Preliminary report of treatment with oral contraceptive pills for intermenstrual vaginal bleeding secondary to a cesarean section scar

A common problem between gynecology, obstetrics, and reproductive medicine: Cesarean section scar defect

Approximately 60% of patients undergoing Cesarean sections may develop Cesarean Scar Defect (CSD), presenting a significant clinical challenge amidst the increasing Cesarean section rates. This condition, marked by a notch in the anterior uterine wall, has evolved as a notable topic in gynecological research. The multifactorial origins of CSD can be broadly classified into labor-related factors, patients' physical conditions, and surgical quality. However, conflicting influences of certain factors across studies make it challenging to determine effective preventive strategies. Additionally, CSD manifests with diverse symptoms, such as abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia, secondary infertility, and Cesarean scar pregnancy. Some symptoms are often attributed to other diagnoses, leading to delayed treatment. The quandary of when and how to manage CSD also adds to the complexity. Despite the development of various therapies, clear indications and optimal methods for specific conditions remain elusive. This longstanding challenge has troubled clinicians in both identifying and addressing this iatrogenic disease. Recent studies have yielded some compelling consensuses on various aspects of CSD. This review aims to consolidate the current literature on every facet of CSD. We hope to raise awareness among clinicians about this clinical problem, encouraging more relevant research to unveil the complete picture of CSD.

Evaluating resectoscopy and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system for intermenstrual bleeding associated with cesarean scar defects: A retrospective study of treatment outcomes

AIM

To compare and evaluate the efficacy of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUD) and resectoscopy remodeling procedure for intermenstrual bleeding associated with previous cesarean delivery scar defect (PCDS).

METHODS

A retrospective comparative study was conducted on patients with PCDS receiving LNG-IUD (levonorgestrel 20 μg/24 h, N = 33) or resectoscopy remodeling (N = 27). Treatment outcomes were compared over 1, 6, and 12 months. Outcomes in patients with a retroverted or large uterus size, defect size, and local vascularization also were evaluated.

RESULTS

At 12 months post-treatment, there were no significant differences between groups in efficacy rate; however, the reduction of intermenstrual bleeding days was higher in the LNG-IUD group than in the resectoscopy group (13.6 vs. 8.5 days, p = 0.015). Within the first year, both groups experienced a reduction in bleeding days, but the decrease was greater in the LNG-IUD group. Individuals exhibiting increased local vascularization at the defect site experienced more favorable outcomes in the LNG-IUD group than the resectoscopy group (p = 0.016), and who responded poorly tended to have a significantly larger uterus in the LNG-IUD group (p = 0.019). No significant differences were observed in treatment outcomes for patients with a retroverted uterus or large defect in either group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings support that the LNG-IUD is as effective as resectoscopy in reducing intermenstrual bleeding days associated with PCDS and can be safely applied to patients without recent fertility aspirations. Patients with increased local vascularization observed during hysteroscopy may benefit more from LNG-IUD intervention than resectoscopy.

Cesarean scar disorder: Management and repair

Cesarean scar disorder (CSD) is an entity recently defined as uterine niche with at least one primary or 2 secondary symptoms. CSDs can be visualized by hysterosalpingography, transvaginal sonography, saline infusion sonohysterography, hysteroscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging, but diagnosis should be performed by exams able to measure the residual myometrial thickness (RMT). Although there is a limited number of studies evaluating fertility and reproductive outcomes after different types of surgery, the following consideration should be kept in mind. Asymptomatic women should not be operated with the hope of improving obstetrical outcomes. It is reasonable to consider hormone therapy for CSDs as a symptomatic treatment in women who no longer wish to conceive and have no contraindications. In case of failure of or contraindications to medical treatment, surgery should be offered according to the severity of symptoms, including infertility, the desire or otherwise to preserve the uterus, the size of the CSD, and RMT measurement. Hysteroscopy is considered to be more of a resection than a repair, so women who desire pregnancy should be excluded from this technique in case of RMT <3 mm. In this instance, repair is essential and can only be achieved by a laparoscopic or vaginal approach. The benefit of laparoscopic approach seems to persist after subsequent CS. Women with CSDs need to be given complete information, including available literature, before any treatment decision is made.

Effectiveness of laparoscopic niche resection versus expectant management in patients with unexplained infertility and a large uterine caesarean scar defect (uterine niche): protocol for a randomised controlled trial (the LAPRES study)

INTRODUCTION

A uterine niche is a defect at the site of the uterine caesarean scar that is associated with gynaecological symptoms and infertility. Promising results are reported in cohort studies after a laparoscopic niche resection concerning reduction of gynaecological symptoms in relation to baseline and concerning pregnancy outcomes. However, randomised controlled trials to study the effect of a laparoscopic niche resection on reproductive outcomes in infertile women are lacking. This study will answer the question if laparoscopic niche resection in comparison to expectant management improves reproductive outcomes in infertile women with a large uterine niche.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

The LAPRES study is a randomised, non-blinded, controlled trial, including 200 infertile women with a total follow-up of 2 years. Women with the presence of a large niche in the uterine caesarean scar and unexplained infertility of at least 1 year or failed IVF will be randomly allocated to a laparoscopic niche resection within 6 weeks or to expectant management for at least 9 months. A large niche is defined as a niche with a depth of >50% of the myometrial thickness and a residual myometrium of ≤3 mm on transvaginal ultrasound. Those receiving expectant management will be allowed to receive fertility therapies, including assisted reproductive techniques, if indicated. The primary outcome is time to ongoing pregnancy, defined as a viable intrauterine pregnancy at 12 weeks' gestation. Secondary outcome measures are time to conception leading to a live birth, other pregnancy outcomes, received fertility therapies after randomisation, menstruation characteristics, patient satisfaction, quality of life, additional interventions, and surgical and ultrasound outcomes (intervention group). Questionnaires will be filled out at baseline, 6, 12 and 24 months after randomisation. Ultrasound evaluation will be performed at baseline and at 3 months after surgery.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The study protocol was approved by the medical ethics committee of the Amsterdam University Medical Centre. (Ref. No. 2017.030). Participants will sign a written informed consent before participation. The results of this study will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER DUTCH TRIAL REGISTER REF NO NL6350 : http://www.trialregister.nl.

