1
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Jansen RLM, de Boer R, de Lange EMF, Koster J, Vlijm R, Waterham HR, van der Klei IJ. Overexpression of PEX14 results in mistargeting to mitochondria, accompanied by organelle fragmentation and clustering in human embryonic kidney cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119754. [PMID: 38762172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders are caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in biogenesis and maintenance of peroxisomes. However, mitochondria are also often affected in these diseases. Peroxisomal membrane proteins, including PEX14, have been found to mislocalise to mitochondria in cells lacking peroxisomes. Recent studies indicated that this mislocalisation contributes to mitochondrial abnormalities in PEX3-deficient patient fibroblasts cells. Here, we studied whether mitochondrial morphology is also affected in PEX3-deficient HEK293 cells and whether PEX14 mislocalises to mitochondria in these cells. Using high-resolution imaging techniques, we show that although endogenous PEX14 mislocalises to mitochondria, mitochondrial morphology was normal in PEX3-KO HEK293 cells. However, we discovered that overexpression of tagged PEX14 in wild-type HEK293 cells resulted in its mitochondrial localisation, accompanied by altered mitochondrial morphology. Our data indicate that overexpression of tagged PEX14 alone directly or indirectly cause mitochondrial abnormalities in cells containing peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate L M Jansen
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinse de Boer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eline M F de Lange
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janet Koster
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases & Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC - location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rifka Vlijm
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases & Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC - location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ida J van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Fischer S, Bürgi J, Gabay-Maskit S, Maier R, Mastalski T, Yifrach E, Obarska-Kosinska A, Rudowitz M, Erdmann R, Platta HW, Wilmanns M, Schuldiner M, Zalckvar E, Oeljeklaus S, Drepper F, Warscheid B. Phosphorylation of the receptor protein Pex5p modulates import of proteins into peroxisomes. Biol Chem 2023; 404:135-155. [PMID: 36122347 PMCID: PMC9929924 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles with vital functions in metabolism and their dysfunction is associated with human diseases. To fulfill their multiple roles, peroxisomes import nuclear-encoded matrix proteins, most carrying a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) 1. The receptor Pex5p recruits PTS1-proteins for import into peroxisomes; whether and how this process is posttranslationally regulated is unknown. Here, we identify 22 phosphorylation sites of Pex5p. Yeast cells expressing phospho-mimicking Pex5p-S507/523D (Pex5p2D) show decreased import of GFP with a PTS1. We show that the binding affinity between a PTS1-protein and Pex5p2D is reduced. An in vivo analysis of the effect of the phospho-mimicking mutant on PTS1-proteins revealed that import of most, but not all, cargos is affected. The physiological effect of the phosphomimetic mutations correlates with the binding affinity of the corresponding extended PTS1-sequences. Thus, we report a novel Pex5p phosphorylation-dependent mechanism for regulating PTS1-protein import into peroxisomes. In a broader view, this suggests that posttranslational modifications can function in fine-tuning the peroxisomal protein composition and, thus, cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Fischer
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jérôme Bürgi
- Hamburg Unit c/o DESY, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shiran Gabay-Maskit
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Renate Maier
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Mastalski
- Biochemistry of Intracellular Transport, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780Bochum, Germany
| | - Eden Yifrach
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Agnieszka Obarska-Kosinska
- Hamburg Unit c/o DESY, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Rudowitz
- Systems Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Systems Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780Bochum, Germany
| | - Harald W. Platta
- Biochemistry of Intracellular Transport, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- Hamburg Unit c/o DESY, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Einat Zalckvar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Silke Oeljeklaus
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104Freiburg, Germany
- Biochemistry II, Theodor Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Friedel Drepper
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104Freiburg, Germany
- Biochemistry II, Theodor Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, D-79104Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Umemura M, Tamano K. How to improve the production of peptidyl compounds in filamentous fungi. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:1085624. [PMID: 37746201 PMCID: PMC10512285 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.1085624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl compounds produced by filamentous fungi, which are nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) and ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), are rich sources of bioactive compounds with a wide variety of structures. Some of these peptidyl compounds are useful as pharmaceuticals and pesticides. However, for industrial use, their low production often becomes an obstacle, and various approaches have been challenged to overcome this weakness. In this article, we summarize the successful attempts to increase the production of NRPs and RiPPs in filamentous fungi and present our perspectives on how to improve it further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Umemura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koichi Tamano
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Fusarium verticillioides Pex7/20 mediates peroxisomal PTS2 pathway import, pathogenicity, and fumonisin B1 biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6595-6609. [PMID: 36121485 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides, a well-known fungal pathogen that causes severe disease in maize and contaminates the grains with fumonisin B1 (FB1) mycotoxin, affects the yield and quality of maize worldwide. The intrinsic roles of peroxisome targeting signal (PTS)-containing proteins in phytopathogens remain elusive. We therefore explored the regulatory role and other biological functions of the components of PTS2 receptor complex, FvPex7 and FvPex20, in F. verticillioides. We found that FvPex7 directly interacts with the carboxyl terminus of FvPex20 in F. verticillioides. PTS2-containing proteins are recognized and bound by the FvPex7 receptor or the FvPex7-Pex20 receptor complex in the cytoplasm, but the peroxisome localization of the PTS2-Pex7-Pex20 complex is only determined by Pex20 in F. verticillioides. However, we observed that some putative PTS2 proteins that interact with Pex7 are not transported into the peroxisomes, but a PTS1 protein that interacts with Pex5 was detected in the peroxisomes. Furthermore, ΔFvpex7pex20 as well as ΔFvpex7pex5 double mutants exhibited reduced pathogenicity and FB1 biosynthesis, along with defects in conidiation. The PTS2 receptor complex mutants (ΔFvpex7pex20) grew slowly on minimal media and showed reduced sensitivity to cell wall and cell membrane stress-inducing agents compared to the wild type. Taken together, we conclude that the PTS2 receptor complex mediates peroxisome matrix proteins import and contributes to pathogenicity and FB1 biosynthesis in F. verticillioides. KEY POINTS: • FvPex7 directly interacts with FvPex20 in F. verticillioides. • vThe PTS2 receptor complex is essential for the importation of PTS2-containing matrix protein into peroxisomes in F. verticillioides. • Fvpex7/pex20 is involved in pathogenicity and FB1 biosynthesis in F. verticillioides.
