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Li X, Wang X, Liang F, Wang Z, Liu W, Ge Y, Yang S, Liu Y, Li Y, Cheng X, Li W. Biological characteristics of Cordyceps militaris single mating-type strains. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:225. [PMID: 38642078 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris has been extensively cultivated as a model cordyceps species for commercial purposes. Nevertheless, the problems related to strain degeneration and breeding technologies remain unresolved. This study assessed the physiology and fertility traits of six C. militaris strains with distinct origins and characteristics, focusing on single mating-type strains. The results demonstrated that the three identified strains (CMDB01, CMSY01, and CMJB02) were single mating-type possessing only one mating-type gene (MAT1-1). In contrast, the other three strains (CMXF07, CMXF09, and CMMS05) were the dual mating type. The MAT1-1 strains sourced from CMDB01, CMSY01, and CMJB02 consistently produced sporocarps but failed to generate ascospores. However, when paired with MAT1-2 strains, the MAT1-1 strains with slender fruiting bodies and normal morphology were fertile. The hyphal growth rate of single mating-type strains (CMDB01, CMSY01, and CMJB02) typically surpassed that of dual mating-type strains (CMXF07, CMXF09, and CMMS05). The growth rates of MAT1-2 and MAT1-1 strains were proportional to their ratios, such that a single mating-type strain with a higher ratio exhibited an increased growth rate. As C. militaris matured, the adenosine content decreased. In summary, the C. militaris strains that consistently produce sporocarps and have a single mating type are highly promising for production and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu'E Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Fengji Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Zhaoxin Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Wenshuo Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Yupeng Ge
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Shude Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Yin Li
- Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Xianhao Cheng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China.
- Yantai Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Technology Innovation Center, Yantai, 264013, China.
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, No.186, Hongqi Mid-Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
| | - Weihuan Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China.
- Yantai Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Technology Innovation Center, Yantai, 264013, China.
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, No.186, Hongqi Mid-Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
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Barreira T, Corrêa-Moreira D, de Moraes Borba C, Menezes RC, de Moraes AML, Oliveira MME. The Mating Type (MAT) and Virulence of Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto Isolates Maintained in Culture Collection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2335. [PMID: 37764179 PMCID: PMC10536860 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to determine the mating type of different Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto isolates that remained viable after a long period of preservation in a culture collection and to correlate them with the degree of virulence/pathogenicity, a PCR technique using primers designed for the sequences of MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes and a murine experimental model were used. The results showed that there was no correlation between the mating type and virulence among the isolates. Furthermore, different degrees of virulence/pathogenicity, ranging from high to low, were found among them based on different virulence parameters. It was assumed that the long period of preservation favored the changes, yielding the isolation of variants. Thus, we believe that new technologies for studies on factors can improve our knowledge of the pathogenesis of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Barreira
- Laboratory and Facility Multi-User, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Danielly Corrêa-Moreira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.d.M.B.); (A.M.L.d.M.)
| | - Cintia de Moraes Borba
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.d.M.B.); (A.M.L.d.M.)
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Aurea Maria Lage de Moraes
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.d.M.B.); (A.M.L.d.M.)
| | - Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.d.M.B.); (A.M.L.d.M.)
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Abstract
True morels (Morchella spp., Morchellaceae, Ascomycota) are widely regarded as a highly prized delicacy and are of great economic and scientific value. Recently, the rapid development of cultivation technology and expansion of areas for artificial morel cultivation have propelled morel research into a hot topic. Many studies have been conducted in various aspects of morel biology, but despite this, cultivation sites still frequently report failure to fruit or only low production of fruiting bodies. Key problems include the gap between cultivation practices and basic knowledge of morel biology. In this review, in an effort to highlight the mating systems, evolution, and life cycle of morels, we summarize the current state of knowledge of morel sexual reproduction, the structure and evolution of mating-type genes, the sexual process itself, and the influence of mating-type genes on the asexual stages and conidium production. Understanding of these processes is critical for improving technology for the cultivation of morels and for scaling up their commercial production. Morel species may well be good candidates as model species for improving sexual development research in ascomycetes in the future.