Comparing levonorgestrel intrauterine system with hysteroscopic niche resection in women with postmenstrual spotting related to a niche in the uterine cesarean scar: a randomized, open-label, controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Postmenstrual spotting and chronic pelvic pain after cesarean delivery are associated with the presence of niches. Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (52 mg) and hysteroscopic niche resection have been shown to relieve niche-related symptoms at 6 months after the intervention.

OBJECTIVE

This trial aimed to compare the effectiveness of 52-mg levonorgestrel intrauterine system with that of hysteroscopic niche resection in reducing niche-related postmenstrual spotting.

STUDY DESIGN

This randomized, open-label, controlled trial was conducted at a medical center in Shanghai, China. Women with symptoms of postmenstrual spotting after cesarean delivery, with a niche depth of at least 2 mm and residual myometrium of at least 2.2 mm on magnetic resonance imaging, and no intention to conceive within the next year were randomly assigned to receive treatment with 52-mg levonorgestrel intrauterine system or hysteroscopic niche resection. The primary outcome was the reduction in postmenstrual spotting at 6 months after randomization, defined as the percentage of women with a reduction of at least 50% in spotting days relative to baseline. Efficacy and safety were assessed using intention-to-treat analysis.

RESULTS

Between September 2019 and January 2022, 208 women were randomized into the levonorgestrel intrauterine system group (N=104) or the hysteroscopic niche resection group (N=104). At the 6-month follow-up, a 50% reduction in spotting had occurred in 78.4% (80/102) of women in the levonorgestrel intrauterine system group and in 73.1% (76/104) of women in the hysteroscopic niche resection group (relative risk, 1.07 [95% confidence interval, 0.92-1.25]; P=.370). Spotting decreased over time (Ptrend=.001), with a stronger reduction observed in the levonorgestrel intrauterine system group (P=.001). There was also a significant interaction between time and treatment (P=.007). From 9 months onward, a more significant reduction in spotting was observed in the levonorgestrel intrauterine system group than in the hysteroscopic niche resection group (9 months, 89.2% vs 72.1%; relative risk, 1.24 [95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.42]; 12 months, 90.2% vs 70.2%; relative risk, 1.29 [95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.48]). Moreover, compared with the hysteroscopic niche resection group, the levonorgestrel intrauterine system group had significantly fewer postmenstrual spotting days and total bleeding days from 6 months onward (all P<.001), and less pelvic pain from 3 months onward (all P<.010). No intervention-related complications were reported in any group. During follow-up, 11 (10.8%) women reported hormone-related side effects, and 2 women (2.0%) in the levonorgestrel intrauterine system group had spontaneous partial expulsion. Meanwhile, 3 unintended pregnancies were reported in the hysteroscopic niche resection group.

CONCLUSION

In women with niche-related postmenstrual spotting, the levonorgestrel intrauterine system was not more effective than hysteroscopic niche resection in reducing the number of spotting days by at least 50% at 6 months. However, the levonorgestrel intrauterine system was superior in reducing spotting from 9 months onward, and it reduced the absolute number of spotting days from 6 months onward and pelvic pain from 3 months onward.

Prevalence, definition, and etiology of cesarean scar defect and treatment of cesarean scar disorder: A narrative review

Background

Cesarean scar defects (CSD) are caused by cesarean sections and cause various symptoms. Although there has been no previous consensus on the name of this condition for a long time, it has been named cesarean scar disorder (CSDi).

Methods

This review summarizes the definition, prevalence, and etiology of CSD, as well as the pathophysiology and treatment of CSDi. We focused on surgical therapy and examined the effects and procedures of laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, and transvaginal surgery.

Main findings

The definition of CSD was proposed as an anechoic lesion with a depth of at least 2 mm because of the varied prevalence, owing to the lack of consensus. CSD incidence depends on the number of times, procedure, and situation of cesarean sections. Histopathological findings in CSD are fibrosis and adenomyosis, and chronic inflammation in the uterine and pelvic cavities decreases fertility in women with CSDi. Although the surgical procedures are not standardized, laparoscopic, hysteroscopic, and transvaginal surgeries are effective.

Conclusion

The cause and pathology of CSDi are becoming clear. However, there is variability in the prevalence and treatment strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further studies using the same definitions.

Fantastic niches and where to find them: the current diagnosis and management of uterine niche

Background

Caesarean section (CS) scar niche is a well recognised complication of caesarean delivery and is defined as an indentation at the site of the CS scar with a depth of at least 2mm.

Objectives

To review systematically the medical literature regarding the current diagnosis and management of uterine niche

Materials and methods

We carried out a systematic review using MeSH terms ‘niche’ OR ‘sacculation’ OR ‘caesarean scar defect’ OR ‘caesarean section scar’ OR ‘uterine defect’ OR ‘isthmocele.’ Articles included were peer-reviewed and in English language.

Main outcome measures

Prevalence, symptoms, diagnosis, pathophysiology and management of uterine niche.

