Sperm centriolar factors and genetic defects that can predict pregnancy

CP110 and CEP135 Localize Near the Proximal Centriolar Remnants of Mice Spermatozoa

Centrioles form centrosomes that organize microtubules, assist in cell structure, and nucleate cilia that provide motility and sensation. Within the sperm, the centrosome consists of two centrioles (proximal and distal centriole) and a pericentriolar material known as the striated column and capitulum. The distal centriole nucleates the flagellum. Mice spermatozoa, unlike other mammal spermatozoa (e.g., human and bovine), have no ultra-structurally recognizable centrioles, but their neck has the centriolar proteins POC1B and FAM161A, suggesting mice spermatozoa have remnant centrioles. Here, we examine whether other centriolar proteins, CP110 and CEP135, found in the human and bovine spermatozoa centrioles are also found in the mouse spermatozoa neck. CP110 is a tip protein controlling ciliogenesis, and CEP135 is a centriole-specific structural protein in the centriole base of canonical centrioles found in most cell types. Here, we report that CP110 and CEP135 were both located in the mice spermatozoa neck around the proximal centriolar remnants labeled by POC1B, increasing the number of centriolar proteins found in the mice spermatozoa neck, further supporting the hypothesis that a remnant proximal centriole is present in mice.

Only the Best of the Bunch-Sperm Preparation Is Not Just about Numbers

In this Seminar, we present an overview of the current and emerging methods and technologies for optimizing the man and the sperm sample for fertility treatment. We argue that sperms are the secret to success, and that there are many avenues for improving both treatment and basic understanding of their role in outcomes. These outcomes encompass not just whether treatment is successful or not, but the wider intergenerational health of the offspring. We discuss outstanding challenges and opportunities of new technologies such as microfluidics and artificial intelligence, including potential pitfalls and advantages. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the importance of sperm in fertility treatment and suggests future directions for research and innovation.