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Pennerman KK, Gonzalez J, Chenoweth LR, Bennett JW, Yin G, Hua SST. Biocontrol strain Aspergillus flavus WRRL 1519 has differences in chromosomal organization and an increased number of transposon-like elements compared to other strains. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:1507-1522. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jelinski NA, Broz K, Jonkers W, Ma LJ, Kistler HC. Effector Gene Suites in Some Soil Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum Are Not Sufficient Predictors of Vascular Wilt in Tomato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:842-851. [PMID: 28323535 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-16-0437-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-four Fusarium oxysporum soil isolates were assayed for known effector genes present in an F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 tomato wilt strain (FOL MN-25) obtained from the same fields in Manatee County, Florida. Based on the presence or absence of these genes, four haplotypes were defined, two of which represented 96% of the surveyed isolates. These two most common effector haplotypes contained either all or none of the assayed race 3 effector genes. We hypothesized that soil isolates with all surveyed effector genes, similar to FOL MN-25, would be pathogenic toward tomato, whereas isolates lacking all effectors would be nonpathogenic. However, inoculation experiments revealed that presence of the effector genes alone was not sufficient to ensure pathogenicity on tomato. Interestingly, a nonpathogenic isolate containing the full suite of unmutated effector genes (FOS 4-4) appears to have undergone a chromosomal rearrangement yet remains vegetatively compatible with FOL MN-25. These observations confirm the highly dynamic nature of the F. oxysporum genome and support the conclusion that pathogenesis among free-living populations of F. oxysporum is a complex process. Therefore, the presence of effector genes alone may not be an accurate predictor of pathogenicity among soil isolates of F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Jelinski
- First author: Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul 55108; second and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, 1551 Lindig Street, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul 55108; third author: Bejo Zaden BV, Trambaan 1, 1749CZ Warmenhuizen, The Netherlands; and fourth author: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst 01003
| | - Karen Broz
- First author: Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul 55108; second and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, 1551 Lindig Street, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul 55108; third author: Bejo Zaden BV, Trambaan 1, 1749CZ Warmenhuizen, The Netherlands; and fourth author: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst 01003
| | - Wilfried Jonkers
- First author: Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul 55108; second and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, 1551 Lindig Street, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul 55108; third author: Bejo Zaden BV, Trambaan 1, 1749CZ Warmenhuizen, The Netherlands; and fourth author: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst 01003
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- First author: Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul 55108; second and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, 1551 Lindig Street, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul 55108; third author: Bejo Zaden BV, Trambaan 1, 1749CZ Warmenhuizen, The Netherlands; and fourth author: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst 01003
| | - H Corby Kistler
- First author: Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul 55108; second and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, 1551 Lindig Street, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul 55108; third author: Bejo Zaden BV, Trambaan 1, 1749CZ Warmenhuizen, The Netherlands; and fourth author: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst 01003
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Biochemical Characterization of Kat1: a Domesticated hAT-Transposase that Induces DNA Hairpin Formation and MAT-Switching. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21671. [PMID: 26902909 PMCID: PMC4763223 DOI: 10.1038/srep21671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Kluyveromyces lactis hAT-transposase 1 (Kat1) generates hairpin-capped DNA double strand breaks leading to MAT-switching (MATa to MATα). Using purified Kat1, we demonstrate the importance of terminal inverted repeats and subterminal repeats for its endonuclease activity. Kat1 promoted joining of the transposon end into a target DNA molecule in vitro, a biochemical feature that ties Kat1 to transposases. Gas-phase Electrophoretic Mobility Macromolecule analysis revealed that Kat1 can form hexamers when complexed with DNA. Kat1 point mutants were generated in conserved positions to explore structure-function relationships. Mutants of predicted catalytic residues abolished both DNA cleavage and strand-transfer. Interestingly, W576A predicted to be impaired for hairpin formation, was active for DNA cleavage and supported wild type levels of mating-type switching. In contrast, the conserved CXXH motif was critical for hairpin formation because Kat1 C402A/H405A completely blocked hairpinning and switching, but still generated nicks in the DNA. Mutations in the BED zinc-finger domain (C130A/C133A) resulted in an unspecific nuclease activity, presumably due to nonspecific DNA interaction. Kat1 mutants that were defective for cleavage in vitro were also defective for mating-type switching. Collectively, this study reveals Kat1 sharing extensive biochemical similarities with cut and paste transposons despite being domesticated and evolutionary diverged from active transposons.