Results

CS scar niche is common and, in a subgroup, produces a range of symptoms including post-menstrual bleeding, dyspareunia and subfertility. It may be linked to use of locked sutures during CS closure. Niche repair can be achieved laparoscopically or hysteroscopically and appears to improve symptoms, although solid conclusions regarding fertility outcomes cannot be drawn.

Conclusions

CS scar niche is associated with a range of symptoms. Repair may aid subfertile patients and those with post-menstrual spotting. The presence of a niche is probably irrelevant in the absence of symptoms.

What is new?

LNG-IUS and surgical repair appear to improve symptoms in those with a niche.

Uterine Isthmocele-A Frequently Overlooked Complication of Cesarean Sections

Uterine isthmocele or uterine niche is a late complication of cesarean deliveries and causes chronic pelvic pain, menorrhagia or postmenstrual spotting, and infertility. As the number of cesarean sections are constantly increasing, it is important to be aware of this entity so as to make an early diagnosis. This would enable the clinicians to manage these patients efficiently. We present three patients of uterine isthmocele who were evaluated and managed at our institution.

Levonorgestrel intrauterine system for the treatment of intermenstrual spotting in patients with previous cesarean delivery scar defect

AIM

To evaluate the efficacy of levonorgestrel 52 mg intrauterine system for intermenstrual bleeding in patients with previous cesarean delivery scar defects (PCDSs).

METHODS

The medical records of 28 consecutive patients with previous cesarean delivery scar defect and intermenstrual bleeding who had undergone conservative treatment with levonorgestrel 52 mg intrauterine system were reviewed. The efficacy of treatment and frequency of adverse events were measured retrospectively.

RESULTS

After 1 year of treatment, 22 patients (78.6%) reported an improvement in symptoms. The mean duration of menstruation were 18 and 5 days before and after treatment, respectively. No uterine perforations or pelvic inflammatory diseases occurred during or after the insertion procedures. Eighteen (64.3%) patients did not experience any adverse events, and the patients with adverse events reported that they could be managed by adjusting their medications or observation.

CONCLUSION

Levonorgestrel intrauterine system may have a role in the safe and effective management of intermenstrual spotting in patients with PCDSs.

[Cesarean scare niche: Definition, diagnosis, risk factors, prevention, symptoms, adverse effects, and treatments]

OBJECTIVES

To review the definitions, diagnostic methods, risk factors, symptoms, and treatments for caesarean scar niche.

METHODS

Review of the literature, critical reflection, and pragmatic advice.

RESULTS

There is no consensus on the definition of caesarean scar niche. Some suggest an indentation≥2mm of the myometrium of the caesarean scar, but this is present in more than half of women with caesarean history and takes no account of woman's symptoms. The most popular diagnostic method is ultrasound±hysterosonography. Risks factors for niche are multiple Caesareans, Cesarean during labor with too low incision, and retroverted uterus. Symptoms include abnormal gynaecologic bleeding and pelvic pain, and their presence establish the "Caesarean scar syndrome". The risks of pregnancy with niche is poorly studied, but pregnancy is not contraindicated, even if the niche is untreated. The treatment of caesarean scar niche is mainly surgery and conservative. The former should be reserved for symptomatic patients, and those with secondary infertility and fertility treatment failure. Patients with residual myometrium thickness≥2.5mm may benefit from first-line hysteroscopic treatment, whereas a laparoscopic or vaginal approach could be offered in other cases.

CONCLUSIONS

A pragmatic definition of caesarean scar niche as a disease including symptoms is the necessary prerequisite for the management of women. The treatment is mainly surgical, or conservative depending on the desire for subsequent pregnancy.

Hysteroscopy in the Treatment of Myometrial Scar Defect (Diverticulum) Following Cesarean Section Delivery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Various management approaches have been developed to treat symptoms and prevent complications of the cesarean diverticulum. This systematic review aims to report the outcomes and fertility-related effects of hysteroscopy on women with myometrial scar defects after the cesarean section. Following the formulation of the patient/population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) criteria, a systematic search was conducted on seven databases. Finally, a total of 18 studies were included for this systematic review and meta-analysis. All of the included patients suffered from post-cesarean section scars and presented with abnormal bleeding, pain, or secondary infertility. The overall pooled symptomatic improvement rate was 78.83% (95% CI: 72.46-85.76%); however, there was significant heterogeneity among the analyzed studies (I²=87%; p-value: <0.001) and a significant risk of bias (p-value: <0.001). The overall resolution/improvement rate after adjusting for possible bias was higher, 92.82% (95% CI: 85.17-100%). The overall pregnancy rate was 69.77% (95% CI: 59.03-82.48%), while in the individual studies the rates varied, ranging from 25% to 80%. Nevertheless, there was moderate heterogeneity among the included studies (I²=56%; p-value=0.011). In contrast, there was no significant risk of bias among the included studies (p-value=0.100). Furthermore, the meta-regression analyses did not show any significant effect of different follow-up durations on the overall effect size for both outcomes. In conclusion, there is still a need for high-quality, comparative studies with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up periods to draw firm conclusions. Moreover, future studies should consider the minimum myometrial thickness that is sufficient to complete a healthy pregnancy.