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5
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Li N, Hua B, Chen Q, Teng F, Ruan M, Zhu M, Zhang L, Huo Y, Liu H, Zhuang M, Shen H, Zhu H. A sphingolipid-mTORC1 nutrient-sensing pathway regulates animal development by an intestinal peroxisome relocation-based gut-brain crosstalk. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111140. [PMID: 35905721 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mTOR-dependent nutrient-sensing and response machinery is the central hub for animals to regulate their cellular and developmental programs. However, equivalently pivotal nutrient and metabolite signals upstream of mTOR and developmental-regulatory signals downstream of mTOR are not clear, especially at the organism level. We previously showed glucosylceramide (GlcCer) acts as a critical nutrient and metabolite signal for overall amino acid levels to promote development by activating the intestinal mTORC1 signaling pathway. Here, through a large-scale genetic screen, we find that the intestinal peroxisome is critical for antagonizing the GlcCer-mTORC1-mediated nutrient signal. Mechanistically, GlcCer deficiency, inactive mTORC1, or prolonged starvation relocates intestinal peroxisomes closer to the apical region in a kinesin- and microtubule-dependent manner. Those apical accumulated peroxisomes further release peroxisomal-β-oxidation-derived glycolipid hormones that target chemosensory neurons and downstream nuclear hormone receptor DAF-12 to arrest the animal development. Our data illustrate a sophisticated gut-brain axis that predominantly orchestrates nutrient-sensing-dependent development in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Beilei Hua
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qing Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fukang Teng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Meiyu Ruan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mengnan Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yinbo Huo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Hongqin Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Min Zhuang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huali Shen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huanhu Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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6
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Samuel AZ, Horii S, Nakashima T, Shibata N, Ando M, Takeyama H. Raman Microspectroscopy Imaging Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Biogenesis by Filamentous Fungus Penicilium chrysogenum. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101322. [PMID: 35277945 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their molecular contents are of great interest due to their diverse roles in biological systems and are far from being completely understood. Even though cellular cargo releases mediated by EVs have been demonstrated in several cases, their role in secondary metabolite production and release remains elusive. In this study, this aspect is investigated in detail using Raman microspectroscopic imaging. Considerable evidence is provided to suggest that the release of antibiotic penicillin by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum involves EVs. Further, the study also reveals morphological modifications of the fungal body during biogenesis, changes in cell composition at the locus of biogenesis, and major molecular contents of the released EVs. The results suggest a possible general role of EVs in the release of antibiotics from the producing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Zachariah Samuel
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovations, Waseda University, 513, Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan
| | - Shumpei Horii
- Department of Advanced Science Engineering, Waseda University, Japan, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.,Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Waseda University, Japan, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takuji Nakashima
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovations, Waseda University, 513, Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan
| | - Naoko Shibata
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovations, Waseda University, 513, Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ando
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovations, Waseda University, 513, Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovations, Waseda University, 513, Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan.,Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Waseda University, Japan, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
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7
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Fierro F, Vaca I, Castillo NI, García-Rico RO, Chávez R. Penicillium chrysogenum, a Vintage Model with a Cutting-Edge Profile in Biotechnology. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030573. [PMID: 35336148 PMCID: PMC8954384 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of penicillin entailed a decisive breakthrough in medicine. No other medical advance has ever had the same impact in the clinical practise. The fungus Penicillium chrysogenum (reclassified as P. rubens) has been used for industrial production of penicillin ever since the forties of the past century; industrial biotechnology developed hand in hand with it, and currently P. chrysogenum is a thoroughly studied model for secondary metabolite production and regulation. In addition to its role as penicillin producer, recent synthetic biology advances have put P. chrysogenum on the path to become a cell factory for the production of metabolites with biotechnological interest. In this review, we tell the history of P. chrysogenum, from the discovery of penicillin and the first isolation of strains with high production capacity to the most recent research advances with the fungus. We will describe how classical strain improvement programs achieved the goal of increasing production and how the development of different molecular tools allowed further improvements. The discovery of the penicillin gene cluster, the origin of the penicillin genes, the regulation of penicillin production, and a compilation of other P. chrysogenum secondary metabolites will also be covered and updated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fierro
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Inmaculada Vaca
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Nancy I. Castillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Ramón Ovidio García-Rico
- Grupo de Investigación GIMBIO, Departamento De Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona 543050, Colombia;
| | - Renato Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170020, Chile;
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8
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Campos C, Ruiz LAM, Fragoso‐Soriano R, Sato‐Berrú RY, Hernández‐Pérez E, Fernández FJ. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and ultrastructural analysis of penicillin‐producing
Penicillium rubens
strains. J Microsc 2022; 286:22-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Campos
- Department of Health Sciences Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina Mexico City Iztapalapa 09340 Mexico
| | - Luis Alberto Moreno Ruiz
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. Mexico City 07738 Mexico
| | - Rogelio Fragoso‐Soriano
- Department of Physics CINVESTAV‐IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City Mexico
| | - Roberto Y. Sato‐Berrú
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria A.P. 70–186, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. Mexico City 04510 Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Hernández‐Pérez
- Department of Health Sciences Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina Mexico City Iztapalapa 09340 Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Fernández
- Department of Biotechnology Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐Iztapalapa Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina Iztapalapa 09340 Mexico
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9
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Harnessing the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of fungal secondary metabolites. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:277-291. [PMID: 34061167 PMCID: PMC8314005 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites (FSMs) represent a remarkable array of bioactive compounds, with potential applications as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and agrochemicals. However, these molecules are typically produced only in limited amounts by their native hosts. The native organisms may also be difficult to cultivate and genetically engineer, and some can produce undesirable toxic side-products. Alternatively, recombinant production of fungal bioactives can be engineered into industrial cell factories, such as aspergilli or yeasts, which are well amenable for large-scale manufacturing in submerged fermentations. In this review, we summarize the development of baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce compounds derived from filamentous fungi and mushrooms. These compounds mainly include polyketides, terpenoids, and amino acid derivatives. We also describe how native biosynthetic pathways can be combined or expanded to produce novel derivatives and new-to-nature compounds. We describe some new approaches for cell factory engineering, such as genome-scale engineering, biosensor-based high-throughput screening, and machine learning, and how these tools have been applied for S. cerevisiae strain improvement. Finally, we prospect the challenges and solutions in further development of yeast cell factories to more efficiently produce FSMs.