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MpSaci is a widespread gypsy-Ty3 retrotransposon highly represented by non-autonomous copies in the Moniliophthora perniciosa genome. Curr Genet 2015; 61:185-202. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schmidt SM, Houterman PM, Schreiver I, Ma L, Amyotte S, Chellappan B, Boeren S, Takken FLW, Rep M. MITEs in the promoters of effector genes allow prediction of novel virulence genes in Fusarium oxysporum. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:119. [PMID: 23432788 PMCID: PMC3599309 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici (Fol) has accessory, lineage-specific (LS) chromosomes that can be transferred horizontally between strains. A single LS chromosome in the Fol4287 reference strain harbors all known Fol effector genes. Transfer of this pathogenicity chromosome confers virulence to a previously non-pathogenic recipient strain. We hypothesize that expression and evolution of effector genes is influenced by their genomic context. RESULTS To gain a better understanding of the genomic context of the effector genes, we manually curated the annotated genes on the pathogenicity chromosome and identified and classified transposable elements. Both retro- and DNA transposons are present with no particular overrepresented class. Retrotransposons appear evenly distributed over the chromosome, while DNA transposons tend to concentrate in large chromosomal subregions. In general, genes on the pathogenicity chromosome are dispersed within the repeat landscape. Effector genes are present within subregions enriched for DNA transposons. A miniature Impala (mimp) is always present in their promoters. Although promoter deletion studies of two effector gene loci did not reveal a direct function of the mimp for gene expression, we were able to use proximity to a mimp as a criterion to identify new effector gene candidates. Through xylem sap proteomics we confirmed that several of these candidates encode proteins secreted during plant infection. CONCLUSIONS Effector genes in Fol reside in characteristic subregions on a pathogenicity chromosome. Their genomic context allowed us to develop a method for the successful identification of novel effector genes. Since our approach is not based on effector gene similarity, but on unique genomic features, it can easily be extended to identify effector genes in Fo strains with different host specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Schmidt
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra M Houterman
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Current address: Fachgebiet Medizinische Biotechnologie, Institut für Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisong Ma
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Amyotte
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, 40546-0312, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Biju Chellappan
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Pereira JF, Almeida APMM, Cota J, Pamphile JA, Ferreira da Silva G, de Araújo EF, Gramacho KP, Brommonschenkel SH, Pereira GAG, de Queiroz MV. Boto, a class II transposon in Moniliophthora perniciosa, is the first representative of the PIF/Harbinger superfamily in a phytopathogenic fungus. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:112-125. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.062901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Fernando Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Microbiologia, CEP 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Júnio Cota
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Microbiologia, CEP 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - João Alencar Pamphile
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Gilvan Ferreira da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Microbiologia, CEP 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Elza Fernandes de Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Microbiologia, CEP 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marisa Vieira de Queiroz
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Microbiologia, CEP 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Amyotte SG, Tan X, Pennerman K, Jimenez-Gasco MDM, Klosterman SJ, Ma LJ, Dobinson KF, Veronese P. Transposable elements in phytopathogenic Verticillium spp.: insights into genome evolution and inter- and intra-specific diversification. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:314. [PMID: 22800085 PMCID: PMC3441728 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Verticillium dahliae (Vd) and Verticillium albo-atrum (Va) are cosmopolitan soil fungi causing very disruptive vascular diseases on a wide range of crop plants. To date, no sexual stage has been identified in either microorganism suggesting that somatic mutation is a major force in generating genetic diversity. Whole genome comparative analysis of the recently sequenced strains VdLs.17 and VaMs.102 revealed that non-random insertions of transposable elements (TEs) have contributed to the generation of four lineage-specific (LS) regions in VdLs.17. Results We present here a detailed analysis of Class I retrotransposons and Class II “cut-and-paste” DNA elements detected in the sequenced Verticillium genomes. We report also of their distribution in other Vd and Va isolates from various geographic origins. In VdLs.17, we identified and characterized 56 complete retrotransposons of the Gypsy-, Copia- and LINE-like types, as well as 34 full-length elements of the “cut-and-paste” superfamilies Tc1/mariner, Activator and Mutator. While Copia and Tc1/mariner were present in multiple identical copies, Activator and Mutator sequences were highly divergent. Most elements comprised complete ORFs, had matching ESTs and showed active transcription in response to stress treatment. Noticeably, we found evidences of repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) only in some of the Gypsy retroelements. While Copia-, Gypsy- and Tc1/mariner-like transposons were prominent, a large variation in presence of the other types of mobile elements was detected in the other Verticillium spp. strains surveyed. In particular, neither complete nor defective “cut-and-paste” TEs were found in VaMs.102. Conclusions Copia-, Gypsy- and Tc1/mariner-like transposons are the most wide-spread TEs in the phytopathogens V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum. In VdLs.17, we identified several retroelements and “cut-and-paste” transposons still potentially active. Some of these elements have undergone diversification and subsequent selective amplification after introgression into the fungal genome. Others, such as the ripped Copias, have been potentially acquired by horizontal transfer. The observed biased TE insertion in gene-rich regions within an individual genome (VdLs.17) and the “patchy” distribution among different strains point to the mobile elements as major generators of Verticillium intra- and inter-specific genomic variation.