Cesarean scar defects: management of an iatrogenic pathology whose prevalence has dramatically increased

Around 20% of pregnant women undergo cesarean section (CS), and in most regions of the world CS rates continue to grow. There is still no clear definition of what is considered a normal physiologic aspect of a CS scar and what is abnormal. Cesarean scar defects (CSDs) should be suspected in women presenting with spotting, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, or infertility and a history of CS. CSDs can be visualized with the use of hysterosalpingography, transvaginal sonography, saline infusion sonohysterography, hysteroscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging. It is reasonable to consider hormone therapy for CSDs as a symptomatic treatment in women who no longer wish to conceive and have no contraindications. In case of failure of or contraindications to medical treatment, surgery should be contemplated according to the severity of symptoms, including infertility, the desire or otherwise to preserve the uterus, the size of the CSD, and residual myometrium thickness (RMT) measurement. Hysteroscopy is considered to be more of a resection than a repair, so women who desire pregnancy should be excluded from this technique if the RMT is <3 mm, in which case repair is essential and can be achieved by only laparoscopic or vaginal approach. Women with CSDs need to be given complete information, including available literature, before any treatment decision is made. Because prevention is better than cure, risk factors should be identified early to ensure appropriate management.

Treatment of C-section diverticula with hysteroscopic resection in women without childbearing intention: a retrospective cohort study

Background

Diverticulum, one of the long-term sequelae of cesarean section, can cause abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain. Hysteroscopic resection of diverticula is thought to reduce abnormal uterine bleeding and chronic pelvic pain. In this study, we aim to describe the improvement after hysteroscopic resection of cesarean section diverticula (CSD) in women without childbearing intention, and to explore the variables associated with poor prognosis.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of women aged 25–48 with CSD diagnosis by transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) and hysteroscopy that were enrolled at Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center between June 2017 and December 2018. A total of 124 women met the inclusion criteria and all patients had undergone hysteroscopic resection and accepted a follow-up interview at the 3rd and 6th months postoperatively to record symptom improvement.

Result

The mean of intraoperative blood loss and operative time of hysteroscopic resection were (12.94 ± 12.63) ml and (33.63 ± 6.87) min in 124 patients. Overall observed improvement rates of CSD symptom were 47.2 and 65.6% in the first 3 and 6 months, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that timing of surgery < 14 days was a good prognostic factor associated with both 3-month improvement (OR, 16.59; 95% CI, 2.62–104.90; P = 0.003) and 6-month improvement (OR, 15.51; 95%CI, 1.63–148.00; P = 0.02); Patients with numbers of cesarean section (CS) ≥2 had a lower rate of improvement after 6 months of CSD repair surgery compared with patients who underwent one CS (OR, 8.29; 95%CI, 1.05–65.75; P = 0.04).

Conclusions

A hysteroscopic repair might be an appropriate method for CSD in women who no childbearing intentions. The timing of surgery and the number of CS seems to be factors influencing the postoperative improvement of CSD.

From hysteroscopy to laparoendoscopic surgery: what is the best surgical approach for symptomatic isthmocele? A systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

To investigate the effectiveness and risks of different surgical therapies for isthmocele in symptomatic women with abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, or for the prevention of obstetric complications, considering safety and surgical complications.

METHODS

PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched (n° CRD4201912035) for original articles on the surgical treatment of isthmocele published between 1950 and 2018. Data synthesis was completed using MedCalc 16.4.3. The body of evidence was assessed using the GRADE methodology.

RESULTS

We retrieved 33 publications: 28 focused on a single surgical technique, and five comparing different techniques. Meta-analysis showed an improvement of symptoms in 85.00% (75.05-92.76%) of women after hysteroscopic correction, 92.77% (85.53-97.64%) after laparoscopic/robotic correction, and 82.52% (67.53-93.57%) after vaginal correction. Hysteroscopic surgery was associated with the lowest risk of complications (0.76%, 0.20-1.66%).

CONCLUSIONS

We found adequate evidence supporting the use of surgery for the treatment of symptomatic isthmocele, as it was found to improve the bleeding symptoms in more than 80% of patients. Differently, we found a lack of evidence regarding the role of surgery with the purpose of improving fertility or reducing the risk of obstetric complications in women with asymptomatic isthmocele. The hysteroscopic correction of isthmocele may be the safest and most effective strategy in those patients with adequate residual myometrial thickness overlying the isthmocele. Laparoscopic and vaginal surgeries may be the preferred options for patients with a thinner residual myometrium over the defect (< 2.5 mm) and when hysteroscopic treatment is inconclusive.

Isthmocele: an overview of diagnosis and treatment

An isthmocele, a cesarean scar defect or uterine niche, is any indentation representing myometrial discontinuity or a triangular anechoic defect in the anterior uterine wall, with the base communicating to the uterine cavity, at the site of a previous cesarean section scar. It can be classified as a small or large defect, depending on the wall thickness of the myometrial deficiency. Although usually asymptomatic, its primary symptom is abnormal or postmenstrual bleeding, and chronic pelvic pain may also occur. Infertility, placenta accrete or praevia, scar dehiscence, uterine rupture, and cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy may also appear as complications of this condition. The risk factors of isthmocele proven to date include retroflexed uterus and multiple cesarean sections. Nevertheless, factors such as a lower position of cesarean section, incomplete closure of the hysterotomy, early adhesions of the uterine wall and a genetic predisposition may also contribute to the development of a niche. As there are no definitive criteria for diagnosing an isthmocele, several imaging methods can be used to assess the integrity of the uterine wall and thus diagnose an isthmocele. However, transvaginal ultrasound and saline infusion sonohysterography emerge as specific, sensitive and cost-effective methods to diagnose isthmocele. The treatment includes clinical or surgical management, depending on the size of the defect, the presence of symptoms, the presence of secondary infertility and plans of childbearing. Surgical management includes minimally invasive approaches with sparing techniques such as hysteroscopic, laparoscopic or transvaginal procedures according to the defect size.

Comparison of transvaginal repair versus laparoscopic repair of lower-segment cesarean scar defects

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate transvaginal repair versus laparoscopic repair of cesarean scar defects (CSDs).