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10
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Du L, Li S. Compartmentalized biosynthesis of fungal natural products. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:128-135. [PMID: 33450704 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungal natural products (NPs) with diverse chemical structures and biological activities are rich resources of both drugs and toxins, thus causing Janus-like effects on human beings. Significant progress has been made in discovery and mining of novel fungal NPs in the past decades. Unlike prokaryotic organisms, eukaryotic cells of fungi have discrete organelles to form compartmentalized assembly lines for the highly ordered and hence efficient biosynthesis of fungal NPs. In this review, we summarize a limited but growing number of studies on compartmentalized biosynthesis of fungal NPs. The emerging strategies and efforts for engineering of subcellular localization of relevant biosynthetic enzymes are also discussed. We expect to provide some new insights and perspectives on the more complex NP biogenesis in higher microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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11
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Pexophagy modes during penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium rubens P2-32-T. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:2337-2341. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Martín JF. Transport systems, intracellular traffic of intermediates and secretion of β-lactam antibiotics in fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:6. [PMID: 32351700 PMCID: PMC7183595 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites are synthesized by complex biosynthetic pathways catalized by enzymes located in different subcellular compartments, thus requiring traffic of precursors and intermediates between them. The β-lactam antibiotics penicillin and cephalosporin C serve as an excellent model to understand the molecular mechanisms that control the subcellular localization of secondary metabolites biosynthetic enzymes. Optimal functioning of the β-lactam biosynthetic enzymes relies on a sophisticated temporal and spatial organization of the enzymes, the intermediates and the final products. The first and second enzymes of the penicillin pathway, ACV synthetase and IPN synthase, in Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus nidulans are cytosolic. In contrast, the last two enzymes of the penicillin pathway, phenylacetyl-CoA ligase and isopenicillin N acyltransferase, are located in peroxisomes working as a tandem at their optimal pH that coincides with the peroxisomes pH. Two MFS transporters, PenM and PaaT have been found to be involved in the import of the intermediates isopenicillin N and phenylacetic acid, respectively, into peroxisomes. Similar compartmentalization of intermediates occurs in Acremonium chrysogenum; two enzymes isopenicillin N-CoA ligase and isopenicillin N-CoA epimerase, that catalyse the conversion of isopenicillin N in penicillin N, are located in peroxisomes. Two genes encoding MFS transporters, cefP and cefM, are located in the early cephalosporin gene cluster. These transporters have been localized in peroxisomes by confocal fluorescence microscopy. A third gene of A. chrysogenum, cefT, encodes an MFS protein, located in the cell membrane involved in the secretion of cephalosporin C, although cefT-disrupted mutants are still able to export cephalosporin by redundant transporters. The secretion of penicillin from peroxisomes to the extracellular medium is still unclear. Attempts have been made to identify a gene encoding the penicillin secretion protein among the 48 ABC-transporters of P. chrysogenum. The highly efficient secretion system that exports penicillin against a concentration gradient may involve active penicillin extrusion systems mediated by vesicles that fuse to the cell membrane. However, there is no correlation of pexophagy with penicillin or cephalosporin formation since inactivation of pexophagy leads to increased penicillin or cephalosporin biosynthesis due to preservation of peroxisomes. The penicillin biosynthesis finding shows that in order to increase biosynthesis of novel secondary metabolites it is essential to adequately target enzymes to organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Impact of Classical Strain Improvement of Penicillium rubens on Amino Acid Metabolism during β-Lactam Production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01561-19. [PMID: 31757830 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01561-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To produce high levels of β-lactams, the filamentous fungus Penicillium rubens (previously named Penicillium chrysogenum) has been subjected to an extensive classical strain improvement (CSI) program during the last few decades. This has led to the accumulation of many mutations that were spread over the genome. Detailed analysis reveals that several mutations targeted genes that encode enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism, in particular biosynthesis of l-cysteine, one of the amino acids used for β-lactam production. To examine the impact of the mutations on enzyme function, the respective genes with and without the mutations were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and enzymatically analyzed. Mutations severely impaired the activities of a threonine and serine deaminase, and this inactivates metabolic pathways that compete for l-cysteine biosynthesis. Tryptophan synthase, which converts l-serine into l-tryptophan, was inactivated by a mutation, whereas a mutation in 5-aminolevulinate synthase, which utilizes glycine, was without an effect. Importantly, CSI caused increased expression levels of a set of genes directly involved in cysteine biosynthesis. These results suggest that CSI has resulted in improved cysteine biosynthesis by the inactivation of the enzymatic conversions that directly compete for resources with the cysteine biosynthetic pathway, consistent with the notion that cysteine is a key component during penicillin production.IMPORTANCE Penicillium rubens is an important industrial producer of β-lactam antibiotics. High levels of penicillin production were enforced through extensive mutagenesis during a classical strain improvement (CSI) program over 70 years. Several mutations targeted amino acid metabolism and resulted in enhanced l-cysteine biosynthesis. This work provides a molecular explanation for the interrelation between secondary metabolite production and amino acid metabolism and how classical strain improvement has resulted in improved production strains.
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14
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Vesicular transport and secretion of penicillin G in Penicillium rubens P2-32-T. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1257-1262. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01806-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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15
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Su J, Thomas AS, Grabietz T, Landgraf C, Volkmer R, Marrink SJ, Williams C, Melo MN. The N-terminal amphipathic helix of Pex11p self-interacts to induce membrane remodelling during peroxisome fission. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1292-1300. [PMID: 29501607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pex11p plays a crucial role in peroxisome fission. Previously, it was shown that a conserved N-terminal amphipathic helix in Pex11p, termed Pex11-Amph, was necessary for peroxisomal fission in vivo while in vitro studies revealed that this region alone was sufficient to bring about tubulation of liposomes with a lipid consistency resembling the peroxisomal membrane. However, molecular details of how Pex11-Amph remodels the peroxisomal membrane remain unknown. Here we have combined in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying Pex11-Amph activity. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we observe that Pex11-Amph peptides form linear aggregates on a model membrane. Furthermore, we identify mutations that disrupted this aggregation in silico, which also abolished the peptide's ability to remodel liposomes in vitro, establishing that Pex11p oligomerisation plays a direct role in membrane remodelling. In vivo studies revealed that these mutations resulted in a strong reduction in Pex11 protein levels, indicating that these residues are important for Pex11p function. Taken together, our data demonstrate the power of combining in silico techniques with experimental approaches to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying Pex11p-dependent membrane remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Su
- Molecular Dynamics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ann S Thomas
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Grabietz
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Landgraf
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf Volkmer
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Molecular Dynamics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Williams
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel N Melo
- Molecular Dynamics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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16
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Ban A, Tanaka M, Fujii R, Minami A, Oikawa H, Shintani T, Gomi K. Subcellular localization of aphidicolin biosynthetic enzymes heterologously expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 82:139-147. [PMID: 29191129 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1399789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The secondary metabolite aphidicolin has previously been produced by Aspergillus oryzae after the heterologous expression of four biosynthetic enzymes isolated from Phoma betae. In this study, we examined the subcellular localization of aphidicolin biosynthetic enzymes in A. oryzae. Fusion of green fluorescent protein to each enzyme showed that geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase and terpene cyclase are localized to the cytoplasm and the two monooxygenases (PbP450-1 and PbP450-2) are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Protease protection assays revealed that the catalytic domain of both PbP450s was cytoplasmic. Deletion of transmembrane domains from both PbP450s resulted in the loss of ER localization. Particularly, a PbP450-1 mutant lacking the transmembrane domain was localized to dot-like structures, but did not colocalize with any known organelle markers. Aphidicolin biosynthesis was nearly abrogated by deletion of the transmembrane domain from PbP450-1. These results suggest that ER localization of PbP450-1 is important for aphidicolin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Ban