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Local adaptation of an introduced transgenic insect fungal pathogen due to new beneficial mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:20449-54. [PMID: 22143757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113824108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified Metarhizium spp represent a major new arsenal for combating insect pests and insect-borne diseases. However, for these tools to be used safely and effectively, we need a much better understanding of their evolutionary potential and invasion ecology. In order to model natural as well as anthropogenic dispersal scenarios, we investigated evolutionary processes in a green fluorescent protein tagged strain of Metarhizium robertsii following transfer from a semitropical to a temperate soil community. Adaptive changes occurred over four years despite recurrent genetic bottlenecks and lack of recombination with locally well adapted strains. By coupling microarray-based functional analysis with DNA hybridizations we determined that expression of cell wall and stress response genes evolved at an accelerated rate in multiple replicates, whereas virulence determinants, transposons, and chromosome structure were unaltered. The mutable genes were enriched for TATA boxes possibly because they are larger mutational targets. In further field trials, we showed that the new mutations increased the fitness of M. robertsii in the new range by enhancing saprophytic associations, and these benefits were maintained in subsequent years. Consistent with selection being habitat rather than host specific, populations of an avirulent mutant cycled with seasons similarly to the wild type, whereas a mutant unable to adhere to plant roots showed a linear decrease in population. Our results provide a mechanistic basis for understanding postrelease adaptations, show that agents can be selected that lack gene flow and virulence evolution, and describe a means of genetically containing transgenic strains by disrupting the Mad2 gene.
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de Vega-Bartol JJ, Martín-Dominguez R, Ramos B, García-Sánchez MA, Díaz-Mínguez JM. New virulence groups in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli: the expression of the gene coding for the transcription factor ftf1 correlates with virulence. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 101:470-479. [PMID: 21091181 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-10-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli strains isolated from runner bean plants showing Fusarium wilt symptoms were characterized. The analysis of the genetic diversity of these strains and the comparison with strains formerly isolated from diseased common bean plants grown in the same region of Spain indicated a close genetic similarity among them. Pathogenicity assays carried out on runner bean plants showed virulence differences that allowed the classification of these strains into three groups: super virulent, highly virulent, and weakly virulent. However, all the analyzed strains behaved as highly virulent when inoculated on common bean plants, indicating that virulence is specific of the host-pathogen interaction. We also analyzed the number of copies and expression of the gene encoding the transcription factor ftf1, which has been shown to be specific of virulent F. oxysporum strains and highly up-regulated during plant infection. In planta real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction expression analysis showed that expression of ftf1 was correlated with the degree of virulence. The comparative analysis of the polymorphic copies of ftf1 detected in the strains here characterized and those detected in the genome sequence of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici strain 4287 indicates that some of the copies are likely nonfunctional.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J de Vega-Bartol
- Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Dpto. Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Duero 12, Villamayor, 37185–Salamanca, Spain
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Casteret S, Moiré N, Aupinel P, Tasei JN, Bigot Y. Profile of the mosaic element BTMR1 in the genome of the bumble bee Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 20:153-164. [PMID: 20958807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2010.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Co-evolution involving a mariner transposon, Botmar1 and the other repeats contained in the Bombus terrestris genome was investigated. We found that the 5'-region of Botmar1 forms one of the components of a mosaic element, known as B. terrestris mosaic repeat 1 (BTMR1), which is also composed of inner segments originating from two different retrotransposons and a pseudogene corresponding to an RNA methyltransferase cDNA. The fact that BTMR1 is interspersed within chromosomes and the differences in its abundance in different species indicate that it is very probably a mobile element. Nevertheless, the absences of direct or inverted repeats at its ends and of target site duplication indicate that its mobility is not ensured by a cardinal transposable element, but putatively by a Crypton-like element.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Casteret
- UMR CNRS 6239, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France