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 67 symptomatic women with CSDs who attended a tertiary hospital in Beijing, China, between July 1, 2013, and March 31, 2017. The participants underwent either transvaginal repair (n=31) or laparoscopic repair (n=36). Medical costs, perioperative outcomes, and surgical outcomes were compared.

RESULTS

No statistically significant between-group differences were found at baseline. The mean thickness of the residual myometrium increased from 1.71 ± 0.67 mm before surgery to 4.41 ± 2.09 mm after surgery in the transvaginal repair group (P<0.001), and from 1.81 ± 0.93 to 4.68 ± 1.96 mm in the laparoscopic repair group (P<0.001). The duration of menses after surgery was less than 10 days in both the transvaginal repair group (n=30, 96.3%) and the laparoscopic repair group (n=30, 83.9%; P=0.113). Operative time and medical costs were both lower in the transvaginal repair group than in the laparoscopic repair group (P<0.001). Conception rates for the two groups were similar among women who desired fertility.

CONCLUSION

Transvaginal repair of CSD was associated with reduced operative times and medical costs when compared with laparoscopic repair.

Recurrent Massive Uterine Bleeding from a Cesarean Scar Treated Successfully by Laparoscopic Surgery

A cesarean scar can cause abnormal uterine bleeding including prolonged menstruation or postmenstrual spotting. Our patient showed massive uterine bleeding from a cesarean scar and needed blood transfusion for hemorrhagic shock. A cesarean section had only been performed once for delivery stop 9 years ago. Recurrent hemorrhage could not be controlled by conservative treatment, and we performed laparoscopic scar resection and repair. The abnormal uterine bleeding was successfully stopped, and the menstrual cycle was normalized after surgical treatment. We should be aware that even an uneventful cesarean section may have a risk of massive hemorrhage postoperatively as in the present case.

Isthmocele: From Risk Factors to Management

OBJECTIVE

 The aim of the present study was to perform a comprehensive review of the literature to provide a complete and clear picture of isthmocele-a hypoechoic area within the myometrium at the site of the uterine scar of a previous cesarean section-by exploring in depth every aspect of this condition.

METHODS

 A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to identify the most relevant studies about this topic.

RESULTS

 Every aspect of isthmocele has been studied and described: pathophysiology, clinical symptoms, classification, and diagnosis. Its treatment, both medical and surgical, has also been reported according to the actual literature data.

CONCLUSION

 Cesarean section is the most common surgical procedure performed worldwide, and one of the consequences of this technique is isthmocele. A single and systematic classification of isthmocele is needed to improve its diagnosis and management. Further studies should be performed to better understand its pathogenesis.

Umbilical cord mesenchyme stem cell local intramuscular injection for treatment of uterine niche: Protocol for a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Uterine niche is defined as a triangular anechoic structure at the site of the scar or a gap in the myometrium at the site of a previous caesarean section. The main clinical manifestations are postmenstrual spotting and intrauterine infection, which may seriously affect the daily life of nonpregnant women. Trials have shown an excellent safety and efficacy for the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a therapeutic option for scar reconstruction. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate the safety and efficacy of using MSCs in the treatment for the uterine niche.

METHODS/DESIGN

This phase II clinical trial is a single-center, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled with 2 arms. One hundred twenty primiparous participants will be randomly (1:1 ratio) assigned to receive direct intramuscular injection of MSCs (a dose of 1*10 cells in 1 mL of 0.9% saline) (MSCs group) or an identical-appearing 1 mL of 0.9% saline (placebo-controlled group) near the uterine incision. The primary outcome of this trial is to evaluate the proportion of participants at 6 months who is found uterine niche in the uterus by transvaginal utrasonography. Adverse events will be documented in a case report form. The study will be conducted at the Department of Obstetric of Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan.

DISCUSSION

This trial is the first investigation of the potential for therapeutic use of MSCs for the management of uterine niche after cesarean delivery.

CONCLUSION

This protocol will help to determine the efficacy and safety of MSCs treatment in uterine niche and bridge the gap with regards to the current preclinical and clinical evidence.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT02968459 (Clinical Trials.gov: http://clinicaltrials.gov/).

Treatment for Uterine Isthmocele, A Pouchlike Defect at the Site of a Cesarean Section Scar

An isthmocele appears as a fluid pouchlike defect in the anterior uterine wall at the site of a prior cesarean section and ranges in prevalence from 19% to 84%, a direct relation to the increase in cesarean sections performed worldwide. Many definitions have been suggested for the dehiscence resulting from cesarean sections, and we propose standardization with a single term for all cases-isthmocele. Patients are not always symptomatic, but symptoms typically include intermittent abnormal bleeding, pain, and infertility. Pregnancy complications that result from an isthmocele include ectopic pregnancy, low implantation, and uterine rupture. Magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasound are the gold standard imaging techniques for diagnosis. Surgical treatment of an isthmocele is still a controversial issue but should be offered to symptomatic women or the asymptomatic patient who desires future pregnancy. When surgery is the treatment choice, laparoscopy guided by hysteroscopy, hysteroscopy alone, or vaginal repair are the best options depending on the isthmocele's characteristics and surgeon expertise.