- a Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Mizuki Tanaka
- a Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan.,b Biomolecular Engineering Laboratory, School of Food and Nutritional Science , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Ryuya Fujii
- c Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Atsushi Minami
- c Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Hideaki Oikawa
- c Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Takahiro Shintani
- a Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Katsuya Gomi
- a Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
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Liu J, Hao T, Hu P, Pan Y, Jiang X, Liu G. Functional analysis of the selective autophagy related gene Acatg11 in Acremonium chrysogenum. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 107:67-76. [PMID: 28830792 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradation system in eukaryotes. Selective autophagy is used for the degradation of selective cargoes. Selective autophagic processes of yeast include pexophagy, mitophagy, and cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway in which particular vacuolar proteins, such asaminopeptidase I (Ape1), are selectively transported to vacuoles. However, the physiological role of selective autophagy remains elusive in filamentous fungi. ATG11 family proteins asa basic scaffold are essential for most selective autophagy pathways in yeast. Here, Acatg11, encoding a putative ATG11 family protein, was identified and cloned from the cephalosporin producing strain Acremonium chrysogenum based on the sequence similarity of ATG11 superfamily proteins. Disruption of Acatg11 inhibited the maturation of preApe1 during fermentation indicating that Acatg11 is involved in Cvt pathway. In addition, pexophagy and mitophagy were blocked in the Acatg11 disruption mutant (ΔAcatg11). Intriguingly, the nonselective autophagy was deficient in ΔAcatg11 under starvation induction or during fermentation. Disruption of Acatg11 significantly enhanced fungal conidiation, but reduced cephalosporin production. These results indicated that Acatg11 is required for both selective and nonselective autophagy during fermentation and has a strong impact on morphological differentiation and cephalosporin production of A. chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianchao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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18
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Davis D, Doloman A, Podgorski GJ, Vargis E, Flann NS. Exploiting Self-organization in Bioengineered Systems: A Computational Approach. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:27. [PMID: 28503548 PMCID: PMC5408088 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The productivity of bioengineered cell factories is limited by inefficiencies in nutrient delivery and waste and product removal. Current solution approaches explore changes in the physical configurations of the bioreactors. This work investigates the possibilities of exploiting self-organizing vascular networks to support producer cells within the factory. A computational model simulates de novo vascular development of endothelial-like cells and the resultant network functioning to deliver nutrients and extract product and waste from the cell culture. Microbial factories with vascular networks are evaluated for their scalability, robustness, and productivity compared to the cell factories without a vascular network. Initial studies demonstrate that at least an order of magnitude increase in production is possible, the system can be scaled up, and the self-organization of an efficient vascular network is robust. The work suggests that bioengineered multicellularity may offer efficiency improvements difficult to achieve with physical engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delin Davis
- Computer Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Anna Doloman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Vargis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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19
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Deb R, Nagotu S. Versatility of peroxisomes: An evolving concept. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:209-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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20
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Hinzpeter F, Gerland U, Tostevin F. Optimal Compartmentalization Strategies for Metabolic Microcompartments. Biophys J 2017; 112:767-779. [PMID: 28256236 PMCID: PMC5340097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular compartmentalization of cooperating enzymes is a strategy that is frequently used by cells. Segregation of enzymes that catalyze sequential reactions can alleviate challenges such as toxic pathway intermediates, competing metabolic reactions, and slow reaction rates. Inspired by nature, synthetic biologists also seek to encapsulate engineered metabolic pathways within vesicles or proteinaceous shells to enhance the yield of industrially and pharmaceutically useful products. Although enzymatic compartments have been extensively studied experimentally, a quantitative understanding of the underlying design principles is still lacking. Here, we study theoretically how the size and enzymatic composition of compartments should be chosen so as to maximize the productivity of a model metabolic pathway. We find that maximizing productivity requires compartments larger than a certain critical size. The enzyme density within each compartment should be tuned according to a power-law scaling in the compartment size. We explain these observations using an analytically solvable, well-mixed approximation. We also investigate the qualitatively different compartmentalization strategies that emerge in parameter regimes where this approximation breaks down. Our results suggest that the different sizes and enzyme packings of α- and β-carboxysomes each constitute an optimal compartmentalization strategy given the properties of their respective protein shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hinzpeter
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Gerland
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Filipe Tostevin
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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21
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Mindthoff S, Grunau S, Steinfort LL, Girzalsky W, Hiltunen JK, Erdmann R, Antonenkov VD. Peroxisomal Pex11 is a pore-forming protein homologous to TRPM channels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:271-83. [PMID: 26597702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
More than 30 proteins (Pex proteins) are known to participate in the biogenesis of peroxisomes-ubiquitous oxidative organelles involved in lipid and ROS metabolism. The Pex11 family of homologous proteins is responsible for division and proliferation of peroxisomes. We show that yeast Pex11 is a pore-forming protein sharing sequence similarity with TRPM cation-selective channels. The Pex11 channel with a conductance of Λ=4.1 nS in 1.0M KCl is moderately cation-selective (PK(+)/PCl(-)=1.85) and resistant to voltage-dependent closing. The estimated size of the channel's pore (r~0.6 nm) supports the notion that Pex11 conducts solutes with molecular mass below 300-400 Da. We localized the channel's selectivity determining sequence. Overexpression of Pex11 resulted in acceleration of fatty acids β-oxidation in intact cells but not in the corresponding lysates. The β-oxidation was affected in cells by expression of the Pex11 protein carrying point mutations in the selectivity determining sequence. These data suggest that the Pex11-dependent transmembrane traffic of metabolites may be a rate-limiting step in the β-oxidation of fatty acids. This conclusion was corroborated by analysis of the rate of β-oxidation in yeast strains expressing Pex11 with mutations mimicking constitutively phosphorylated (S165D, S167D) or unphosphorylated (S165A, S167A) protein. The results suggest that phosphorylation of Pex11 is a mechanism that can control the peroxisomal β-oxidation rate. Our results disclose an unexpected function of Pex11 as a non-selective channel responsible for transfer of metabolites across peroxisomal membrane. The data indicate that peroxins may be involved in peroxisomal metabolic processes in addition to their role in peroxisome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mindthoff
- Institut für Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Abt. Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - Silke Grunau
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura L Steinfort
- Institut für Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Abt. Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Girzalsky
- Institut für Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Abt. Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - J Kalervo Hiltunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Abt. Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Vasily D Antonenkov
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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22