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Ogasawara H, Obata H, Hata Y, Takahashi S, Gomi K. Crawler, a novel Tc1/mariner-type transposable element in Aspergillus oryzae transposes under stress conditions. Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 46:441-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mondego JMC, Carazzolle MF, Costa GGL, Formighieri EF, Parizzi LP, Rincones J, Cotomacci C, Carraro DM, Cunha AF, Carrer H, Vidal RO, Estrela RC, García O, Thomazella DPT, de Oliveira BV, Pires AB, Rio MCS, Araújo MRR, de Moraes MH, Castro LAB, Gramacho KP, Gonçalves MS, Neto JPM, Neto AG, Barbosa LV, Guiltinan MJ, Bailey BA, Meinhardt LW, Cascardo JC, Pereira GAG. A genome survey of Moniliophthora perniciosa gives new insights into Witches' Broom Disease of cacao. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:548. [PMID: 19019209 PMCID: PMC2644716 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The basidiomycete fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of Witches' Broom Disease (WBD) in cacao (Theobroma cacao). It is a hemibiotrophic pathogen that colonizes the apoplast of cacao's meristematic tissues as a biotrophic pathogen, switching to a saprotrophic lifestyle during later stages of infection. M. perniciosa, together with the related species M. roreri, are pathogens of aerial parts of the plant, an uncommon characteristic in the order Agaricales. A genome survey (1.9× coverage) of M. perniciosa was analyzed to evaluate the overall gene content of this phytopathogen. Results Genes encoding proteins involved in retrotransposition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) resistance, drug efflux transport and cell wall degradation were identified. The great number of genes encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (1.15% of gene models) indicates that M. perniciosa has a great potential for detoxification, production of toxins and hormones; which may confer a high adaptive ability to the fungus. We have also discovered new genes encoding putative secreted polypeptides rich in cysteine, as well as genes related to methylotrophy and plant hormone biosynthesis (gibberellin and auxin). Analysis of gene families indicated that M. perniciosa have similar amounts of carboxylesterases and repertoires of plant cell wall degrading enzymes as other hemibiotrophic fungi. In addition, an approach for normalization of gene family data using incomplete genome data was developed and applied in M. perniciosa genome survey. Conclusion This genome survey gives an overview of the M. perniciosa genome, and reveals that a significant portion is involved in stress adaptation and plant necrosis, two necessary characteristics for a hemibiotrophic fungus to fulfill its infection cycle. Our analysis provides new evidence revealing potential adaptive traits that may play major roles in the mechanisms of pathogenicity in the M. perniciosa/cacao pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M C Mondego
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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van der Does HC, Duyvesteijn RG, Goltstein PM, van Schie CC, Manders EM, Cornelissen BJ, Rep M. Expression of effector gene SIX1 of Fusarium oxysporum requires living plant cells. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1257-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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van der Does HC, Lievens B, Claes L, Houterman PM, Cornelissen BJC, Rep M. The presence of a virulence locus discriminates Fusarium oxysporum isolates causing tomato wilt from other isolates. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:1475-85. [PMID: 18312397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is an asexual fungus that inhabits soils throughout the world. As a species, F. oxysporum can infect a very broad range of plants and cause wilt or root rot disease. Single isolates of F. oxysporum, however, usually infect one or a few plant species only. They have therefore been grouped into formae speciales (f.sp.) based on host specificity. Isolates able to cause tomato wilt (f.sp. lycopersici) do not have a single common ancestor within the F. oxysporum species complex. Here we show that, despite their polyphyletic origin, isolates belonging to f.sp. lycopersici all contain an identical genomic region of at least 8 kb that is absent in other formae speciales and non-pathogenic isolates, and comprises the genes SIX1, SIX2 and SHH1. In addition, SIX3, which lies elsewhere on the same chromosome, is also unique for f.sp. lycopersici. SIX1 encodes a virulence factor towards tomato, and the Six1, Six2 and Six3 proteins are secreted in xylem during colonization of tomato plants. We speculate that these genes may be part of a larger, dispensable region of the genome that confers the ability to cause tomato wilt and has spread among clonal lines of F. oxysporum through horizontal gene transfer. Our findings also have practical implications for the detection and identification of f.sp. lycopersici.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Charlotte van der Does
