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Kirschen GW, Hessami K, AlAshqar A, Afrin S, Lulseged B, Borahay M. Uterine Transcriptome: Understanding Physiology and Disease Processes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:634. [PMID: 37106834 PMCID: PMC10136129 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, transcriptomics has enabled us to gain a deeper understanding of fundamental reproductive physiology, including the menstrual cycle, through a more precise molecular analysis. The endometrial mRNA transcript levels fluctuate during the normal menstrual cycle, indicating changes in the relative recruitment and abundance of inflammatory cells, as well as changes in the receptivity and remodeling of the endometrium. In addition to providing a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular underpinnings of pathological gynecological conditions such as endometriosis, leiomyomas, and adenomyosis through RNA sequencing, this has allowed researchers to create transcriptome profiles during both normal menstrual cycles and pathological gynecological conditions. Such insights could potentially lead to more targeted and personalized therapies for benign gynecological conditions. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in transcriptome analysis of normal and pathological endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. Kirschen
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kamran Hessami
- Maternal Fetal Care Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abdelrahman AlAshqar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Mostafa Borahay
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Cooke PS, Mesa AM, Sirohi VK, Levin ER. Role of nuclear and membrane estrogen signaling pathways in the male and female reproductive tract. Differentiation 2020; 118:24-33. [PMID: 33339644 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen signaling through the main estrogen receptor, estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1; also known as ERα), is essential for normal female and male reproductive function. Historically, studies of estrogen action have focused on the classical genomic pathway. Although this is clearly the major pathway for steroid hormone actions, these hormones also signal through rapid non-classical effects involving cell membrane actions. Reports of rapid effects of estrogens extend for more than half a century, but recent results have expanded understanding of the identity, structure, function and overall importance of membrane receptors in estrogen responses. Key findings in this field were the immunohistochemical detection of ESR1 in cell membranes and demonstration that a portion of newly synthesized ESR1 is routed to the membrane by palmitoylation. These receptors in the membrane can then signal through protein kinases and other mechanisms following ligand binding to alter cell function. Another crucial advance in the field was development of transgenic mice expressing normal amounts of functional nuclear ESR1 (nESR1) but lacking membrane ESR1 (mESR1). Both male and female transgenic mice lacking mESR1 were infertile as adults, and both sexes had extensive reproductive abnormalities. Transgenic mice lacking mESR1 were highly protected from deleterious effects of neonatal estrogen administration, and estrogen effects on the histone methyltransferase Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 that are mediated through mESR1 could have significant effects on epigenetic imprinting. In summary, signaling through mESR1 is essential for normal male and female reproductive function and fertility, and is a critical enabler of normal estrogen responses in vivo. Although the precise role of mESR1 in estrogen responses remains to be established, future research in this area should clarify its mechanism of action and lead to a better understanding of how mESR1 signaling works with classical genomic signaling through nESR1 to promote full estrogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Cooke
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Ana M Mesa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Vijay K Sirohi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ellis R Levin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA
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Uterine fibroids may play a protecting role against endometrial carcinoma in Chinese women with gynecological diseases. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:225652. [PMID: 32608475 PMCID: PMC7352044 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been reported that uterine fibroids (UFs) may increase the risk of endometrial carcinoma (EC) with the underlying mechanism largely unknown. Here, we explore whether UF could be an influential factor for EC. Methods: We have collected and analyzed clinical data from 4537 Chinese patients to study the co-incidence of UF and EC. Then, a large-scale literature-based data mining was conducted to identify genes implicated as UF downstream regulating targets and EC upstream regulators. In addition, a meta-analysis has been conducted for each of the EC-specific genes, using six independent UF expression datasets. The meta-analysis results, together with literature-based pathway analysis, were used to explore the potential explanation of the clinical data. Results: Our results showed that the incidence rate of EC in the case of UF was 50.53% lower than without UF, which suggested a protective role of UF in EC patients. The meta-analysis identified three significantly overexpressed genes (HTRA3, HOPX, and PCNA) in the case of UF, which were implicated as EC inhibitors in the pathway analysis. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis showed that, compared with UF, aging might be a stronger influential factor for EC. Conclusion: Among women with gynecological diseases, UFs may play a protecting role against EC in the Chinese population.