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Wang J, Li L, Zhang Z, Qiu H, Li D, Fang Y, Jiang H, Chai RY, Mao X, Wang Y, Sun G. One of Three Pex11 Family Members Is Required for Peroxisomal Proliferation and Full Virulence of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218097 PMCID: PMC4517885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes play important roles in metabolisms of eukaryotes and infection of plant fungal pathogens. These organelles proliferate by de novo formation or division in response to environmental stimulation. Although the assembly of peroxisomes was documented in fungal pathogens, their division and its relationship to pathogenicity remain obscure. In present work, we analyzed the roles of three Pex11 family members in peroxisomal division and pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Deletion of MoPEX11A led to fewer but enlarged peroxisomes, and impaired the separation of Woronin bodies from peroxisomes, while deletion of MoPEX11B or MoPEX11C put no evident impacts to peroxisomal profiles. MoPEX11A mutant exhibited typical peroxisome related defects, delayed conidial germination and appressoria formation, and decreased appressorial turgor and host penetration. As a result, the virulence of MoPEX11A mutant was greatly reduced. Deletion of MoPEX11B and MoPEX11C did not alter the virulence of the fungus. Further, double or triple deletions of the three genes were unable to enhance the virulence decrease in MoPEX11A mutant. Our data indicated that MoPEX11A is the main factor modulating peroxisomal division and is required for full virulence of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Yao Chai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Improvement of Aspergillus nidulans penicillin production by targeting AcvA to peroxisomes. Metab Eng 2014; 25:131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Williams C. Going against the flow: A case for peroxisomal protein export. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1386-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang FQ, Zhong J, Zhao Y, Xiao J, Liu J, Dai M, Zheng G, Zhang L, Yu J, Wu J, Duan B. Genome sequencing of high-penicillin producing industrial strain of Penicillium chrysogenum. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 1:S11. [PMID: 24564352 PMCID: PMC4046689 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s1-s11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the importance of Penicillium chrysogenum holding in medicine, the genome of low-penicillin producing laboratorial strain Wisconsin54-1255 had been sequenced and fully annotated. Through classical mutagenesis of Wisconsin54-1255, product titers and productivities of penicillin have dramatically increased, but what underlying genome structural variations is still little known. Therefore, genome sequencing of a high-penicillin producing industrial strain is very meaningful. RESULTS To reveal more insights into the genome structural variations of high-penicillin producing strain, we sequenced an industrial strain P. chrysogenum NCPC10086. By whole genome comparative analysis, we observed a large number of mutations, insertions and deletions, and structural variations. There are 69 new genes that not exist in the genome sequence of Wisconsin54-1255 and some of them are involved in energy metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and glutathione metabolism. Most importantly, we discovered a 53.7 Kb "new shift fragment" in a seven copies of determinative penicillin biosynthesis cluster in NCPC10086 and the arrangement type of amplified region is unique. Moreover, we presented two large-scale translocations in NCPC10086, containing genes involved energy, nitrogen metabolism and peroxysome pathway. At last, we found some non-synonymous mutations in the genes participating in homogentisate pathway or working as regulators of penicillin biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS We provided the first high-quality genome sequence of industrial high-penicillin strain of P. chrysogenum and carried out a comparative genome analysis with a low-producing experimental strain. The genomic variations we discovered are related with energy metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and so on. These findings demonstrate the potential information for insights into the high-penicillin yielding mechanism and metabolic engineering in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Qiang Wang
- />New Drug Research and Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Medicine, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050015 China
| | - Jun Zhong
- />CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- />University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ying Zhao
- />New Drug Research and Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Medicine, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050015 China
| | - Jingfa Xiao
- />CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jing Liu
- />New Drug Research and Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Medicine, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050015 China
| | - Meng Dai
- />New Drug Research and Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Medicine, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050015 China
| | - Guizhen Zheng
- />New Drug Research and Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Medicine, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050015 China
| | - Li Zhang
- />New Drug Research and Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Medicine, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050015 China
| | - Jun Yu
- />CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- />CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Baoling Duan
- />New Drug Research and Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Medicine, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050015 China
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Abstract
Peroxisomes carry out various oxidative reactions that are tightly regulated to adapt to the changing needs of the cell and varying external environments. Accordingly, they are remarkably fluid and can change dramatically in abundance, size, shape and content in response to numerous cues. These dynamics are controlled by multiple aspects of peroxisome biogenesis that are coordinately regulated with each other and with other cellular processes. Ongoing studies are deciphering the diverse molecular mechanisms that underlie biogenesis and how they cooperate to dynamically control peroxisome utility. These important challenges should lead to an understanding of peroxisome dynamics that can be capitalized upon for bioengineering and the development of therapies to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Smith
- 1] Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, 98109-5240, USA. [2] Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5219, USA
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Montibus M, Ducos C, Bonnin-Verdal MN, Bormann J, Ponts N, Richard-Forget F, Barreau C. The bZIP transcription factor Fgap1 mediates oxidative stress response and trichothecene biosynthesis but not virulence in Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83377. [PMID: 24349499 PMCID: PMC3861502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox sensing is of primary importance for fungi to cope with oxidant compounds found in their environment. Plant pathogens are particularly subject to the oxidative burst during the primary steps of infection. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it is the transcription factor Yap1 that mediates the response to oxidative stress via activation of genes coding for detoxification enzymes. In the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum, Fgap1 a homologue of Yap1 was identified and its role was investigated. During infection, this pathogen produces mycotoxins belonging to the trichothecenes family that accumulate in the grains. The global regulation of toxin biosynthesis is not completely understood. However, it is now clearly established that an oxidative stress activates the production of toxins by F. graminearum. The involvement of Fgap1 in this activation was investigated. A deleted mutant and a strain expressing a truncated constitutive form of Fgap1 were constructed. None of the mutants was affected in pathogenicity. The deleted mutant showed higher level of trichothecenes production associated with overexpression of Tri genes. Moreover activation of toxin accumulation in response to oxidative stress was no longer observed. Regarding the mutant with the truncated constitutive form of Fgap1, toxin production was strongly reduced. Expression of oxidative stress response genes was not activated in the deleted mutant and expression of the gene encoding the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase MnSOD1 was up-regulated in the mutant with the truncated constitutive form of Fgap1. Our results demonstrate that Fgap1 plays a key role in the link between oxidative stress response and F. graminearum secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Montibus
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1264 MycSA, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine Ducos
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1264 MycSA, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Jorg Bormann
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadia Ponts
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1264 MycSA, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Florence Richard-Forget
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1264 MycSA, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Christian Barreau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1264 MycSA, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche 1264 MycSA, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Scheckhuber CQ, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ. Improving penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum by glyoxalase overproduction. Metab Eng 2013; 18:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Recent advances in the biosynthesis of penicillins, cephalosporins and clavams and its regulation. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:287-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles of eukaryotic cells that accomplish a variety of biochemical functions, including β-oxidation of fatty acids, glyoxylate cycle, etc. Many reports have been accumulating that indicate peroxisome related metabolic functions are essential for pathogenic development of plant pathogenic fungi. They include peroxisome biogenesis proteins, peroxins and preferential destruction of peroxisomes, pexophagy. Gene disrupted mutants of anthracnose disease pathogen Colletotrichum orbiculare or rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae defective in peroxins or pexophagy showed deficiency in pathogenesis. Woronin body, a peroxisome related cellular organelle that is related to endurance of fungal cells against environmental damage has essential roles in pathogenesis of M. oryzae. Also, peroxisome related metabolisms such as β-oxidation and glyoxylate cycle are essential for pathogenesis in several plant pathogenic fungi. In addition, secondary metabolisms including polyketide melanin biosynthesis of C. orbiculare and M. oryzae, and host selective toxins produced by necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria alternata have pivotal roles in fungal pathogenesis. Every such factor was listed and their functions for pathogenesis were demonstrated (Table 18.1 and Fig. 18.1).
