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Beneficial Effects of Flaxseed and/or Mulberry Extracts Supplementation in Ovariectomized Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153238. [PMID: 35956414 PMCID: PMC9370575 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low endogenous estrogen action causes several injuries. Medicinal plants, such as flaxseed and mulberry, contain substances that have been shown to be effective to the organism. The aim was to verify the effects of flaxseed and/or mulberry extracts on ovariectomized Wistar rats. The animals received supplements of extracts and estrogen or saline by gavage for 60 days and were weighed weekly. Vaginal wash, blood, pituitary, uterus, liver, and kidneys were collected. Phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the extracts, lipid profile, uric acid, liver enzymes, and pituitary weight were measured. Histomorphometric for uterine wall and histopathological analyses for liver and kidney were performed. Flaxseed and mulberry extracts showed great antioxidant activity and large amounts of phenolic compounds. The treatment with extracts had less weight gain, increased pituitary weight, the predominance of vaginal epithelial cells, and reduced TC, LDL-c and lipase activity, similar to estrogen animals. Estrogen or flaxseed + mulberry animals reduced VLDL-c and TAG. HDL-c, uric acid, and liver enzymes did not differ. Estrogen or extracts demonstrated trophic action on the endometrial thickness and have not shown hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity. We suggested the beneficial effects of flaxseed and mulberry extract as an alternative to reduce and/or prevent the negative effects caused by low estrogenic action.
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Histochemical Study of the Rat Uterine Glycoconjugate Alteration following Treatment with Exogenous Gonadotropic Hormones during the Implantation Period. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3967427. [PMID: 33376720 PMCID: PMC7738779 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3967427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the female causes of infertility is anovulation which is treatable with gonadotropin hormones. These hormones affect the molecular organization of the uterus such as glycoconjugates that are the first site of contact between the blastocyst and the uterus. The objective of this project was to study the alteration of glycoconjugates on the uterine apical, Golgi zone, and basement membrane of epithelial cells and the uterine gland after hyperstimulation with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) (4, 8, 16, 24, and 40 IU), during the implantation period. Injection of PMSG (in experimental groups) and injection of distilled water (in the control group) were followed by HCG administration (10 IU), mating, isolation of positive vaginal plug rats, and killing at 5.5 days of pregnancy. Histochemistry was done on the pregnant uterine horns with the use of WGA, DBA, PNA, ConA, SBA, and UEA lectins. The intensity of the immunohistochemical staining was scored, and quantitative data were generated. 4 IU did not show any significant differences with the control, 8 IU had less effect on the alteration of the Golgi zone, and apical and basement membrane glycoconjugates and 40 IU had the least effects on the alteration of uterine gland glycoconjugates. Also, 24 IU had the most effect on the alteration of uterine glycoconjugates. Understanding of the effects of gonadotropin hormones at the uterine level in implantation time helps to optimize hormonal manipulation for improving the outcome of assisted reproductive procedures. It seems that the optimal dose for superovulation and less alteration in uterine glycoconjugates of rats at implantation time were induced by the administration of 8 IU PMSG.
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Zhang Q, Xie H, Chen D, Yu B, Huang Z, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, Luo Y, Luo J, He J. Dietary Daidzein Supplementation During Pregnancy Facilitates Fetal Growth in Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800921. [PMID: 30365232 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Daidzein, a natural isoflavone with estrogen-like activity, has been implicated in the regulation of reproductive performance in mammals. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, the effects and potential mechanisms of daidzein supplementation on fetal growth in rats have been explored. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-six pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats are assigned to receive either an AIN-93M diet or an AIN-93M diet supplemented with 50 mg kg-1 daidzein. Blood, placental, and fetus samples were collected on day 15 of gestation. It is shown that daidzein significantly improves the rat reproductive performance, which is associated with a higher fetus number, and the weight of the fetus and placenta (p < 0.05). Daidzein also increases the maternal serum estrogen and leptin concentrations, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.05). Notably, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteomics analysis identifies 43 differentially expressed (DE) proteins in the placenta upon daidzein supplementation (p < 0.05). Interestingly, critical proteins involved in amino acid transport and metabolism, embryonic development, ubiquitination processes, and immune responses are upregulated in the daidzein group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results not only indicate a beneficial effect of daidzein supplementation on reproductive performance but also offer potential mechanisms behind daidzein-facilitated fetal growth in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Xie
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China.,Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, Shandon, 261061, P. R. China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P. R. China
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Sarkar P, Gandhi A, Plosker S, Ying Y, Mayer J, Imudia AN. Does supraphysiologic estradiol level during IVF have any effect on oocyte/embryo quality? A sibling embryo cohort analysis of fresh and subsequent frozen embryo transfer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:716-723. [DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4784.18.04281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Weinerman R, Mainigi M. Why we should transfer frozen instead of fresh embryos: the translational rationale. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:10-8. [PMID: 24890274 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have shown an increased rate of adverse perinatal outcomes, including small for gestational age (SGA) births, in fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles compared with frozen embryo transfer cycles. This increase is not seen in the donor oocyte population, suggesting that it is the peri-implantation environment created after superovulation that is responsible for these changes. During a fresh IVF cycle, multiple corpora lutea secrete high levels of hormones and other factors that can affect the endometrium and the implanting embryo. In this review, we discuss both animal and human data demonstrating that superovulation has significant effects on the endometrium and embryo. Additionally, potential mechanisms for the adverse effects of gonadotropin stimulation on implantation and placental development are proposed. We think that these data, along with the growing body of epidemiologic evidence, support the proposal that frozen embryo transfer should be considered preferentially, particularly in high responders, as a means to potentially decrease at least some of the adverse perinatal outcomes associated with IVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Weinerman
