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Wang L, Xi C, Zheng X, Huang Y, Xu H, Miao Y, Cheng Y. Familial 46, XY Disorder of Sexual Development identified in a Ph+ BCR::ABL1P210+ Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia septuagenarian female with RCBTB2::LPAR6 fusion gene: a case report. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1339737. [PMID: 39091920 PMCID: PMC11291305 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1339737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Familial 46, XY Disorder of Sexual Development (DSD) was discovered in a Ph+, BCR::ABL1P210+ Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) female with RCBTB2::LPAR6 fusion gene. Siblings developing 46, XY DSD are extremely rare. Patients with 46, XY DSD have much higher rates of gonadal cancers. Nevertheless, the incidence of hematologic malignancies in patients with DSDs has received little attention. RCBTB2::LPAR6 is a rarely reported fusion gene in ALL. Case presentation Herein, we report a rare case of a newly diagnosed Ph+, BCR::ABL1P210+ ALL patient who was 77 years old and female by social sex. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing revealed TET2 and NF1 mutations in addition to a rarely reported RCBTB2::LPAR6 fusion gene and 17 other genes with uncertain clinical significance. The patient was surprisingly found to have a male karyotype. On ultrasound, neither the uterus nor the ovaries were discernible. A detailed family and marital history revealed that the patient had undergone surgery at an early age for an unexplained inguinal mass. She had slow pubertal development, scanty menstruation, and few overtly feminine characteristics. She had three marriages, but none succeeded in getting pregnant. The patient had never sought therapy for infertility due to the inaccessibility of medical treatment and a lack of medical knowledge. Her sister, 73 years old and female by social sex, who had amenorrhea in adolescence and was unable to conceive, had the same experience. To our surprise, she also had a male karyotype. Conclusions Due to the absence of long-term social attention and follow-up, studies on the incidence of hematologic malignancies in patients with 46, XY DSD are incredibly uncommon. Siblings developing 46, XY DSD is extremely rare. We report the oldest patient diagnosed with 46, XY DSD. There have not yet been any reports of familial 46, XY DSD with a concurrent diagnosis of Ph+BCR::ABL1P210+ ALL with a rarely reported RCBTB2::LPAR6 fusion gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Conglin Xi
- Department of Oncology, The Second People’s Hospital of Huai’an, The Affiliated Huaian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yongfen Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yuexin Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
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Nagaraja MR, Gubbala SP, Delphine Silvia CRW, Amanchy R. Molecular diagnostics of disorders of sexual development: an Indian survey and systems biology perspective. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2018; 65:105-120. [PMID: 30550360 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2018.1549619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to survey the monogenic causes of disorders of sex development (DSD) and thereby its prevalence in India. This study revealed mutations resulting in androgen insensitivity syndrome, 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency, and gonadal dysgenesis were commonly reported. Intriguingly, AR deficits were the most prevalent (32 mutations) and of 11/26 missense mutations were in exons 4-8 (encoding ligand binding domain). The unique features of SRD5A2 defects were p.R246Q (most prevalent) and p.G196S could be mutational hotspots, dual gene defects (p.A596T in AR and p.G196S in SRD5A2) in a patient with hypospadias and novel 8 nucleotide deletion (exon 1) found in a patient with perineal hypospadias. Deficits in SRY, WT1, DHH, NR5A1, and DMRT1 caused 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. Notably, mutations in AR, SRD5A2, MAMLD1, WT1, and MAP3K1 have led to hypospadias and only one CYP19A1 mutation caused aromatase deficiency was reported to date. Data mining from various databases has not only reinforced the role of well-established genes (e.g., SRY, WT1, DHH, NR5A1, DMRT1, AR, SRD5A2, MAMLD1) involved in DSD but also provided us 12 more potential candidate genes (ACVR1, AMHR2, CTNNB1, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, FGFR2, FGF9, PRKACA, PRKACG, SMAD9, TERT, ZFPM2), which benefit from a close association with the well-established genes involved in DSD and might be useful to screen owing to their direct gene-phenotype