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32
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous and versatile cell organelles. They consist of a single membrane that encloses a proteinaceous matrix. Conserved functions are fatty acid β-oxidation and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. In filamentous fungi, many other metabolic functions have been identified. Also, they contain highly specialized peroxisome-derived structures termed Woronin bodies, which have a structural function in plugging septal pores in order to prevent cytoplasmic bleeding of damaged hyphae.In filamentous fungi peroxisomes play key roles in the production of a range of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics. Most likely the atlas of fungal peroxisomal metabolic pathways is still far from complete. Relative recently discovered functions include their role in biotin biosynthesis as well as in the production of several toxins, among which polyketides. Finally, in filamentous fungi peroxisomes are important for development and pathogenesis.In this contribution we present an overview of our current knowledge on fungal peroxisome formation as well as on their functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida J van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, 11103, 9700CC, Groningen, The Netherlands,
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Reverberi M, Punelli M, Smith CA, Zjalic S, Scarpari M, Scala V, Cardinali G, Aspite N, Pinzari F, Payne GA, Fabbri AA, Fanelli C. How peroxisomes affect aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48097. [PMID: 23094106 PMCID: PMC3477134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, peroxisomes are crucial for the primary metabolism and play a pivotal role in the formation of some secondary metabolites. Further, peroxisomes are important site for fatty acids β-oxidation, the formation of reactive oxygen species and for their scavenging through a complex of antioxidant activities. Oxidative stress is involved in different metabolic events in all organisms and it occurs during oxidative processes within the cell, including peroxisomal β-oxidation of fatty acids. In Aspergillus flavus, an unbalance towards an hyper-oxidant status into the cell is a prerequisite for the onset of aflatoxin biosynthesis. In our preliminary results, the use of bezafibrate, inducer of both peroxisomal β-oxidation and peroxisome proliferation in mammals, significantly enhanced the expression of pex11 and foxA and stimulated aflatoxin synthesis in A. flavus. This suggests the existence of a correlation among peroxisome proliferation, fatty acids β-oxidation and aflatoxin biosynthesis. To investigate this correlation, A. flavus was transformed with a vector containing P33, a gene from Cymbidium ringspot virus able to induce peroxisome proliferation, under the control of the promoter of the Cu,Zn-sod gene of A. flavus. This transcriptional control closely relates the onset of the antioxidant response to ROS increase, with the proliferation of peroxisomes in A. flavus. The AfP33 transformant strain show an up-regulation of lipid metabolism and an higher content of both intracellular ROS and some oxylipins. The combined presence of a higher amount of substrates (fatty acids-derived), an hyper-oxidant cell environment and of hormone-like signals (oxylipins) enhances the synthesis of aflatoxins in the AfP33 strain. The results obtained demonstrated a close link between peroxisome metabolism and aflatoxin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Reverberi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università Sapienza, Roma, Italy.
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Pieuchot L, Jedd G. Peroxisome Assembly and Functional Diversity in Eukaryotic Microorganisms. Annu Rev Microbiol 2012; 66:237-63. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Pieuchot
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore; ,
| | - Gregory Jedd
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore; ,
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Opaliński Ł, Bartoszewska M, Fekken S, Liu H, de Boer R, van der Klei I, Veenhuis M, Kiel JAKW. De novo peroxisome biogenesis in Penicillium chrysogenum is not dependent on the Pex11 family members or Pex16. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35490. [PMID: 22536392 PMCID: PMC3334907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the role of the three members of the Pex11 protein family in peroxisome formation in the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Two of these, Pex11 and Pex11C, are components of the peroxisomal membrane, while Pex11B is present at the endoplasmic reticulum. We show that Pex11 is a major factor involved in peroxisome proliferation. We also demonstrate that P. chrysogenum cells deleted for known peroxisome fission factors (all Pex11 family proteins and Vps1) still contain peroxisomes. Interestingly, we find that, unlike in mammals, Pex16 is not essential for peroxisome biogenesis in P. chrysogenum, as partially functional peroxisomes are present in a pex16 deletion strain. We also show that Pex16 is not involved in de novo biogenesis of peroxisomes, as peroxisomes were still present in quadruple Δpex11 Δpex11B Δpex11C Δpex16 mutant cells. By contrast, pex3 deletion in P. chrysogenum led to cells devoid of peroxisomes, suggesting that Pex3 may function independently of Pex16. Finally, we demonstrate that the presence of intact peroxisomes is important for the efficiency of ß-lactam antibiotics production by P. chrysogenum. Remarkably, distinct from earlier results with low penicillin producing laboratory strains, upregulation of peroxisome numbers in a high producing P. chrysogenum strain had no significant effect on penicillin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Opaliński
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Bartoszewska
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Fekken
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Haiyin Liu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinse de Boer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ida van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marten Veenhuis
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A. K. W. Kiel
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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36
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Proteomics shows new faces for the old penicillin producer Penicillium chrysogenum. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:105109. [PMID: 22318718 PMCID: PMC3270403 DOI: 10.1155/2012/105109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi comprise a vast group of microorganisms including the Ascomycota (majority of all described fungi), the Basidiomycota (mushrooms or higher fungi), and the Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota (basal or lower fungi) that produce industrially interesting secondary metabolites, such as β-lactam antibiotics. These compounds are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs world-wide. Since Fleming's initial discovery of Penicillium notatum 80 years ago, the role of Penicillium as an antimicrobial source became patent. After the isolation of Penicillium chrysogenum NRRL 1951 six decades ago, classical mutagenesis and screening programs led to the development of industrial strains with increased productivity (at least three orders of magnitude). The new “omics” era has provided the key to understand the underlying mechanisms of the industrial strain improvement process. The review of different proteomics methods applied to P. chrysogenum has revealed that industrial modification of this microorganism was a consequence of a careful rebalancing of several metabolic pathways. In addition, the secretome analysis of P. chrysogenum has opened the door to new industrial applications for this versatile filamentous fungus.
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Goh J, Jeon J, Kim KS, Park J, Park SY, Lee YH. The PEX7-mediated peroxisomal import system is required for fungal development and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28220. [PMID: 22194815 PMCID: PMC3237427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, microbodies called peroxisomes play important roles in cellular activities during the life cycle. Previous studies indicate that peroxisomal functions are important for plant infection in many phytopathogenic fungi, but detailed relationships between fungal pathogenicity and peroxisomal function still remain unclear. Here we report the importance of peroxisomal protein import through PTS2 (Peroxisomal Targeting Signal 2) in fungal development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. Using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation library, a pathogenicity-defective mutant was isolated from M. oryzae and identified as a T-DNA insert in the PTS2 receptor gene, MoPEX7. Gene disruption of MoPEX7 abolished peroxisomal localization of a thiolase (MoTHL1) containing PTS2, supporting its role in the peroxisomal protein import machinery. ΔMopex7 showed significantly reduced mycelial growth on media containing short-chain fatty acids as a sole carbon source. ΔMopex7 produced fewer conidiophores and conidia, but conidial germination was normal. Conidia of ΔMopex7 were able to develop appressoria, but failed to cause disease in plant cells, except after wound inoculation. Appressoria formed by ΔMopex7 showed a defect in turgor generation due to a delay in lipid degradation and increased cell wall porosity during maturation. Taken together, our results suggest that the MoPEX7-mediated peroxisomal matrix protein import system is required for fungal development and pathogenicity M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeduk Goh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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38