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Kim M, Kim YS, Choi JI, Kim JM, Lee HH, Kim TH. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 expression in normal myometrium, leiomyoma, and adenomyosis tissues of premenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:599-604. [PMID: 32321334 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1751108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To verify the different expression of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) among normal uterine, leiomyoma, and adenomyosis tissues. Normal uterine, leiomyoma, and adenomyosis tissue samples were obtained from women aged 35-52 years from a tertiary university hospital. The tissue samples were subjected to immunohistochemical, Western blot, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses of GPER1. GPER1 protein expression was confirmed in the tissues by immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses and compared with GPER1 mRNA levels using RT-PCR. GPER1 was detected in the tissue samples of leiomyoma and adenomyosis, which are estrogen-dependent diseases. GPER1 expression was similar between normal uterine and leiomyoma tissues but was reduced in adenomyosis tissue. The level of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 was lower and higher in leiomyoma and adenomyosis tissues, respectively, than in normal tissue, but the differences among the groups were not statistically significant. Our immunohistochemical, Western blot, and RT-PCR results suggest that GPER1 expression is involved in cell proliferation in leiomyoma and in cell invasion and migration in adenomyosis. Functional studies of GPER1 involving larger sample sizes should be performed to confirm the adenomyosis and leiomyoma disease mechanisms and eventually to develop new therapeutic interventions for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University Graduate School, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Suk Kim
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University Graduate School, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong In Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Hyeog Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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Estrogen Receptors and Estrogen-Induced Uterine Vasodilation in Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124349. [PMID: 32570961 PMCID: PMC7352873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal pregnancy is associated with dramatic increases in uterine blood flow to facilitate the bidirectional maternal–fetal exchanges of respiratory gases and to provide sole nutrient support for fetal growth and survival. The mechanism(s) underlying pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation remain incompletely understood, but this is associated with elevated estrogens, which stimulate specific estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent vasodilator production in the uterine artery (UA). The classical ERs (ERα and ERβ) and the plasma-bound G protein-coupled ER (GPR30/GPER) are expressed in UA endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, mediating the vasodilatory effects of estrogens through genomic and/or nongenomic pathways that are likely epigenetically modified. The activation of these three ERs by estrogens enhances the endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO), which has been shown to play a key role in uterine vasodilation during pregnancy. However, the local blockade of NO biosynthesis only partially attenuates estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation, suggesting that mechanisms other than NO exist to mediate uterine vasodilation. In this review, we summarize the literature on the role of NO in ER-mediated mechanisms controlling estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation and our recent work on a “new” UA vasodilator hydrogen sulfide (H2S) that has dramatically changed our view of how estrogens regulate uterine vasodilation in pregnancy.
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Mori T, Ito F, Koshiba A, Kataoka H, Takaoka O, Okimura H, Khan KN, Kitawaki J. Local estrogen formation and its regulation in endometriosis. Reprod Med Biol 2019; 18:305-311. [PMID: 31607790 PMCID: PMC6780031 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been well established that endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease. Although the exact pathogenesis of the disease is still unclear, it is known to be characterized by estrogen-dependent growth and maintenance of the ectopic endometrium and increased local estrogen production. METHODS The authors reviewed studies on local estrogen production and estrogen activities mediated by estrogen receptors in endometriotic tissues. MAIN FINDINGS Aberrant expression of several enzymes in local endometriotic lesions contributed to the production and metabolism of estrogens. Aromatase was one of the key therapeutic targets for the regulation of local estrogen formation. Our findings suggest that PGC-1a, a transcriptional coactivator-modulating steroid hormone, regulates aromatase expression and activity. Estrogen activities mediated by different types of estrogen receptors abnormally elevated in local tissues could also be involved in the development of endometriosis. The authors demonstrated that the isoflavone aglycone, a partial agonist of the estrogen receptor, suppressed the formation of endometriotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS Local estrogen production and estrogen activity mediated by estrogen receptors are important potential therapeutic targets for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Mori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Fumitake Ito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Akemi Koshiba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Hisashi Kataoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Osamu Takaoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Okimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Khaleque N. Khan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Jo Kitawaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
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A nongenomic mechanism for "metalloestrogenic" effects of cadmium in human uterine leiomyoma cells through G protein-coupled estrogen receptor. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2773-2785. [PMID: 31468104 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous environmental metal that is reported to be a "metalloestrogen." Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are estrogen-responsive gynecologic neoplasms that can be the target of xenoestrogens. Previous epidemiology studies have suggested Cd may be associated with fibroids. We have shown that Cd can stimulate proliferation of human uterine leiomyoma (ht-UtLM) cells, but not through classical estrogen receptor (ER) binding. Whether nongenomic ER pathways are involved in Cd-induced proliferation is unknown. In the present study, by evaluating G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), ERα36, and phospho-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in human tissues, we found that GPER, ERα36 and phospho-EGFR were all highly expressed in fibroids compared to patient-matched myometrial tissues. In ht-UtLM cells, cell proliferation was increased by low doses of Cd (0.1 µM and 10 µM), and this effect could be inhibited by GPER-specific antagonist (G15) pretreatment, or silencing (si) GPER, but not by siERα36. Cd-activated MAPK was dependent on GPER/EGFR transactivation, through significantly increased phospho-Src, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and MMP9, and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) expression/activation. Also, phospho-Src could interact directly to phosphorylate EGFR. Overall, Cd-induced proliferation of human fibroid cells was through a nongenomic GPER/p-src/EGFR/MAPK signaling pathway that did not directly involve ERα36. This suggests that Cd may be a risk factor for uterine fibroids through cross talk between hormone and growth factor receptor pathways.