relationship or through direct functional interaction. As more genes have been revealed in relation to DSD, we believe ultimately it holds a better scenario for therapeutic regimen. Despite the advances in translational medicine, hospitals are yet to adopt genetic testing and counseling facilities in India that shall have potential impact on clinical diagnosis. Abbreviations: 5α-RD2: 5α-Reductase type 2; AIS: androgen insensitivity syndrome; AMH: antimullerian hormone; AMHR: antimullerian hormone receptor; AR: androgen receptor gene; CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia; CAIS: complete AIS; CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia; CHH: congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; CXORF6: chromosome X open reading frame 6 gene; CYP19A1: cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 gene; DHT: dihydrotestosterone; DMRT1: double sex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 gene; DSD: disorders of sexual development; GD: gonadal dysgenesis; HGMD: human gene mutation database; IH: isolated hypospadias; MAMLD1: mastermind like domain containing 1 gene; MIS: mullerian inhibiting substance; NTD: N-terminal domain; OT DSD: ovotesticular DSD; PAIS: partial AIS; SOX9: SRY-related HMG-box 9 gene; SRY: sex-determining region Y gene; STAR: steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene; SRD5A2: steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 gene; T DSD: testicular DSD; T: testosterone; WNT4: Wnt family member 4 gene; WT1: Wilms tumor 1 gene; Δ4: androstenedione.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Nagaraja
- a Department of Biochemistry , Akash Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre , Bangalore , India
| | - Satya Prakash Gubbala
- b Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology , CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad , India
| | - C R Wilma Delphine Silvia
- a Department of Biochemistry , Akash Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre , Bangalore , India
| | - Ramars Amanchy
- b Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology , CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad , India
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Lago LV, Nery da Silva A, Zanella EL, Groke Marques M, Peixoto JO, da Silva MVGB, Ledur MC, Zanella R. Identification of Genetic Regions Associated with Scrotal Hernias in a Commercial Swine Herd. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5010015. [PMID: 29382056 PMCID: PMC5876567 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we have used two approaches to detect genetic associations with scrotal hernias in commercial pigs. Firstly, we have investigated the effects of runs of homozygosity (ROH) with the appearance of scrotal hernias, followed by a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS). The phenotype classification was based on visual appearance of scrotal hernias. Each affected animal was matched to a healthy control from the same pen. In the total, 68 animals were genotyped using the Porcine SNP60 Beadchip, out of those, 41 animals had the presence of hernias and 27 were healthy animals. Fifteen animals were removed from the analysis due to differences in genetic background, leaving 18 healthy animals and 35 piglets with scrotal hernia. Further, the detection of extended haplotypes shared ROH were conducted for health (control) and affected (case) animals and a permutation test was used to test whether the ROH segments were more frequent in case/case pairs than non-case/case pairs. Using the ROH, we have identified an association (p = 0.019) on chromosome 2(SSC2) being segregated on animals with the presence of scrotal hernias. Using a GWAS, a region composed by 3 SNPs on the sexual chromosome X (SSCX) were associated with scrotal hernias (p < 1.6 × 10-5), this region harbors the Androgen Receptor Gene (AR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Vitória Lago
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil.
| | - Arthur Nery da Silva
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil.
| | - Eraldo L Zanella
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil.
- Docentes do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação-UPF, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Jane O Peixoto
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Rodovia BR-153, Km110, Concórdia, SC 89715-899, Brazil.
| | - Marcos V G B da Silva
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil.
| | - Mônica C Ledur
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Rodovia BR-153, Km110, Concórdia, SC 89715-899, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Zanella
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil.