Hysteroscopy in the treatment of uterine cesarean section scar diverticulum: A systematic review

The aim of this paper is to review and to analyze the results of previous studies dealing with hysteroscopic treatment of postcesarean scar defects. A systematic review of publications indexed in MEDLINE/PubMed database identified a total of 11 studies dealing with resectoscopic treatment of postcesarean scar defect. The review was conducted in line with the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines and the PRISMA statement. In only few studies, patients were qualified for hysteroscopic surgery based on the measurement of the defect depth and thickness of residual myometrium above the pouch. Two principal techniques were used for the hysteroscopic treatment: resection of one edge of the scar diverticulum, and resection of the inferior and superior edges of the defect. Additionally, most authors performed electrocauterization of the niche bottom. Resectoscopic treatment turned out to be highly effective in the case of women with AUB. No complications of the hysteroscopic procedure have been reported. Methodological value of the reviewed studies was relatively low due to non-unified selection/verification criteria and incomplete, non-systematic postoperative assessment. In conclusion, hysteroscopic treatment seems to be a promising option in the management of postcesarean scar defects, but still further research is needed on the problem in question.

The effect of laparoscopic resection of large niches in the uterine caesarean scar on symptoms, ultrasound findings and quality of life: a prospective cohort study

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of a laparoscopic niche resection on niche‐related symptoms and/or fertility‐related problems, ultrasound findings and quality of life.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

University hospital.

Population

Women with a large niche (residual myometrium <3 mm) and complaints of either postmenstrual spotting, dysmenorrhoea, intrauterine fluid accumulation and/or difficulties with embryo transfer due to distorted anatomy.

Methods

Women filled out questionnaires and a validated menstrual score chart at baseline and 6 months after the laparoscopic niche resection. At baseline and between 3 and 6 months follow up niches were evaluated by transvaginal ultrasound.

Main outcome measures

The primary outcome was reduction of the main problem 6 months after the intervention. Secondary outcomes were complications, menstrual characteristics, dysmenorrhoea, niche measurements, intrauterine fluid, surgical outcomes, satisfaction and quality of life.

Results

In all, 101 women underwent a laparoscopic niche resection. In 80 women (79.2%) the main problem was improved or resolved. Postmenstrual spotting was significantly reduced by 7 days at 6 months follow up compared with baseline. Dysmenorrhoea and discomfort related to spotting was also significantly reduced. The residual myometrium was increased significantly at follow up. The intrauterine fluid was resolved in 86.9% of the women with intrauterine fluid at baseline; 83.3% of women were (very) satisfied. The physical component of quality of life increased, the mental component did not change.

Conclusions

A laparoscopic niche resection reduced postmenstrual spotting, discomfort due to spotting, dysmenorrhoea and the presence of intrauterine fluid in the majority of women and increased the residual myometrium.

Tweetable abstract

Laparoscopic niche resection reduces niche‐related problems and enlarges the residual myometrium.

Laparoscopic niche resection reduces niche‐related problems and enlarges the residual myometrium.

Defect width: the prognostic index for vaginal repair of cesarean section diverticula

PURPOSE

To evaluate the clinical parameter associated with cesarean section diverticula anatomic healing via vaginal repair management.

METHODS

Observational cohort study. From Jul 2014 to Dec 2015, 143 women with CSD underwent vaginal repair surgery in Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, and 137(95.80%) were diagnosed using both transvaginal ultrasound and MRI. A total of 124 patients (86.71%) who were followed-up for more than 6 months after surgery were enrolled in this study. Excision and suture of CSD was performed through the vaginal approach. The defect sizes of the width, length, depth and TRM before or after repair were evaluated.

RESULTS

The mean preoperative duration of menstruation was 14.47 ± 3.30 days and the thickness of the remaining muscular layer was 2.65 ± 1.13 mm before surgery. The study revealed that the healing effects of CSD repair stabilized 3 months after surgery. At the median follow-up time (11.28 months), CSD disappeared after surgery in 64.52% of patients (80/124), and 60.0% of patients (48/80) reached ≤7 days of menstruation. Meanwhile, for 35.48% of patients (44/124), CSD persisted at the median follow-up after surgery, and 31.82% (14/44) of these patients reached ≤7 days of menstruation(P < 0.05). TRM at a median follow-up time after vaginal repair >7.88 mm, 92.11% (70/76) of CSD disappeared. Moreover, when preoperative CSD width ≤18.85 mm indicates that only 18.75% (12/64) of patients will present with CSD after vaginal repair, as determined by MRI (95% CI 0.515-0.737).

CONCLUSION

The defect width of the preoperative CSD was the prognostic index of CSD anatomical repair effect. When the preoperative CSD width >18.85 mm, we should pay more attention to the edge of the defect during vaginal repairing.

Laparoscopic repair with hysteroscopy of cesarean scar diverticulum

AIM

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical data of laparoscopic repair with hysteroscopy of cesarean scar diverticulum (CSD).

METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated 49 patients with CSD in our hospital who had undergone laparoscopic repair with hysteroscopy from January 2014 to June 2015. All patients had a history of cesarean section deliveries and prolonged postmenstrual spotting (duration 16.1 ± 3.4 days). The diagnosis of CSD was established by using 2-D transvaginal ultrasound.

RESULTS

All patients underwent the surgical repair successfully, without evident complications. The mean operation time was 90.4 ± 9.1 min, the mean volume of blood loss was 31.2 ± 14.3 mL, and the mean length of hospital stay was 4.1 ± 0.3 days. All patients were followed for 6 months after the operation; the mean duration of menstruation was 7.5 ± 2.5 days shorter on average than the pre-surgical menstrual days, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.001). According to the clinical symptoms assessment, 89.8% (44/49) of the surgeries were effective, while according to the anatomic assessment, 95.9% (47/49) were effective.

CONCLUSION

Laparoscopic repair with hysteroscopy of CSD was confirmed to be a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment, and should be widely used to treat patients with CSD.

Prospective evaluation of five methods used to treat cesarean scar defects

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate operative and nonoperative therapies for cesarean scar defects (CSDs).

