenomena, such as salt stress in crops and diverse human diseases. Full understanding of the importance of monovalent cations in the biology of the cell can only be achieved from a systemic perspective. Translucent is a multinational project developed within the context of the SysMO (System Biology of Microorganisms) initiative and focussed in the study of cation homeostasis using the well-known yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model. The present review summarize how the combination of biochemical, genetic, genomic and computational approaches has boosted our knowledge in this field, providing the basis for a more comprehensive and coherent vision of the role of monovalent cations in the biology of the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ariño
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Dept. Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ebru Aydar
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jesús Jorrín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Matthias Kahm
- RheinAhrCampus, University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, Remagen, Germany
| | | | - Silvia Petrezsélyová
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Dept. Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Zimmermannová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Maik Kschischo
- RheinAhrCampus, University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, Remagen, Germany
| | | | - Chris Palmer
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - José Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Barreto L, Canadell D, Valverde-Saubí D, Casamayor A, Ariño J. The short-term response of yeast to potassium starvation. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:3026-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Barreto
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra; 08193; Barcelona; Spain
| | - David Canadell
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra; 08193; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Daniel Valverde-Saubí
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra; 08193; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Antonio Casamayor
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra; 08193; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Joaquín Ariño
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra; 08193; Barcelona; Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reciprocal phosphorylation of yeast glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases in adaptation to distinct types of stress. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4705-17. [PMID: 22988299 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00897-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have evolved mechanisms for ensuring growth and survival in the face of stress caused by a fluctuating environment. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two homologous glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases, Gpd1 and Gpd2, that are required to endure various stresses, including hyperosmotic shock and hypoxia. These enzymes are only partially redundant, and their unique functions were attributed previously to differential transcriptional regulation and localization. We find that Gpd1 and Gpd2 are negatively regulated through phosphorylation by distinct kinases under reciprocal conditions. Gpd2 is phosphorylated by the AMP-activated protein kinase Snf1 to curtail glycerol production when nutrients are limiting. Gpd1, in contrast, is a target of TORC2-dependent kinases Ypk1 and Ypk2. Inactivation of Ypk1 by hyperosmotic shock results in dephosphorylation and activation of Gpd1, accelerating recovery through increased glycerol production. Gpd1 dephosphorylation acts synergistically with its transcriptional upregulation, enabling long-term growth at high osmolarity. Phosphorylation of Gpd1 and Gpd2 by distinct kinases thereby enables rapid adaptation to specific stress conditions. Introduction of phosphorylation motifs targeted by distinct kinases provides a general mechanism for functional specialization of duplicated genes during evolution.
Collapse
|
20
|
Mitochondrial involvement to methylglyoxal detoxification: D-Lactate/Malate antiporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2012; 102:163-75. [PMID: 22460278 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-012-9724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research during the last years has accumulated a large body of data that suggest that a permanent high flux through the glycolytic pathway may be a source of intracellular toxicity via continuous generation of endogenous reactive dicarbonyl compound methylglyoxal (MG). MG detoxification by the action of the glyoxalase system produces D-lactate. Thus, this article extends our previous work and presents new insights concerning D-lactate fate in aerobically grown yeast cells. Biochemical studies using intact functional mitochondrial preparations derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae show that D-lactate produced in the extramitochondrial phase can be taken up by mitochondria, metabolised inside the organelles with efflux of newly synthesized malate. Experiments were carried out photometrically and the rate of malate efflux was measured by use of NADP(+) and malic enzyme and it depended on the rate of transport across the mitochondrial membrane. It showed saturation characteristics (K(m) = 20 μM; V(max) = 6 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) of mitochondrial protein) and was inhibited by α-cyanocinnamate, a non-penetrant compound. Our data reveal that reducing equivalents export from mitochondria is due to the occurrence of a putative D-lactate/malate antiporter which differs from both D-lactate/pyruvate antiporter and D-lactate/H(+) symporter as shown by the different V(max) values, pH profile and inhibitor sensitivity. Based on these results we propose that D-lactate translocators and D-lactate dehydrogenases work together for decreasing the production of MG from the cytosol, thus mitochondria could play a pro-survival role in the metabolic stress response as well as for D-lactate-dependent gluconeogenesis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ispolnov K, Gomes RA, Silva MS, Freire AP. Extracellular methylglyoxal toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: role of glucose and phosphate ions. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 104:1092-102. [PMID: 18194258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate the behaviour of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to extracellular methylglyoxal. METHODS AND RESULTS Cell survival to methylglyoxal and the importance of phosphates was investigated. The role of methylglyoxal detoxification systems and methylglyoxal-derived protein glycation were studied and the relation to cell survival or death was evaluated. Extracellular methylglyoxal decreased cell viability, and the presence of phosphate enhanced this effect. D-glucose seems to exert a protective effect towards this toxicity. Methylglyoxal-induced cell death was not apoptotic and was not related to intracellular glycation processes. The glyoxalases and aldose reductase were important in methylglyoxal detoxification. Mutants lacking glyoxalase I and II showed increased sensitivity to methylglyoxal, while strains overexpressing these genes had increased resistance. CONCLUSIONS Extracellular methylglyoxal induced non-apoptotic cell death, being unrelated to glycation. Inactivation of methylglyoxal-detoxifying enzymes by phosphate is one probable cause. Phosphate and D-glucose may also act through their complex involvement in stress response mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These findings contribute to elucidate the mechanisms of cell toxicity by methylglyoxal. This information could be useful to on-going studies using yeast as a eukaryotic cell model to investigate methylglyoxal-derived glycation and its role in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ispolnov
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
van Bergen B, Strasser R, Cyr N, Sheppard JD, Jardim A. α,β-dicarbonyl reduction by Saccharomyces d-arabinose dehydrogenase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1636-45. [PMID: 17030441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An alpha,beta-dicarbonyl reductase activity was purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identified as the cytosolic enzyme D-Arabinose dehydrogenase (ARA1) by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Size exclusion chromatography analysis of recombinant Ara1p revealed that this protein formed a homodimer. Ara1p catalyzed the reduction of the reactive alpha,beta-dicarbonyl compounds methylglyoxal, diacetyl, and pentanedione in a NADPH dependant manner. Ara1p had apparent Km values of approximately 14 mM, 7 mM and 4 mM for methylglyoxal, diacetyl and pentanedione respectively, with corresponding turnover rates of 4.4, 6.9 and 5.9 s(-1) at pH 7.0. pH profiling showed that Ara1p had a pH optimum of 4.5 for the diacetyl reduction reaction. Ara1p also catalyzed the NADP+ dependant oxidation of acetoin; however this back reaction only occurred at alkaline pH values. That Ara1p was important for degradation of alpha,beta-dicarbonyl substrates was further supported by the observation that ara1-Delta knockout yeast mutants exhibited a decreased growth rate phenotype in media containing diacetyl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry van Bergen
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yadav SK, Singla-Pareek SL, Reddy MK, Sopory SK. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing glyoxalase enzymes resist an increase in methylglyoxal and maintain higher reduced glutathione levels under salinity stress. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:6265-71. [PMID: 16253241 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism behind enhanced salt tolerance conferred by the overexpression of glyoxalase pathway enzymes was studied in transgenic vis-à-vis wild-type (WT) plants. We have recently documented that salinity stress induces higher level accumulation of methylglyoxal (MG), a potent cytotoxin and primary substrate for glyoxalase pathway, in various plant species [Yadav, S.K., Singla-Pareek, S.L., Ray, M., Reddy, M.K. and Sopory, S.K. (2005) MG levels in plants under salinity stress are dependent on glyoxalase I and glutathione. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 337, 61-67]. The transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing glyoxalase pathway enzymes, resist an increase in the level of MG that increased to over 70% in WT plants under salinity stress. These plants showed enhanced basal activity of various glutathione related antioxidative enzymes that increased further upon salinity stress. These plants suffered minimal salinity stress induced oxidative damage measured in terms of the lipid peroxidation. The reduced glutathione (GSH) content was high in these transgenic plants and also maintained a higher reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) ratio under salinity. Manipulation of glutathione ratio by exogenous application of GSSG retarded the growth of non-transgenic plants whereas transgenic plants sustained their growth. These results suggest that resisting an increase in MG together with maintaining higher reduced glutathione levels can be efficiently achieved by the overexpression of glyoxalase pathway enzymes towards developing salinity stress tolerant plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ko J, Kim I, Yoo S, Min B, Kim K, Park C. Conversion of methylglyoxal to acetol by Escherichia coli aldo-keto reductases. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:5782-9. [PMID: 16077126 PMCID: PMC1196063 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.16.5782-5789.