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Gan J, Herzog J, Smith DA, Vos D, Kikano E, Tirumani SH, Ramaiya NH. Primary peritoneal serous carcinoma: a primer for radiologists. Clin Imaging 2021; 83:56-64. [PMID: 34974267 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary peritoneal serous carcinoma (PPSC) is a rare primary peritoneal tumor characterized by a unique range of clinical features and imaging findings. Though it shares many clinical, histologic, and imaging features with serous ovarian carcinoma, it remains a distinct clinical entity. Although less common than its primary ovarian counterpart, PPSC is characterized by a prognosis that is often equally poor with presentations common in late stages of disease. Key imaging modalities used in the evaluation of PPSC include ultrasound, CT, MRI, and PET/CT. For radiologists, an understanding of the pertinent imaging findings, pathologic correlations, and clinical features of PPSC is essential for arriving at the correct diagnosis and guiding the subsequent appropriate management of this complex malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gan
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 9501 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America
| | - Jackson Herzog
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America
| | - Daniel A Smith
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America.
| | - Derek Vos
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 9501 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America
| | - Elias Kikano
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Sree H Tirumani
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America
| | - Nikhil H Ramaiya
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America
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Abstract
Endometriosis-associated ovarian malignancies have been well documented. Although these malignancies also occur as extraovarian lesions, little is known about them. Thus, this literature review aimed to further explore these rarely experienced tumors. A total of 257 published cases between April 1990 and April 2020 were found using PubMed, and 212 cases were included in the analysis considering Sampson’s criteria and the history of endometriosis. We classified these cases as follows: intestine, abdominal scar, vagina and vulva, peritoneum and deep endometriosis, urinary tract, uterine cervix, and others. Age of patients, history of endometriosis, types of past hormonal therapy, symptoms, histological types, and treatment were identified. The most common tumor site was the intestine. Endometrioid carcinoma was the dominant histological type. Contrary to the ovary, clear cell carcinoma was rare in extraovarian sites. On the other hand, clear cell carcinoma represented the largest number of abdominal scars. This difference may help us to understand the development of endometriosis-related malignancies. Hormonal treatment was mentioned in 67 cases and estrogen replacement therapy in 33 cases. Although risks of estrogen therapy are still controversial, the highly differentiated histological types and hormone-dependent characteristics of endometriosis-associated malignancy should be considered. Physicians should be careful about estrogen monotherapy after hysterectomy and long-term hormone replacement therapy in patients with a history of endometriosis.
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Endometriosis-associated infertility: surgery and IVF, a comprehensive therapeutic approach. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 21:179-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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