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Martín JF, Ullán RV, García-Estrada C. Role of peroxisomes in the biosynthesis and secretion of β-lactams and other secondary metabolites. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 39:367-82. [PMID: 22160272 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-1063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles surrounded by a single bilayer membrane, containing a variety of proteins depending on the organism; they mainly perform degradation reactions of toxic metabolites (detoxification), catabolism of linear and branched-chain fatty acids, and removal of H(2)O(2) (formed in some oxidative processes) by catalase. Proteins named peroxins are involved in recruiting, transporting, and introducing the peroxisomal matrix proteins into the peroxisomes. The matrix proteins contain the peroxisomal targeting signals PTS1 and/or PTS2 that are recognized by the peroxins Pex5 and Pex7, respectively. Initial evidence indicated that the penicillin biosynthetic enzyme isopenicillin N acyltransferase (IAT) of Penicillium chrysogenum is located inside peroxisomes. There is now solid evidence (based on electron microscopy and/or biochemical data) confirming that IAT and the phenylacetic acid- and fatty acid-activating enzymes are also located in peroxisomes. Similarly, the Acremonium chrysogenum CefD1 and CefD2 proteins that perform the central reactions (activation and epimerization of isopenicillin N) of the cephalosporin pathway are targeted to peroxisomes. Growing evidence supports the conclusion that some enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of mycotoxins (e.g., AK-toxin), and the biosynthesis of signaling molecules in plants (e.g., jasmonic acid or auxins) occur in peroxisomes. The high concentration of substrates (in many cases toxic to the cytoplasm) and enzymes inside the peroxisomes allows efficient synthesis of metabolites with interesting biological or pharmacological activities. This compartmentalization poses additional challenges to the cell due to the need to import the substrates into the peroxisomes and to export the final products; the transporters involved in these processes are still very poorly known. This article focuses on new aspects of the metabolic processes occurring in peroxisomes, namely the degradation and detoxification processes that lead to the biosynthesis and secretion of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Francisco Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
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39
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Weber SS, Bovenberg RAL, Driessen AJM. Biosynthetic concepts for the production of β-lactam antibiotics in Penicillium chrysogenum. Biotechnol J 2011; 7:225-36. [PMID: 22057844 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Industrial production of β-lactam antibiotics by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum is based on successive classical strain improvement cycles. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the results of this classical strain improvement process, and discusses avenues to improve β-lactam biosynthesis and to exploit P. chrysogenum as an industrial host for the production of other antibiotics and peptide products. Genomic and transcriptional analysis of strain lineages has led to the identification of several important alterations in high-yielding strains, including the amplification of the penicillin biosynthetic gene cluster, elevated transcription of genes involved in biosynthesis of penicillin and amino acid precursors, and genes encoding microbody proliferation factors. In recent years, successful metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches have resulted in the redirection of the penicillin pathway towards the production of cephalosporins. This sets a new direction in industrial antibiotics productions towards more sustainable methods for the fermentative production of unnatural antibiotics and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan S Weber
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Kluyver Center for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Degeneration of penicillin production in ethanol-limited chemostat cultivations of Penicillium chrysogenum: A systems biology approach. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:132. [PMID: 21854586 PMCID: PMC3224390 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background In microbial production of non-catabolic products such as antibiotics a loss of production capacity upon long-term cultivation (for example chemostat), a phenomenon called strain degeneration, is often observed. In this study a systems biology approach, monitoring changes from gene to produced flux, was used to study degeneration of penicillin production in a high producing Penicillium chrysogenum strain during prolonged ethanol-limited chemostat cultivations. Results During these cultivations, the biomass specific penicillin production rate decreased more than 10-fold in less than 22 generations. No evidence was obtained for a decrease of the copy number of the penicillin gene cluster, nor a significant down regulation of the expression of the penicillin biosynthesis genes. However, a strong down regulation of the biosynthesis pathway of cysteine, one of the precursors of penicillin, was observed. Furthermore the protein levels of the penicillin pathway enzymes L-α-(δ-aminoadipyl)-L-α-cystenyl-D-α-valine synthetase (ACVS) and isopenicillin-N synthase (IPNS), decreased significantly. Re-cultivation of fully degenerated cells in unlimited batch culture and subsequent C-limited chemostats did only result in a slight recovery of penicillin production. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the observed degeneration is attributed to a significant decrease of the levels of the first two enzymes of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway, ACVS and IPNS. This decrease is not caused by genetic instability of the penicillin amplicon, neither by down regulation of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore no indications were obtained for degradation of these enzymes as a result of autophagy. Possible causes for the decreased enzyme levels could be a decrease of the translation efficiency of ACVS and IPNS during degeneration, or the presence of a culture variant impaired in the biosynthesis of functional proteins of these enzymes, which outcompeted the high producing part of the population.
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Impact of the Penicillium chrysogenum genome on industrial production of metabolites. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:45-53. [PMID: 21805169 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The genome sequence of Penicillium chrysogenum has initiated a range of fundamental studies, deciphering the genetic secrets of the industrial penicillin producer. More than 60 years of classical strain improvement has resulted in major but delicate rebalancing of the intracellular metabolism leading to the impressive penicillin titres of the current production strains. Several leads for further improvement are being followed up, including the use of P. chrysogenum as a cell factory for other products than β-lactam antibiotics.
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42
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Tanabe Y, Maruyama JI, Yamaoka S, Yahagi D, Matsuo I, Tsutsumi N, Kitamoto K. Peroxisomes are involved in biotin biosynthesis in Aspergillus and Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30455-30461. [PMID: 21730067 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.247338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the eukaryotes only plants and a number of fungi are able to synthesize biotin. Although initial events leading to the biosynthesis of biotin remain largely unknown, the final steps are known to occur in the mitochondria. Here we deleted the Aopex5 and Aopex7 genes encoding the receptors for peroxisomal targeting signals PTS1 and PTS2, respectively, in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. In addition to exhibiting defects in the peroxisomal targeting of either PTS1 or PTS2 proteins, the deletion strains also displayed growth defects on minimal medium containing oleic acid as the sole carbon source. Unexpectedly, these peroxisomal transport-deficient strains also exhibited growth defects on minimal medium containing glucose as the sole carbon source that were remediated by the addition of biotin and its precursors, including 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid (KAPA). Genome database searches in fungi and plants revealed that BioF protein/KAPA synthase, one of the biotin biosynthetic enzymes, has a PTS1 sequence at the C terminus. Fungal ΔbioF strains expressing the fungal and plant BioF proteins lacking PTS1 still exhibited growth defects in the absence of biotin, indicating that peroxisomal targeting of KAPA synthase is crucial for the biotin biosynthesis. Furthermore, in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, AtBioF localized to the peroxisomes through recognition of its PTS1 sequence, suggesting involvement of peroxisomes in biotin biosynthesis in plants. Taken together we demonstrate a novel role for peroxisomes in biotin biosynthesis and suggest the presence of as yet unidentified peroxisomal proteins that function in the earlier steps of biotin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Tanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657
| | - Jun-Ichi Maruyama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657.