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Li Z, Lu Q, Ding B, Xu J, Shen Y. Bisphenol A promotes the proliferation of leiomyoma cells by GPR30‐EGFR signaling pathway. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2019; 45:1277-1285. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Li
- School of MedicineSoutheast University Nanjing China
| | - Qing Lu
- School of MedicineSoutheast University Nanjing China
| | - Bo Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongda HospitalSchool of Medicine, Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Jingyun Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongda HospitalSchool of Medicine, Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongda HospitalSchool of Medicine, Southeast University Nanjing China
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Wang X, Mittal P, Castro CA, Rajkovic G, Rajkovic A. Med12 regulates ovarian steroidogenesis, uterine development and maternal effects in the mammalian egg. Biol Reprod 2019; 97:822-834. [PMID: 29126187 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional factor MED12 is part of the essential mediator transcriptional complex that acts as a transcriptional coactivator in all eukaryotes. Missense gain-of-function mutations in human MED12 are associated with uterine leiomyomas, yet the role of MED12 deficiency in tumorigenesis and reproductive biology has not been fully explored. We generated a Med12 reproductive conditional knockout mouse model to evaluate its role in uterine mesenchyme, granulosa cells, and oocytes. Mice heterozygous for Med12 deficiency in granulosa cells and uterus (Med12fl/+ Amhr2-Cre) were subfertile, while mice homozygous for Med12 deficiency in granulosa cells and uterus (Med12fl/fl Amhr2-Cre) were infertile. Morphological and histological analysis of the Med12fl/fl Amhr2-Cre reproductive tract revealed atrophic uteri and hyperchromatic granulosa cells with disrupted expression of Lhcgr, Esr1, and Esr2. Med12fl/fl Amhr2-Cre mice estrous cycle was disrupted, and serum analysis showed blunted rise in estradiol in response to pregnant mare serum gonadotropin. Uterine atrophy was partially rescued by exogenous steroid supplementation with dysregulation of Notch1 and Smo expression in steroid supplemented Med12fl/fl Amhr2-Cre uteri, indicating intrinsic uterine defects. Oocyte-specific ablation of Med12 caused infertility without disrupting normal folliculogenesis and ovulation, consistent with maternal effects of Med12 in early embryo development. These results show the critical importance of Med12 in reproductive tract development and that Med12 loss of function does not cause tumorigenesis in reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- Tsinghua MD Program, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Priya Mittal
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carlos A Castro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gabriel Rajkovic
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aleksandar Rajkovic
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kim YJ, Kim YY, Shin JH, Kim H, Ku SY, Suh CS. Variation in MicroRNA Expression Profile of Uterine Leiomyoma with Endometrial Cavity Distortion and Endometrial Cavity Non-Distortion. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2524. [PMID: 30149651 PMCID: PMC6165274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression profile of microRNA (miRNA) in uterine leiomyoma (UL) cells is different from that in normal uterine myometrial (UM) cells. The effect of UL cells on uterine receptivity might vary according to their ability to distort the uterine endometrial cavity. However, the variation in miRNA expression profiles between endometrial cavity-distorting leiomyoma (ECDL) and endometrial cavity non-distorting leiomyoma (ECNDL) cells remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate whether the expression profile of miRNAs in ECDL cells is dissimilar to that of ECNDL cells in uterus. Pelviscopic myomectomy was performed to obtain tissue samples of UL and their corresponding normal UM tissues (matched) from patients with UL (n = 26), among whom women with ECNDL and ECDL numbered 15 and 11, respectively. The relative expression of hsa-miR-15b, -29a, -29b, -29c, -197, and -200c as well as the candidate target genes in UL cells was compared to those in the matched UM cells using qRT-PCR to assess their ability to cause ECD. The spatial expression of miRNAs and target genes in the UL tissues was analyzed using in situ hybridization. Target gene expression was analyzed using qPCR after transfection with the mimics and inhibitors of miRNAs in UL cells. The relative expression level of miR-15b was upregulated, and the relative expression levels of miR-29a, -29b, -29c, -197, and -200c were downregulated in UL cells compared to those in UM cells. The relative expression levels of progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were upregulated in UL cells compared to those in UM cells. The relative expression levels of miR-29c and -200c were downregulated, and the relative expression levels of estrogen receptor, MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were upregulated in ECDL cells compared to those in ECNDL cells. The expression profile of miRNAs in UL cells varied with respect to the occurrence or absence of endometrial cavity distortion. The biochemical properties of UL might be regulated by miRNAs in order to alter their effect on structural homeostasis of the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
| | - Yoon Young Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yonkeun-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
| | - Jung Ho Shin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yonkeun-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
| | - Seung-Yup Ku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yonkeun-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
| | - Chang Suk Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yonkeun-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