METHODS

A prospective study was conducted among patients who underwent treatment of CSDs at a hospital in Shanghai, China, between April 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014. Treatment included laparoscopy (group 1), vaginal surgery (group 2), hysteroscopy (group 3), combined oral contraceptives (group 4), and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (group 5).

RESULTS

Among 142 participants, 119 patients underwent surgical repair and 23 received nonsurgical (conservative) treatment. Operation time, blood loss, and length of hospital stay reported for patients in group 3 (n=19) were all lower than those reported for patients in group 1 (n=86) and group 2 (n=14; P<0.001 for all comparisons). Patients who underwent surgery and those in group 4 (n=18) experienced shortened menstrual periods after treatment (P<0.001 for all comparisons). For group 5 (n=5), the duration of menstruation was similar before and after therapy (P=0.89). All 32 women who desired fertility underwent laparoscopy; 12 (37.5%) became pregnant after this procedure.

CONCLUSION

All treatments for CSDs other than the levonorgestrel intrauterine system shortened menstrual periods. Laparoscopic surgery was effective for patients with fertility requirements.

The HysNiche trial: hysteroscopic resection of uterine caesarean scar defect (niche) in patients with abnormal bleeding, a randomised controlled trial

Background

A caesarean section (CS) can cause a defect or disruption of the myometrium at the site of the uterine scar, called a niche. In recent years, an association between a niche and postmenstrual spotting after a CS has been demonstrated. Hysteroscopic resection of these niches is thought to reduce spotting and menstrual pain. However, there are no randomised trials assessing the effectiveness of a hysteroscopic niche resection.

Methods/Design

We planned a multicentre randomised trial comparing hysteroscopic niche resection to no intervention. We study women with postmenstrual spotting after a CS and a niche with a residual myometrium of at least 3 mm during sonohysterography. After informed consent is obtained, eligible women will be randomly allocated to hysteroscopic resection of the niche or expectant management for 6 months.

The primary outcome is the number of days with postmenstrual spotting during one menstrual cycle 6 months after randomisation. Secondary outcomes are menstrual characteristics, menstruation related pain and experienced discomfort due to spotting or menstrual pain, quality of life, patient satisfaction, sexual function, urological symptoms, medical consultations, medication use, complications, lost productivity and medical costs. Measurements will be performed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months after randomisation. A cost-effectiveness analysis will be performed from a societal perspective at 6 months after randomisation.

Discussion

This trial will provide insight in the (cost)effectiveness of hysteroscopic resection of a niche versus expectant management in women who have postmenstrual spotting and a niche with sufficient residual myometrium to perform a hysteroscopic niche resection.

Trial registration

Dutch Trial Register NTR3269. Registered 1 February 2012. ZonMw Grant number 80-82305-97-12030

Hysteroscopic treatment of symptomatic cesarean-induced isthmocele: a prospective study

An isthmocele, also known as a cesarean scar defect, is an emerging condition that typically affects women with a history of previous cesarean section, and its presence is a novel under-recognized cause of postmenstrual abnormal uterine bleeding and/or pelvic pain. The incidence of symptoms and their resolution after hysteroscopic surgery were evaluated prospectively in 120 consecutive isthmocele patients. Patients included only symptomatic premenopausal women. Transvaginal ultrasound and office hysteroscopy were used to diagnose isthmocele. Operative hysteroscopy was performed to correct the cesarean scar defect, and histologic findings were evaluated. Correction of an isthmocele via operative hysteroscopy was successful in all cases evaluated. Isthmoplasty resulted in the resolution of postmenstrual abnormal uterine bleeding and suprapubic pelvic pain in 80% of patients. In the remaining cases, 7% of patients had an improvement of symptoms, whereas 13% did not obtain any relief. Considering the recent diagnostic recognition of isthmoceles, we conclude that surgical treatment of this pathology by operative hysteroscopy may represent the best choice in symptomatic women because of its minimal invasiveness and beneficial therapeutic results.

Transvaginal management of cesarean scar section diverticulum: a novel surgical treatment

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical value of transvaginal management of cesarean section scar diverticulum.

Material/Methods

We evaluated 64 patients receiving transvaginal management of previous cesarean scar defect (PCSD).

Results

The PCSD was successfully treated by transvaginal surgery, without evident complications. The mean operation time was 33.6±4.1 min, blood loss was 37.9±16.8 ml, and the mean hospital stay after surgery was 6±2.9 days. Symptoms related to the prolonged menstruation in 53 patients were improved after surgery, vaginal bleeding time was reduced by an average of 7.3±2.8 days, and a significant difference was noted between the mean pre- and post-operative duration of menstruation (P<0.01). Of 11 patients with guttate between menstrual periods, guttate was absent in 9 patients and improved in 2. Clinical improvement was observed in 85.9% (55/64).

Conclusions

Transvaginal intervention is feasible and safe for the management of PCSD.

The definition, aetiology, presentation, diagnosis and management of previous caesarean scar defects

Caesarean sections are the most commonly performed surgical procedures involving the uterus in fertile women. Typically, this surgery involves a transverse incision in the anterior lower uterine segment. The incidence of caesarean sections is on the increase worldwide, and consequently, the complications associated with them are becoming more common. One such complication that is gaining more attention is previous lower uterine segment caesarean scar defect (PCSD). In this review, we sought to explore the definition, aetiology, presentation, diagnosis and management of PCSD.

Robotic repair of uterine dehiscence

A pediatric robot and 5-mm trocars were used to effect a repair of a cesarean scar dehiscence, also known as a cesarean scar defect.

Background and Objectives:

During the past few decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of cesarean deliveries, and thus an increase in the number of complications. A common complication of multiple cesarean deliveries is symptomatic uterine scar dehiscence, for which there are no treatment guidelines available. We report a case of uterine scar dehiscence—the repair of it by robotic surgery—and review the literature on this defect.