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Monica Mainigi
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Zeng X, Wang F, Fan X, Yang W, Zhou B, Li P, Yin Y, Wu G, Wang J. Dietary arginine supplementation during early pregnancy enhances embryonic survival in rats. J Nutr 2008; 138:1421-5. [PMID: 18641185 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.8.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Four experiments were conducted with 120 pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to determine effects of dietary arginine supplementation on embryonic survival. Rats were fed a nonpurified diet supplemented with 1.3% (wt:wt) L-arginine-HCl or 2.2% (wt:wt) L-alanine (isonitrogenous control) throughout pregnancy (Expt. 1), between d 1 and 7 of gestation and then the nonpurified diet until parturition (Expt. 2), between d 1 and 7 of gestation for determining the number of surviving embryos on d 7 (Expt. 3), or between d 1 and 4 of pregnancy for blood sampling on d 5 after overnight food deprivation (Expt. 4). Litter size increased (P < 0.01) in response to arginine supplementation throughout pregnancy (14.5 +/- 0.62 vs. 11.3 +/- 0.61) or during the first 7 d of pregnancy (14.7 +/- 0.33 vs. 11.3 +/- 0.37). The number of surviving embryos was greater (P < 0.01) when arginine was supplemented between d 1 and 7 of pregnancy (14.7 +/- 0.39 vs. 11.4 +/- 0.66). Concentrations of nitric-oxide metabolites, arginine, proline, glutamine, and ornithine were higher (P < 0.05), but urea levels were lower (P < 0.05) in the serum of arginine-supplemented rats compared with the control group. The arginine treatment increased (P < 0.05) protein levels for inducible and constitutive nitric-oxide synthase at implantation sites by 35-37%. These results indicate that dietary arginine supplementation enhances embryonic survival, therefore increasing litter size by 30% at term birth. This novel finding has important implications for preventing early pregnancy loss and enhancing reproductive performance in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100094
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Ghaemi SR, Salehnia M, Valojerdi MR. The effect of progesterone and exogenous gonadotropin on preimplantation mouse embryo development and implantation. Exp Anim 2008; 57:27-34. [PMID: 18256516 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.57.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of progesterone and ovarian stimulation on the development and implantation rate of mouse embryos. Two-cell embryos were collected from superovulated mice and cultured in the presence of different concentrations of progesterone (0, 5, 10 and 20 ng/ml). Also other mice were rendered pregnant in unstimulated, unstimulated progesterone-injected, superovulated and superovulated progesterone-injected groups to collect the blastocysts. The number of blastocysts and implantation sites were recorded on the 4th and 7th day of pregnancy, respectively. The diameter and cell number of blastocysts were analyzed in the in vitro and in vivo groups. After 120 h culture, the percentage of hatched blastocyst embryos in control and 5, 10 and 20 ng/ml progesterone-injected groups were 63.9%, 64.2%, 64.2% and 75.6% respectively. There were significant differences between the developmental rates of embryos in the presence of 20 ng/ml progesterone and the control and other concentrations of progesterone-injected groups (P< or =0.001). The in vivo blastocyst survival rate (97.68%) and implantation rate (92.06%) in the unstimulated and progesterone-injected groups were higher than in the other groups. Blastocyst cell numbers in the superovulated (128.62 +/- 1.30) and superovulated progesterone-injected groups (126.88 +/- 1.60) were significantly different from the control (P<0.001). The progesterone injection without ovarian induction improved the embryo survival and implantation rates, but after superovulation it did not ameliorate the negative effects of superovulation on the implantation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Rasi Ghaemi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Karaer O, Vatansever HS, Oruç S, Ozbilgin K, Cilaker S, Koyuncu MF. The aromatase inhibitor anastrozole is associated with favorable embryo development and implantation markers in mice ovarian stimulation cycles. Fertil Steril 2005; 83:1797-806. [PMID: 15950653 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 01/29/2005] [Accepted: 01/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the embryonic and endometrial effects of anastrozole in preimplantation and implantation phases in FSH-induced cycles in mice. DESIGN Blind randomized study. SETTING University research laboratory. ANIMAL(S) Twenty-seven mature female mice. INTERVENTION(S) Single-dose anastrozole (25 mg/kg [0.75 mg]), recombinant FSH (5 IU/mL), and hCG (5 IU/mL) (n = 9); recombinant FSH (5 IU/mL) and hCG (5 IU/mL) (n = 9); or sterile saline (1 mL) (n = 9). The morning of finding the vaginal plug was designated as day 1 of embryonic development (E1). Three mice from each group were sacrificed on E1 and embryos aspirated from uterine tubes. The rest of the mice were sacrificed on E2.5-3 and uteruses removed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Embryo quality, endometrial histologic evaluation, and immunohistochemical analysis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, leukemia inhibitory factor, laminin, and collagen IV staining. RESULT(S) Anastrozole use in FSH-induced cycles not only caused an increase in preimplantation receptivity and implantation but also supported release of implantation markers. The enhanced embryo development seen in this study would explain the higher implantation because embryo development is synchronized with endometrial development. CONCLUSION(S) In mice, the use of anastrozole in FSH-induced cycles has a positive effect on embryo quality and implantation. This effect might be species dependent, and human studies are needed.
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