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Expression Pattern of G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor in Myometrium of Uteri with and without Adenomyosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5974693. [PMID: 29109960 PMCID: PMC5646294 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5974693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective To compare the expression of G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in the junctional zone and outer myometrium of the proliferative and secretory phases of women with and without adenomyosis. Methods A total of 76 women were included in this study, 42 with adenomyosis (proliferative phase, n = 23; secretory phases, n = 19) and 34 controls (proliferative phase, n = 16; secretory phases, n = 18). Protein and total RNA were extracted from the junctional zone (JZ) and outer myometrium (OM). GPER protein and mRNA expression levels were evaluated by the use of western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results The expression of GPER protein and mRNA in women with adenomyosis was significantly higher than that of control subjects, both in the junctional zone and in the outer myometrium and both in the proliferative and in the secretory phases. Conclusion The significant and consistent increase in GPER expression in adenomyosis compared with control subjects, regardless of whether it was in the proliferative or secretory phases and regardless of whether it was in the JZ or OM, suggests that GPER plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the adenomyosis.
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Sarais V, Cermisoni GC, Schimberni M, Alteri A, Papaleo E, Somigliana E, Vigano' P. Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin as a Possible Mediator of Leiomyoma Growth during Pregnancy: Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2014. [PMID: 28930160 PMCID: PMC5618662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18092014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are the most common gynecologic benign tumors. Studies supporting a strong pregnancy-related growth of leiomyomas generally claimed a crucial role of sex steroid hormones. However, sex steroids are unlikely the unique actors involved as estrogen and progesterone achieve a pick serum concentration in the last trimester while leiomyomas show a typical increase during the first trimester. Given the rapid exponential raise in serum human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) at the beginning of gestation, we conducted a review to assess the potential role of hCG in the striking growth of leiomyomas during initial pregnancy. Fibroid growth during initial pregnancy seems to correlate to the similar increase of serum hCG levels until 12 weeks of gestation. The presence of functional Luteinizing Hormone/human Chorionic Gonadotropin (LH/hCG) receptors was demonstrated on leiomyomas. In vitro treatment of leiomyoma cells with hCG determines an up to 500% increase in cell number after three days. Expression of cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 was significantly increased in leiomyoma cells by hCG treatment. Moreover, upon binding to the receptor, hCG stimulates prolactin secretion in leiomyoma cells, promoting cell proliferation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Fibroid enlargement during initial pregnancy may be regulated by serum hCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sarais
- Centro Scienze Natalità, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Greta Chiara Cermisoni
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Matteo Schimberni
- Centro Scienze Natalità, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Alteri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Enrico Papaleo
- Centro Scienze Natalità, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Edgardo Somigliana
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico AND Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Vigano'
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Zhou L, Chen H, Mao X, Qi H, Baker PN, Zhang H. G-protein-coupled receptor 30 mediates the effects of estrogen on endothelial cell tube formation in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1461-1467. [PMID: 28440394 PMCID: PMC5428938 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is the exchange organ between the mother and the fetus. The inadequate function of this organ is associated with a number of pregnancy disorders. Hypoxia and oxidative stress during placental development may induce endothelial dysfunction, resulting in the reduction in the perfusion of the placenta. During pregnancy, the levels of estrogen are increased. Decreased estrogen levels have been reported in women with preeclampsia. However, whether estrogen is involved in placental angiogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of estrogen on endothelial cell tube formation and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. For this purpose, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured with 17‑β‑estradiol under conditions of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). The total pipe length of the tube‑like structure on endothelial cells was measured. The expression levels of G‑protein‑coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Akt were also measured in the endothelial cells following treatment with 17‑β‑estradiol under H/R conditions by western blot analysis and immunostaining. We found that the total pipe length of the tube‑like structure on endothelial cells was significantly reduced. This reduction was reversed by treatment with 17‑β‑estradiol. The expression of GPR30 in endothelial cells was significantly increased following treatment with 17‑β‑estradiol under H/R conditions. Furthermore, the levels of eNOS and Akt in endothelial cells were also significantly increased following treatment with 17-β-estradiol under H/R conditions. The activation of eNOS was inhibited by wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3K/Akt. Our data thus demonstrate that estrogen prevents the failure of endothelial cell tube formation induced by H/R. GPR30 plays an important role in these protective effects through the activation of eNOS and Akt in endothelial cells. Our data suggest that increased levels of estrogen are important for placental angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xun Mao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Philip N Baker