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van der Does HC, Rep M. Virulence genes and the evolution of host specificity in plant-pathogenic fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:1175-82. [PMID: 17918619 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-10-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the fungal kingdom, the ability to cause disease in plants appears to have arisen multiple times during evolution. In many cases, the ability to infect particular plant species depends on specific genes that distinguish virulent fungi from their sometimes closely related nonvirulent relatives. These genes encode host-determining "virulence factors," including small, secreted proteins and enzymes involved in the synthesis of toxins. These virulence factors typically are involved in evolutionary arms races between plants and pathogens. We briefly summarize current knowledge of these virulence factors from several fungal species in terms of function, phylogenetic distribution, sequence variation, and genomic location. Second, we address some issues that are relevant to the evolution of virulence in fungi toward plants; in particular, horizontal gene transfer and the genomic organization of virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Charlotte van der Does
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94062, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ramos B, Alves-Santos FM, García-Sánchez MA, Martín-Rodrigues N, Eslava AP, Díaz-Mínguez JM. The gene coding for a new transcription factor (ftf1) of Fusarium oxysporum is only expressed during infection of common bean. Fungal Genet Biol 2007; 44:864-76. [PMID: 17462924 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation and analysis of the gene encoding ftf1 (Fusarium transcription factor 1), a previously undescribed putative transcription factor from highly virulent strains of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli that is transcribed specifically during early stages of infection of its host common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The predicted 1080 amino acid ftf1 protein contains a Zn(II)2-Cys6 binuclear cluster DNA-binding motif. ftf1 expression during axenic growth in culture was not detected by either Northern or RT-PCR. On the contrary, in planta transcription of ftf1 is increased about 24h after plant inoculation, as detected by real-time RT-PCR. This result suggests that ftf1 has a role in the establishment of the fungus within the plant and/or the progress of the disease. Multiple copies of ftf1 are present in highly virulent strains of F. oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brisa Ramos
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Avda, Campo Charro s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Petit A, Rouleux-Bonnin F, Lambelé M, Pollet N, Bigot Y. Properties of the various Botmar1 transcripts in imagoes of the bumble bee, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Gene 2007; 390:52-66. [PMID: 17088026 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Botmar1 elements are mariner-like elements (MLEs), class II transposable elements that occur in the genome of the bumble bee, Bombus terrestris. Each haploid B. terrestris genome contains about 230 Botmar1, consisting entirely of 1.3-kb and 0.85-kb elements. During their evolution in the B. terrestris genome, two Botmar1 lineages have been differentiated in terms of their nucleic acid sequences and the differences found in their 5' untranslated regions suggest that they could be transcribed differently in B. terrestris. Here, we show that small amounts of Botmar1 mRNA occur in RNA extracts purified from B. terrestris imagoes. This indicates that the Botmar1 transcription is either weak in imagoes, or is restricted to very few cells. The cloning of several mRNAs reveals that only lineage-2 Botmar1 elements are transcribed. This transcription is specific, and uses cardinal initiators and terminators of eukaryotic elements in the Botmar1 elements. The intrastrand stem-loop folds in the mRNA theoretically synthesized by elements of the first lineage suggest that mRNA maintenance in cells might be self-regulated by RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Petit
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Parasites Génétiques, FRE-CNRS 2969, Université François Rabelais, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Bâtiment L, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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18
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Rep M. Small proteins of plant-pathogenic fungi secreted during host colonization. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 253:19-27. [PMID: 16216445 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small proteins secreted by plant pathogenic fungi in their hosts have been implicated in disease symptom development as well as in R-gene mediated disease resistance. Characteristically, this class of proteins shows very limited phylogenetic distribution, possibly due to accelerated evolution stimulated by plant-pathogen arms races. Partly due to lack of clues from primary sequences, insight into the biochemical functions or molecular targets of these proteins has been slow to emerge. However, for some proteins important progress has recently been made in this direction. Expression of the genes for small secreted proteins is in many cases specifically induced after infection, which should help to advance our still very limited understanding of how plant pathogens recognize and respond to the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Rep
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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