- Docentes do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação-UPF, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a rare X-linked disorder due to mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) gene causing end-organ resistance to the androgenic hormone. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Genetic studies were carried out in two families by karyotype and targeted exome sequencing of the AR gene. RESULTS Two novel missense mutations were identified, p.L822P and p.P392S, in two families with complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS) and partial androgen insensitivity (PAIS), respectively. Both had 46, XY karyotype. The mother was a heterozygous carrier in PAIS and negative in CAIS. These two were novel mutations, reported for the first time, in the AR gene. In silico analysis predicted that both mutations were damaging. We reviewed the various reported Indian mutations in the AR gene. CONCLUSION AR gene mutations cause a wide spectrum of disorders from CAIS to male infertility or primary amenorrhea. Early diagnosis is essential for gender assignment and further management, family counseling, and prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Ramadevi Akella
- Department of Genetics, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Sandor Proteomics Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Sharma V, Thangaraj K, Jyothy A. A novel androgen receptor gene mutation in a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia associated with penoscrotal hypospadias. Transl Res 2014; 164:149-52. [PMID: 24907477 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) associated with penoscrotal hypospadias is a rare case of disorders of sex development. Here, we report clinical, genetic, biochemical, and molecular findings in a 2-year-old infant with CAH and penoscrotal hypospadias. Chromosomal analysis revealed 46,XX karyotype. Hormonal investigations indicated low levels of cortisol and elevated levels of testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione hormone. Molecular genetic testing of androgen receptor (AR) gene identified a novel homozygous missense mutation of single nucleotide transition G to A at position 2058 (GenBank accession number GU784855), resulting in amino acid interchange alanine to threonine at codon 566 in exon 2 (Ala566Thr) (GenBank Protein_id ADD26777.1). The nature of the mutation presented is in the highly conserved DNA-binding domain of the AR gene. The novel mutation identified in the rare genetic disorder provides additional support to the previously reported genotype-phenotype correlations, and our finding has expanded the spectrum of known mutations of the AR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.
| | | | - Akka Jyothy
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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Two functional sequence variants of the GATA6 gene promoter in patients with indirect inguinal hernia. Gene 2014; 547:86-90. [PMID: 24949533 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inguinal hernia is a common surgical disease, majority of which are indirect inguinal hernia (IIH). A positive family history has indicated that genetic factors play important roles in the IIH development. To date, genetic causes and underlying mechanisms for inguinal hernia remain largely unknown. During the embryonic development, GATA transcription factor 6 (GATA6) plays an essential role. Mutations in GATA6 gene and changed GATA6 levels have been associated with human diseases. As GATA6 acts in a dosage-dependent manner, we speculated that changed GATA6 levels, resulting from DNA sequence variants (DSVs) within the gene regulatory regions, may mediate the IIH development. In this study, the GATA6 gene promoter was genetically and functionally analyzed in IIH patients and ethnic-matched controls. Eleven DNA sequence variants (DSVs), including four SNPs and seven new variants, within the GATA6 gene promoter were identified. Two heterozygous DSVs, g.22168361C>A and g.22169106C>T, were identified in two IIH patients, but in none of controls. In cultured human fibroblast, these DSVs significantly reduced the GATA6 gene promoter activities. In addition, three heterozygous DSVs were only found in three controls. Five DSVs, including four SNPs and one new variant, were found in both IIH patients and controls with similar frequencies. Therefore, the DSVs within the GATA6 gene promoter may contribute to the IIH development as a risk factor by changing the GATA6 levels.
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Yamaguchi M, Sameshima H, Ikenoue T. Genetic diagnosis and genetic counseling for androgen-insensitivity syndrome: a report of three cases. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013; 40:723-7. [PMID: 24321103 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM In order to verify androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS) for three individuals and their mothers, genetic diagnosis was performed after genetic counseling. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction analysis was used for each exon of the androgen receptor (AR Xq11-q12) gene. The amplified DNA fragments were detected by gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragments were sequenced and their sequences were compared with those in a database (The Androgen Receptor Gene Mutations Database World Wide Web Server). RESULTS A missense mutation was identified in exon 7 in case 1, deletions of exons 1 and 2 were identified in case 2, and a nonsense mutation was identified in the triplet repeat region of exon 1 in case 3. The mothers of the patients were also verified to be carriers of the mutations. CONCLUSION Genetic diagnosis is a very useful method for diagnosing AIS. However, genetic counseling, including emotional support for the mother, is an essential component of genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012; 19:233-47. [PMID: 22531108 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283542fb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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