- Canada‑China‑New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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14
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GPER-novel membrane oestrogen receptor. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1005-16. [PMID: 27154744 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of the G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER) presents new challenges and opportunities for understanding the physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology of many diseases. This review will focus on the expression and function of GPER in hypertension, kidney disease, atherosclerosis, vascular remodelling, heart failure, reproduction, metabolic disorders, cancer, environmental health and menopause. Furthermore, this review will highlight the potential of GPER as a therapeutic target.
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15
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Borahay MA, Asoglu MR, Mas A, Adam S, Kilic GS, Al-Hendy A. Estrogen Receptors and Signaling in Fibroids: Role in Pathobiology and Therapeutic Implications. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:1235-1244. [PMID: 27872195 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116678686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are the most common gynecologic tumors with a significant medical and financial burden. Several genetic, hormonal, and biological factors have been shown to contribute to the development and growth of fibroid tumors. Of these factors, estrogen is particularly critical since fibroids are considered estrogen dependent because no prepubertal cases have been described in the literature and tumors tend to regress after menopause. Understanding the role of estrogen in fibroids is not only important for understanding the pathobiology of fibroids but also for the development of successful therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the types and structure of estrogen receptors (nuclear and membrane bound, including α and β receptors and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 GPER1). Estrogen-signaling pathways in fibroids include genomic (direct and indirect) and nongenomic including Ras-Raf-MEK (MAPK/Erk Kinase)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3)-Akt (Protein kinase B)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways; shortly Ras-Raf-MEK-MAPK and PI3K-PIP3-Akt-mTOR pathways. Several aberrations in estrogen receptors and signaling pathways are implicated in fibroid pathobiology. Current therapeutic and research agents targeting ERs/signaling include gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, GnRH antagonists, aromatase inhibitors, selective ER modulators, gene therapy, and others. Future research can identify potential targets for the development of novel treatments. In particular, epigenomics of estrogen activity and individualized (precision) medicine appear to be attractive areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Borahay
- 1 Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mehmet R Asoglu
- 2 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Aymara Mas
- 3 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Adam
- 4 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mercer University, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Gokhan S Kilic
- 2 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- 3 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
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16
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Kasap B, Öztürk Turhan N, Edgünlü T, Duran M, Akbaba E, Öner G. G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor-30 gene polymorphisms are associated with uterine leiomyoma risk. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2016; 16:39-45. [PMID: 26773178 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2016.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30, GPER-1) is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor 1 family and is expressed significantly in uterine leiomyomas. To understand the relationship between GPR30 single nucleotide polymorphisms and the risk of leiomyoma, we measured the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2) levels of 78 perimenopausal healthy women and 111 perimenopausal women with leiomyomas. The participants' leiomyoma number and volume were recorded. DNA was extracted from whole blood with a GeneJET Genomic DNA Purification Kit. An amplification-refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction approach was used for genotyping of the GPR30 gene (rs3808350, rs3808351, and rs11544331). The differences in genotype and allele frequencies between the leiomyoma and control groups were calculated using the chi-square (χ2) and Fischer's exact test. The median FSH level was higher in controls (63 vs. 10 IU/L, p=0.000), whereas the median E2 level was higher in the leiomyoma group (84 vs. 9.1 pg/mL, p=0.000). The G allele of rs3808351 and the GG genotype of both the rs3808350 and rs3808351 polymorphisms and the GGC haplotype increased the risk of developing leiomyoma. There was no significant difference in genotype frequencies or leiomyoma volume. However, the GG genotype of the GPR30 rs3808351 polymorphism and G allele of the GPR30 rs3808351 polymorphism were associated with the risk of having a single leiomyoma. Our results suggest that the presence of the GG genotype of the GPR30 rs3808351 polymorphism and the G allele of the GPR30 rs3808351 polymorphism affect the characteristics and development of leiomyomas in the Turkish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Kasap
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey.