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a toxic metabolite known to accumulate in various cell types. We detected in vivo conversion of MG to acetol in MG-accumulating Escherichia coli cells by use of (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR) spectroscopy. A search for homologs of the mammalian aldo-keto reductases (AKRs), which are known to exhibit activity to MG, revealed nine open reading frames from the E. coli genome. Based on both sequence similarities and preliminary characterization with (1)H-NMR for crude extracts of the corresponding mutant strains, we chose five genes, yafB, yqhE, yeaE, yghZ, and yajO, for further study. Quantitative assessment of the metabolites produced in vitro from the crude extracts of these mutants and biochemical study with purified AKRs indicated that the yafB, yqhE, yeaE, and yghZ genes are involved in the conversion of MG to acetol in the presence of NADPH. When we assessed their in vivo catalytic activities by creating double mutants, all of these genes except for yqhE exhibited further sensitivities to MG in a glyoxalase-deficient strain. The results imply that the glutathione-independent detoxification of MG can occur through multiple pathways, consisting of yafB, yqhE, yeaE, and yghZ genes, leading to the generation of acetol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junsang Ko
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yusong-Ku, Taejon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gomes RA, Sousa Silva M, Vicente Miranda H, Ferreira AEN, Cordeiro CAA, Freire AP. Protein glycation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Argpyrimidine formation and methylglyoxal catabolism. FEBS J 2005; 272:4521-31. [PMID: 16128820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal is the most important intracellular glycation agent, formed nonenzymatically from triose phosphates during glycolysis in eukaryotic cells. Methylglyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-products are involved in neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and familial amyloidotic polyneurophathy) and in the clinical complications of diabetes. Research models for investigating protein glycation and its relationship to methylglyoxal metabolism are required to understand this process, its implications in cell biochemistry and their role in human diseases. We investigated methylglyoxal metabolism and protein glycation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using a specific antibody against argpyrimidine, a marker of protein glycation by methylglyoxal, we found that yeast cells growing on d-glucose (100 mM) present several glycated proteins at the stationary phase of growth. Intracellular methylglyoxal concentration, determined by a specific HPLC based assay, is directly related to argpyrimidine formation. Moreover, exposing nongrowing yeast cells to a higher d-glucose concentration (250 mM) increases methylglyoxal formation rate and argpyrimidine modified proteins appear within 1 h. A kinetic model of methylglyoxal metabolism in yeast, comprising its nonenzymatic formation and enzymatic catabolism by the glutathione dependent glyoxalase pathway and aldose reductase, was used to probe the role of each system parameter on methylglyoxal steady-state concentration. Sensitivity analysis of methylglyoxal metabolism and studies with gene deletion mutant yeast strains showed that the glyoxalase pathway and aldose reductase are equally important for preventing protein glycation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Gomes
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Aguilera J, Rodríguez-Vargas S, Prieto JA. The HOG MAP kinase pathway is required for the induction of methylglyoxal-responsive genes and determines methylglyoxal resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 2005; 56:228-39. [PMID: 15773992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sudden overaccumulation of methylglyoxal (MG) induces, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the expression of MG-protective genes, including GPD1, GLO1 and GRE3. The response is partially dependent on the transcriptional factors Msn2p/Msn4p, but unrelated with the general stress response mechanism. Here, we show that the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG)-pathway controls the genetic response to MG and determines the yeast growth capacity upon MG exposure. Strains lacking the MAPK Hog1p, the upstream component Ssk1p or the HOG-dependent nuclear factor Msn1p, showed a reduction in the mRNA accumulation of MG-responsive genes after MG addition. Moreover, hyperactivation of Hog1p by deletion of protein phosphatase PTP2 enhanced the response, while blocking the pathway by deletion of the MAPKK PBS2 had a negative effect. In addition, the activity of Hog1p affected the basal level of GPD1 mRNA under non-inducing conditions. These effects had a great influence on MG resistance, as hog1Delta and other HOG-pathway mutants with impaired MG-specific expression displayed MG sensitivity, whereas those with enhanced expression exhibited MG resistance as compared with the wild-type. However, MG does not trigger the overphosphorylation of Hog1p or its nuclear import in the parental strain. Moreover, dual phosphorylation of Hog1p appears to be dispensable in the triggering of the transcriptional response, although a phosphorylable form of Hog1p is fundamental for the transcriptional activity. Overall, our results suggest that the basal activity of the HOG-pathway serves to amplify the expression of MG-responsive genes under non-inducing and inducing conditions, ensuring cell protection against this toxic glycolytic by-product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Aguilera
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Poligono de la Coma, s/n, PO Box 73, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2004; 21:1133-40. [PMID: 15529464 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|