Case:

The patient was a 39-year-old woman, gravida 4 para 2022, complaining of persistent vaginal spotting for the prior 5 months with a history of a cesarean delivery 3 months before the onset of the symptoms.

Discussion:

We report a case of a successful robotic repair of a symptomatic cesarean scar defect.

Conclusion:

We propose further studies that include more patients so this technique may become the standard for cesarean scar defect.

A retrospective case-control study comparing hysteroscopic resection versus hormonal modulation in treating menstrual disorders due to isthmocele

In a retrospective case-control study, we compared the effectiveness of hysteroscopic correction and hormonal treatment to improve symptoms [postmestrual abnormal uterine bleeding (PAUB), pelvic pain localized in suprapubic site] associated with isthmocele. Women (n = 39; mean age ± SD, 35 ± 4.1 years) were subdivided in Group A [patients (n = 19) subjected to hysteroscopic surgery (isthmoplasty)] and, Group B [women (n = 20) undergoing hormonal treatment consisting of one oral tablet containing 0.075  mg of Gestodene and 0.030 mg of Ethynylestradiol for 21 days, followed by 7 days of suspension]. Resolution and/or improvement of menstrual disorders; patients degree of satisfaction with the treatment were measured 3 months later, by office hysteroscopy (Grop A) or phone call. PAUB and pelvic pain resolution was achieved in all patients: Group A had significant lower numbers of days of menstrual bleeding (P < 0.001), prevalence of pelvic pain in the suprapubic area (P = 0.04) and, higher degree of satisfaction (P < 0.001) compared to Group B. In conclusion, resectoscopic surgery is a valid way to treat patients with symptoms of prolonged postmenstrual uterine bleeding caused by isthmocele. Data from this study also indicate that resectoscopy may be the first choice because it is minimally invasive and yields good therapeutic results.

Findings in patients with postmenstrual spotting with prior cesarean section

STUDY OBJECTIVE

Throughout the years, patients previously submitted to C-sections may have abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) of the post-menstrual spotting type. This symptom has been correlated to an anatomical defect on the anterior uterine wall. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the hysteroscopy findings of women at reproductive age, previously submitted to cesarean sections and complaining of post-menstrual spotting, stressing the diagnosis of isthmocele.

DESIGN

Prospective study (Canadian Task Force II).

SETTING

State public hospital-Department of Gynecological Endoscopy.

PATIENTS

Forty-three patients at reproductive age previously submitted to one or more cesarean sections, complaining of AUB of the post-menstrual spotting type, were submitted to diagnostic hysteroscopy in order to assess the presence of anterior uterine wall isthmocele.

INTERVENTIONS

Hysteroscopic diagnoses.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

The mean number of previous C-sections was 2, the average time of post-menstrual spotting observation was 6 years and the mean duration of each episode was 6 days. The hysteroscopic diagnosis of isthmocele was conclusive in 38 patients (88.37%).

CONCLUSION

Patients with previous C-sections complaining of postmenstrual spotting type of AUB have a high prevalence of isthmocele, and this condition is likely diagnosed through diagnostic hysteroscopy.

Cesarean scar defect: correlation between Cesarean section number, defect size, clinical symptoms and uterine position

OBJECTIVES

To determine the prevalence of clinical symptoms associated with Cesarean scar defects, and to determine the association between the size of these defects, clinical complaints, uterine position, and a history of multiple Cesarean sections.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, Cesarean scar defects in women with a history of transverse lower-segment Cesarean section were measured by transvaginal ultrasound while being assessed for other gynecological conditions. The relationships between the size of the Cesarean scar defect and the clinical symptoms, uterine position and number of previous Cesarean sections were evaluated. Patients with other uterine pathologies, including endometrial hyperplasia, polyps, malignancy and submucosal myomas, were excluded from the study.

RESULTS

During a 3-year period, 4250 women were assessed by transvaginal sonography, of whom 293 (6.9%) were diagnosed with Cesarean scar defects. Eighty-six patients were excluded due to other uterine pathologies. Altogether, 207 patients with Cesarean scar defects were included in this study. Women who had undergone multiple Cesarean sections tended to have larger scar defects (in width and depth) than did those who had undergone a single Cesarean section. Women with retroflexed uteri also tended to have wider defects than those with anteflexed uteri. Defect width was significantly greater in women with postmenstrual spotting, dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain.

CONCLUSIONS

Multiple Cesarean sections and retroflexed uteri are risk factors for larger Cesarean scar defects. The size of the Cesarean scar defect is associated with clinical symptoms such as postmenstrual spotting, dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain.

Resectoscopic treatment combined with sonohysterographic evaluation of women with postmenstrual bleeding as a result of previous cesarean delivery scar defects

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to assess the detection rate of previous cesarean delivery scar (PCDS) defect by transvaginal ultrasonography (TVU) and to evaluate the effectiveness of resectoscopic surgery to correct this anatomic defect.

STUDY DESIGN

In all, 57 women were included in our study. A diagnosis of a PCDS defect was established by TVU. We used resectoscopy to remove the flaplike fibrotic tissue that appeared underneath the pouchlike defect.

RESULTS

A total of 22 patients received resectoscopic treatment. The detection rate of PCDS defects was 88% by TVU. The duration of postmenstrual bleeding shortened significantly after resectoscopic therapy.

CONCLUSION

TVU examination performed during the period of postmenstrual bleeding allows us to readily identify this anatomic defect. Resectoscopy, in our opinion, should be considered the first choice to correct this defect because it is minimally invasive and yields good therapeutic results.