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17
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The sequence Pro295-Thr311 of the hinge region of oestrogen receptor α is involved in ERK1/2 activation via GPR30 in leiomyoma cells. Biochem J 2015; 472:97-109. [PMID: 26371374 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ERα (oestrogen receptor α)-derived peptide ERα17p activates rapid signalling events in breast carcinoma cells under steroid-deprived conditions. In the present study, we investigated its effects in ELT3 leiomyoma cells under similar conditions. We show that it activates ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2), the Gαi protein, the trans-activation of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and, finally, cell proliferation. It is partially internalized in cells and induces membrane translocation of β-arrestins. The activation of ERK1/2 is abolished by the GPR30 (G-protein-coupled receptor 30) antagonist G15 and GPR30 siRNA. When ERα is down-regulated by prolonged treatment with E2 (oestradiol) or specific ERα siRNA, the peptide response is blunted. Thus the simultaneous presence of GPR30 and ERα is required for the action of ERα17p. In addition, its PLM sequence, which interferes with the formation of the ERα-calmodulin complex, appears to be requisite for the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and cell proliferation. Hence ERα17p is, to our knowledge, the first known peptide targeting ERα-GPR30 membrane cross-talk and the subsequent receptor-mediated biological effects.
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18
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Borahay MA, Al-Hendy A, Kilic GS, Boehning D. Signaling Pathways in Leiomyoma: Understanding Pathobiology and Implications for Therapy. Mol Med 2015; 21:242-56. [PMID: 25879625 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas are the most common tumors of the female genital tract, affecting 50% to 70% of females by the age of 50. Despite their prevalence and enormous medical and economic impact, no effective medical treatment is currently available. This is, in part, due to the poor understanding of their underlying pathobiology. Although they are thought to start as a clonal proliferation of a single myometrial smooth muscle cell, these early cytogenetic alterations are considered insufficient for tumor development and additional complex signaling pathway alterations are crucial. These include steroids, growth factors, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/Smad; wingless-type (Wnt)/β-catenin, retinoic acid, vitamin D, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). An important finding is that several of these pathways converge in a summative way. For example, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt pathways seem to act as signal integrators, incorporating input from several signaling pathways, including growth factors, estrogen and vitamin D. This underlines the multifactorial origin and complex nature of these tumors. In this review, we aim to dissect these pathways and discuss their interconnections, aberrations and role in leiomyoma pathobiology. We also aim to identify potential targets for development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Borahay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gokhan S Kilic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Darren Boehning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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19
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Mori T, Ito F, Matsushima H, Takaoka O, Tanaka Y, Koshiba A, Kusuki I, Kitawaki J. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 agonist G-1 induces cell cycle arrest in the mitotic phase, leading to apoptosis in endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2015; 103:1228-35.e1. [PMID: 25724739 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the effects of the selective G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) agonist G-1 in human ovarian endometriotic stromal cells (ESCs). DESIGN Experimental in vitro study. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT(S) A total of 33 patients with ovarian endometrioma. INTERVENTION(S) Endometriotic stromal cells from ovarian chocolate cysts were treated with the GPER agonist G-1. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The primary outcomes were cell proliferation, measured using the WST-8 assay; cell cycle, as analyzed using flow cytometry, fluorescent immunocytochemistry, and cytotoxicity; caspase activity, as measured by fluorescent and luminescent enzyme assays; and protein expression levels, as determined by Western blot analysis. RESULT(S) G-1 suppressed ESC proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect was not blocked when GPER signaling pathways, including the GPER itself, were inhibited. G-1 induced cell cycle arrest and accumulation in the sub-G1 phase in ESCs. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that G-1 interrupted microtubule assembly at the mitotic phase. G-1 also induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis without significant cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION(S) G-1 suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis in ESCs, suggesting the potential use of this compound as a therapeutic drug for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Mori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Fumitake Ito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsushima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Takaoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akemi Koshiba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Izumi Kusuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jo Kitawaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Weber R, Bertoni APS, Bessestil LW, Brum IS, Furlanetto TW. Decreased Expression of GPER1 Gene and Protein in Goiter. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:869431. [PMID: 25861267 PMCID: PMC4377492 DOI: 10.1155/2015/869431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Goiter is more common in women, suggesting that estrogen could be involved in its physiopathology. The presence of classical estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) has been described in thyroid tissue, suggesting a direct effect of estrogen on the gland. A nonclassic estrogen receptor, the G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER1), has been described recently in several tissues. However, in goiter, the presence of this receptor has not been studied yet. We investigated GPER1 gene and protein expressions in normal thyroid and goiter using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot, respectively. In normal thyroid (n = 16) and goiter (n = 19), GPER1 gene was expressed in all samples, while GPER1 protein was expressed in all samples of normal thyroid (n = 15) but in only 72% of goiter samples (n = 13). When comparing GPER1 gene and protein levels in both conditions, gene expression and protein levels were higher in normal thyroid than in goiter, suggesting a role of this receptor in this condition. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of GPER1 in normal thyroid and goiter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Weber
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Santin Bertoni
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Walter Bessestil
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ilma Simoni Brum
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tania Weber Furlanetto
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- *Tania Weber Furlanetto:
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21
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Jiang X, Ye X, Ma J, Li W, Wu R, Jun L. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER 1) mediates estrogen-induced, proliferation of leiomyoma cells. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:894-8. [PMID: 26416628 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1092022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1, formerly known as GPR30) has been proposed as the receptor for estrogen-induced, growth of leiomyomas though its precise mechanisms of action are not clear. We obtained leiomyoma cells (LC) and normal smooth muscle cells from 28 women (n = 28, median age 38 years, median parity 1.0). We incubated them with 17-β estradiol (E(2)), after blocking, or upregulating, expression of GPER-1 with ICI182,780 (a GPER-1 agonist) and siGPR30, respectively. We evaluated the role of GPER-1 in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway using Western blot analysis. We studied cell proliferation with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, and, mitotic activity with phosphohistone H3 (PPH3) expression in leiomyoma, and, matched, normal, smooth muscle tissues using standard immunohistochemistry. Downregulation of GPER-1 expression with siGPR30 partially attenuated the E(2)-activated MAPK signaling pathway (p < 0.01). Upregulation of GPER-1 with ICI182,780 enhanced the E(2)-activated MAPK signaling pathway (p < 0.01). ICI182,780 enhanced E(2)-induced proliferation of LC (p < 0.01), while knock down of the GPER-1 gene with GPER-1 small interfering RNA partially inhibited E(2)-induced cell proliferation (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in PPH3 expression between LCs and normal smooth muscle tissues (p > 0.05). Neither ICI182,780 nor siGPR30 increased mitosis in LCs (p > 0.05). Our results indicate that GPER-1 mediates proliferation of estrogen-induced, LC by activating the MAPK pathway, and, not by promoting mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Jiang
- a Department of Gynecology , Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou City , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- b Department of Gynecology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University , Ningbo City , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China , and
| | - Junyan Ma
- c Department of Laboratory , Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou City , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- c Department of Laboratory , Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou City , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijin Wu
- a Department of Gynecology , Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou City , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Jun
- a Department of Gynecology , Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou City , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China
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22
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Wang Y, Feng G, Wang J, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Shi Y, Zhu Y, Lin W, Xu Y, Li Z. Differential effects of tumor necrosis factor-α on matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in human myometrial and uterine leiomyoma smooth muscle cells. Hum Reprod 2014; 30:61-70. [PMID: 25398968 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) differentially regulate matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression in leiomyomas compared with normal myometrium? SUMMARY ANSWER TNF-α up-regulates MMP-2 expression and stimulates cell migration through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in leiomyoma smooth muscle cells (SMCs), but not in normal myometrial SMCs. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Uterine leiomyoma, the benign smooth muscle cell tumor, is the single most common indication for hysterectomy. High expression of MMPs or TNF-α has been reported in uterine leiomyomas; however, the molecular mechanism underlying these observations remains unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Samples were obtained between 2009 and 2013 from 12 women of reproductive age at the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle by hysterectomy. Leiomyomas and matched normal myometrium from each woman were analyzed in vitro. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Western blot, RT-qPCR and a wound-healing assay were used to investigate the effects of TNF-α on MMP-2 expression and intracellular signal transduction in cultured SMCs from leiomyomas and matched myometrium. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Western blot and RT-qPCR analyses using tissues from clinical patients showed that the levels of MMP-2 protein (P = 0.008) and mRNA (P = 0.009) were significantly higher in uterine leiomyomas compared with their matched myometrium. Treatment with TNF-α significantly up-regulated the protein (P = 0.039) and mRNA (P = 0.037) levels of MMP-2 in cultured leiomyoma SMCs but not in matched myometrial SMCs. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways were activated by TNF-α in leiomyoma SMCs. Specific inhibitors of the ERK or NF-κB pathway (PD98059 or Bay11-7082) suppressed TNF-α-induced MMP-2 expression in leiomyoma SMCs. The wound-healing assay revealed that TNF-α promoted the migration of cultured leiomyoma SMCs (P = 0.036); however, PD98059 compromised the cell migration triggered by TNF-α. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study is descriptive and although we observed clear differential regulation of MMP-2 by TNF-α at mRNA and protein levels in leiomyoma, future studies are needed to identify why the difference in TNF-α response exists between human leiomyoma tissue and normal myometrium. Including some of the experiments such as transfection studies for TNF-α and MMP-2 promoter mapping could have added more insight as to why this difference exists. In addition, further studies in vivo are needed to verify the results obtained from primary cultured SMCs. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Considering the positive effect of TNF-α on leiomyoma SMC migration, strategies targeting TNF-α, in parallel with the production of more specific inhibitors of MMPs, may provide alternative therapeutic approaches for the treatment of leiomyoma. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was partially supported by grants from the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-12-0282), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81371620) and Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (12JCZDJC24900). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebing Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guowei Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China Department of Urology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiyuan Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Tianjin Central Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiquan Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Tianjin Central Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjun Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Tianjin Central Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanjun Lin
- Department of Gynecology, Tianjin Central Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zongjin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
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23
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Almeida TA, Quispe-Ricalde A, Montes de Oca F, Foronda P, Hernández MM. A high-throughput open-array qPCR gene panel to identify housekeeping genes suitable for myometrium and leiomyoma expression analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134:138-43. [PMID: 24768852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate 51 different housekeeping genes for their use as internal standards in myometrial and matched leiomyoma samples in proliferative and secretory phases. METHODS RNA from 6 myometrium and matched leiomyoma samples was obtained from pre-menopausal women who underwent hysterectomy. Reverse-transcription and real-time quantitative PCR were achieved using TaqMan high-density open-array human endogenous control panel. RESULTS Expression stability of 51 candidate genes was determined by GeNorm and NormFinder softwares. We identified 10 housekeeping genes, ARF1, MRPL19, FBXW2, PUM1, UBE2D2, EIF2B1, HPRT1, GUSB, ALAS1, and TRIM27, as the best set of normalization genes for comparing relative expression between leiomyoma and myometrium samples in proliferative and secretory phases. CONCLUSIONS Adequate reference genes for accurate normalization are essential to compare gene expression between leiomyoma and myometrial samples. Ideal housekeeping genes must have stable expression patterns regardless of the sample type and menstrual cycle phase. In this study, we propose a set of 10 candidate genes with greater expression stability than those housekeeping genes commonly used in leiomyoma and myometrium tissues. Their use will improve the sensitivity and specificity of the gene expression analysis in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Almeida
- Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Anchieta, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain.
| | - Antonieta Quispe-Ricalde
- Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Anchieta, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain.
| | | | - Pilar Foronda
- Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Anchieta, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain.
| | - Mariano M Hernández
- Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Anchieta, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain.
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