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Reid KJ, Lang K, Froscio S, Humpage AJ, Young FM. Undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells used to model the effects of the blue-green algal toxin cylindrospermopsin on preimplantation embryonic cell proliferation. Toxicon 2015; 106:79-88. [PMID: 26403865 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cell (mES) proliferation in vitro resembles aspects of in vivo pre-implantation embryonic development. mES were used to assess the embryo-toxicity of cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a water contaminant with an Australian Drinking Water Guideline (ADWG) of 1 μg/L. mES exposed to 0-1 μg/mL CYN for 24-168 h were subjected to an optimised crystal violet viability assay. mES exposed to retinoic acid ± 1 μg/L CYN differentiated into neural-like cells confirmed by morphological examination and RT-PCR for Oct4, Brachyury and Nestin. The CYN No Observed Effect Concentration (OEC) was 0.5 μg/mL, the Lowest OEC was 1 μg/mL (p < 0.001, n = 3), and the IC50 was 0.86 μg/mL after 24 h. The ADWG 1 μg/L CYN did not affect differentiation or proliferation after 72 h, but decreased proliferation after 168 h (p < 0.05). We conclude that higher algal bloom-associated CYN concentrations have the potential to impair in vivo pre-implantation development, and the mES crystal violet assay has broad application to screening environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Reid
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Kenneth Lang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; South Australian Department of Health, Government of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Suzanne Froscio
- South Australian Department of Health, Government of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew J Humpage
- Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Fiona M Young
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; Flinders Fertility, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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Abstract
Nonhuman primates are the closest relatives to humans and therefore our most evolutionary close cousins. While marvelous insights are gleaned from studying rodents and other systems, it is impossible to envision how those mechanistic findings can be responsibly translated to the clinic without the appropriate use of nonhuman primates. Thankfully, noninvasive technologies now permit nonhuman primate studies without endangering the model itself. Work with primates is predicted to continue to lead the fields of reproductive and regenerative medicine for the rest of the twenty-first century.
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Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHP) are the closest animal species to humans and have been widely used for studying human reproductive physiology. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) in Old World NHPs provides great opportunity for studying fertilization, embryo development, embryonic stem cell (ESC) derivation for regenerative medicine, somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning), and transgenic NHP models of inherited genetic disorders. Here we present two ART protocols developed for rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and baboon (Papio cynocephalus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Cheng Arthur Chang
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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