| | - Shohei Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657; Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Daiki Yahagi
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657
| | - Ichiro Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Gunma University, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657
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43
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Bartoszewska M, Opaliński L, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ. The significance of peroxisomes in secondary metabolite biosynthesis in filamentous fungi. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1921-31. [PMID: 21660569 PMCID: PMC3173629 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles characterized by a protein-rich matrix surrounded by a single membrane. In filamentous fungi, peroxisomes are crucial for the primary metabolism of several unusual carbon sources used for growth (e.g. fatty acids), but increasing evidence is presented that emphasize the crucial role of these organelles in the formation of a variety of secondary metabolites. In filamentous fungi, peroxisomes also play a role in development and differentiation whereas specialized peroxisomes, the Woronin bodies, play a structural role in plugging septal pores. The biogenesis of peroxisomes in filamentous fungi involves the function of conserved PEX genes, as well as genes that are unique for these organisms. Peroxisomes are also subject to autophagic degradation, a process that involves ATG genes. The interplay between organelle biogenesis and degradation may serve a quality control function, thereby allowing a continuous rejuvenation of the organelle population in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bartoszewska
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
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44
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Van Den Berg M, Gidijala L, Kiela J, Bovenberg R, Vander Keli I. Biosynthesis of active pharmaceuticals: β-lactam biosynthesis in filamentous fungi. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2011; 27:1-32. [PMID: 21415891 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2010.10648143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
β-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins) are of major clinical importance and contribute to over 40% of the total antibiotic market. These compounds are produced as secondary metabolites by certain actinomycetes and filamentous fungi (e.g. Penicillium, Aspergillus and Acremonium species). The industrial producer of penicillin is the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. The enzymes of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway are well characterized and most of them are encoded by genes that are organized in a cluster in the genome. Remarkably, the penicillin biosynthetic pathway is compartmentalized: the initial steps of penicillin biosynthesis are catalyzed by cytosolic enzymes, whereas the two final steps involve peroxisomal enzymes. Here, we describe the biochemical properties of the enzymes of β-lactam biosynthesis in P. chrysogenum and the role of peroxisomes in this process. An overview is given on strain improvement programs via classical mutagenesis and, more recently, genetic engineering, leading to more productive strains. Also, the potential of using heterologous hosts for the development of novel ß-lactam antibiotics and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-based peptides is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Van Den Berg
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), Kluyver Center for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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45
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Meyer V, Wu B, Ram AFJ. Aspergillus as a multi-purpose cell factory: current status and perspectives. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:469-76. [PMID: 21088867 PMCID: PMC3040820 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aspergilli have a long history in biotechnology as expression platforms for the production of food ingredients, pharmaceuticals and enzymes. The achievements made during the last years, however, have the potential to revolutionize Aspergillus biotechnology and to assure Aspergillus a dominant place among microbial cell factories. This mini-review will highlight most recent breakthroughs in fundamental and applied Aspergillus research with a focus on new molecular tools, techniques and products. New trends and concepts related to Aspergillus genomics and systems biology will be discussed as well as the challenges that have to be met to integrate omics data with metabolic engineering attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Meyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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46
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Koetsier MJ, Jekel PA, Wijma HJ, Bovenberg RAL, Janssen DB. Aminoacyl-coenzyme A synthesis catalyzed by a CoA ligase from Penicillium chrysogenum. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:893-8. [PMID: 21334330 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme A ligases play an important role in metabolism by catalyzing the activation of carboxylic acids. In this study we describe the synthesis of aminoacyl-coenzyme As (CoAs) catalyzed by a CoA ligase from Penicillium chrysogenum. The enzyme accepted medium-chain length fatty acids as the best substrates, but the proteinogenic amino acids L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine, as well as the non-proteinogenic amino acids D-phenylalanine, D-tyrosine and (R)- and (S)-β-phenylalanine were also accepted. Of these amino acids, the highest activity was found for (R)-β-phenylalanine, forming (R)-β-phenylalanyl-CoA. Homology modeling suggested that alanine 312 is part of the active site cavity, and mutagenesis (A312G) yielded a variant that has an enhanced catalytic efficiency with β-phenylalanines and D-α-phenylalanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J Koetsier
- Biochemical Laboratory, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
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van Zutphen T, van der Klei IJ. Quantitative analysis of organelle abundance, morphology and dynamics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:127-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Autophagy deficiency promotes beta-lactam production in Penicillium chrysogenum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:1413-22. [PMID: 21169429 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01531-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the significance of autophagy in the production of the β-lactam antibiotic penicillin (PEN) by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. In this fungus PEN production is compartmentalized in the cytosol and in peroxisomes. We demonstrate that under PEN-producing conditions significant amounts of cytosolic and peroxisomal proteins are degraded via autophagy. Morphological analysis, based on electron and fluorescence microscopy, revealed that this phenomenon might contribute to progressive deterioration of late subapical cells. We show that deletion of the P. chrysogenum ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae serine-threonine kinase atg1 results in impairment of autophagy. In P. chrysogenum atg1 cells, a distinct delay in cell degeneration is observed relative to wild-type cells. This phenomenon is associated with an increase in the enzyme levels of the PEN biosynthetic pathway and enhanced production levels of this antibacterial compound.
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Opaliński Ł, Kiel JAKW, Williams C, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ. Membrane curvature during peroxisome fission requires Pex11. EMBO J 2010; 30:5-16. [PMID: 21113128 PMCID: PMC3020119 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pex11p is required for peroxisome proliferation. This study demonstrates that the N-terminus of Pex11p forms an amphipathic helix that generates membrane curvature required for peroxisome fission. Pex11 is a key player in peroxisome proliferation, but the molecular mechanisms of its function are still unknown. Here, we show that Pex11 contains a conserved sequence at the N-terminus that can adopt the structure of an amphipathic helix. Using Penicillium chrysogenum Pex11, we show that this amphipathic helix, termed Pex11-Amph, associates with liposomes in vitro. This interaction is especially evident when negatively charged liposomes are used with a phospholipid content resembling that of peroxisomal membranes. Binding of Pex11-Amph to negatively charged membrane vesicles resulted in strong tubulation. This tubulation of vesicles was also observed when the entire soluble N-terminal domain of Pex11 was used. Using mutant peptides, we demonstrate that maintaining the amphipathic properties of Pex11-Amph in conjunction with retaining its α-helical structure are crucial for its function. We show that the membrane remodelling capacity of the amphipathic helix in Pex11 is conserved from yeast to man. Finally, we demonstrate that mutations abolishing the membrane remodelling activity of the Pex11-Amph domain also hamper the function of full-length Pex11 in peroxisome fission in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Opaliński
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Haren, The Netherlands
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50
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Nonlinear biosynthetic gene cluster dose effect on penicillin production by Penicillium chrysogenum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:7109-15. [PMID: 20851974 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01702-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial penicillin production levels by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum increased dramatically by classical strain improvement. High-yielding strains contain multiple copies of the penicillin biosynthetic gene cluster that encodes three key enzymes of the β-lactam biosynthetic pathway. We have analyzed the gene cluster dose effect on penicillin production using the high-yielding P. chrysogenum strain DS17690 that was cured from its native clusters. The amount of penicillin V produced increased with the penicillin biosynthetic gene cluster number but was saturated at high copy numbers. Likewise, transcript levels of the biosynthetic genes pcbAB [δ-(l-α-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase], pcbC (isopenicillin N synthase), and penDE (acyltransferase) correlated with the cluster copy number. Remarkably, the protein level of acyltransferase, which localizes to peroxisomes, was saturated already at low cluster copy numbers. At higher copy numbers, intracellular levels of isopenicillin N increased, suggesting that the acyltransferase reaction presents a limiting step at a high gene dose. Since the number and appearance of the peroxisomes did not change significantly with the gene cluster copy number, we conclude that the acyltransferase activity is limiting for penicillin biosynthesis at high biosynthetic gene cluster copy numbers. These results suggest that at a high penicillin production level, productivity is limited by the peroxisomal acyltransferase import activity and/or the availability of coenzyme A (CoA)-activated side chains.
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