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Kimunye JN, Muzhinji N, Mostert D, Viljoen A, Bester-van der Merwe AE, Mahuku G. Genetic Diversity and Mating Type Distribution of Pseudocercospora fijiensis on Banana in Uganda and Tanzania. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:741-750. [PMID: 32931393 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-20-0138-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black Sigatoka, caused by Pseudocercospora fijiensis, is a major foliar disease of banana and plantain worldwide. There are few available data regarding the genetic diversity and population structure of the pathogen in East Africa, which are needed to design effective and durable disease management strategies. We genotyped 319 single-spore isolates of P. fijiensis collected from seven regions in Uganda and Tanzania and five isolates from Nigeria using 16 simple sequence repeat markers and mating type-specific primers. Isolates from each country and region within the country were treated as populations and subpopulations, respectively. A total of 296 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were recovered, representing a clonal fraction of 7%. Subpopulations had a moderate level of genetic diversity (Hexp = 0.12 to 0.31; mean, 0.29). Mating type distribution did not deviate from equilibrium (MAT1-1: MAT1-2, 1:1 ratio) in Uganda; however, in Tanzania the mating types were not in equilibrium (4:1 ratio). The index of association tests (IA and r̄d) showed that all populations were at linkage equilibrium (P > 0.05), thus supporting the hypothesis of random association of alleles. These findings are consistent with a pathogen that reproduces both clonally and sexually. Low and insignificant levels of population differentiation were detected, with 90% of the variation occurring among isolates within subpopulations. The high intrapopulation variation has implications in breeding for resistance to P. fijiensis because isolates differing in aggressiveness and virulence are likely to exist over small spatial scales. Diverse isolates will be required for resistance screening to ensure selection of banana cultivars with durable resistance to Sigatoka in East Africa.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet N Kimunye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Plant Pathology, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Norman Muzhinji
- Department of Applied and Natural Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 13388, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Diane Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | | | - George Mahuku
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box, 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Fungal Evolution in Anthropogenic Environments: Botrytis cinerea Populations Infecting Small Fruit Hosts in the Pacific Northwest Rapidly Adapt to Human-Induced Selection Pressures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02908-19. [PMID: 32086310 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02908-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fungal pathogens have short generation times, large population sizes, and mixed reproductive systems, providing high potential to adapt to heterogeneous environments of agroecosystems. Such adaptation complicates disease management and threatens food production. A better understanding of pathogen population biology in such environments is important to reveal key aspects of adaptive divergence processes to allow improved disease management. Here, we studied how evolutionary forces shape population structure of Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, in the Pacific Northwest agroecosystems. Populations of B. cinerea from adjacent fields of small fruit hosts were characterized by combining neutral markers (microsatellites) with markers that directly respond to human-induced selection pressures (fungicide resistance). Populations were diverse, without evidence for recombination and association of pathogen genotype with host. Populations were highly localized with limited migration even among adjacent fields within a farm. A fungicide resistance marker revealed strong selection on population structure due to fungicide use. We found no association of resistance allele with genetic background, suggesting de novo development of fungicide resistance and frequent extinction/recolonization events by different genotypes rather than the spread of resistance alleles among fields via migration of a dominant genotype. Overall our results showed that in agroecosystems, B. cinerea populations respond strongly to selection by fungicide use with greater effect on population structure compared to adaptation to host plant species. This knowledge will be used to improve disease management by developing strategies that limit pathogen local adaptation to fungicides and other human-induced selection pressures present in Pacific Northwest agroecosystems and elsewhere.IMPORTANCE Agroecosystems represent an efficient model for studying fungal adaptation and evolution in anthropogenic environments. In this work, we studied what evolutionary forces shape populations of one of the most important fungal plant pathogens, B. cinerea, in small fruit agroecosystems of the Pacific Northwest. We hypothesized that host, geographic, and anthropogenic factors of agroecosystems structure B. cinerea populations. By combining neutral markers with markers that directly respond to human-induced selection pressures, we show that pathogen populations are highly localized and that selection pressure caused by fungicide use can have a greater effect on population structure than adaptation to host. Our results give a better understanding of population biology and evolution of this important plant pathogen in heterogeneous environments but also provide a practical framework for the development of efficient management strategies by limiting pathogen adaptation to fungicides and other human-induced selection pressures present in agroecosystems of the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere.
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Du XH, Wu D, Kang H, Wang H, Xu N, Li T, Chen K. Heterothallism and potential hybridization events inferred for twenty-two yellow morel species. IMA Fungus 2020; 11:4. [PMID: 32617256 PMCID: PMC7325075 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-020-0027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mating-type genes are central to sexual reproduction in ascomycete fungi and result in the establishment of reproductive barriers. Together with hybridization, they both play important roles in the evolution of fungi. Recently, potential hybridization events and MAT genes were separately found in the Elata Clade of Morchella. Herein, we characterized the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes of twenty-two species in the Esculenta Clade, another main group in the genus Morchella, and proved heterothallism to be the predominant mating strategy among the twenty-two species tested. Ascospores of these species were multi-nuclear and had many mitochondrial nucleoids. The number of ascospore nuclei might be positively related with the species distribution range. Phylogenetic analyses of MAT1-1-1, MAT1-2-1, intergenic spacer (IGS), and partial histone acetyltransferase ELP3 (F1) were performed and compared with the species phylogeny framework derived from the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-a) to evaluate their species delimitation ability and investigate potential hybridization events. Conflicting topologies among these genes genealogies and the species phylogeny were revealed and hybridization events were detected between several species. Different evolutionary patterns were suggested for MAT genes between the Esculenta and the Elata Clades. Complex evolutionary trajectories of MAT1-1-1, MAT1-2-1, F1 and IGS in the Esculenta Clade were highlighted. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the importance of hybridization and gene transfer in Morchella and especially for the appearance of reproductive modes during its evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hui Du
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy Agricultural Reclamation of Sciences, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Heng Kang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Hanchen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Nan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Keliang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
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Dai Y, Gan L, Ruan H, Shi N, Du Y, Chen F, Yang X. Characterization of Natural Isolates of Bipolaris maydis Associated with Mating Types, Genetic Diversity, and Pathogenicity in Fujian Province, China. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:323-329. [PMID: 31841376 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-19-0650-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to the natural destructiveness and persistence of the southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) fungus Bipolaris maydis (Nisikado et Miyake) Shoem, the characterization of B. maydis field isolates is essential to guide the rational distribution of resistant materials in corn-growing regions. In the present study, 102 field isolates collected from seven locations covering the entire region of Fujian Province, China, were assessed for mating type distribution, genetic diversity, and pathogenicity toward local sweet corn cultivars. Mating type detection via polymerase chain reaction indicated that 36.3 and 63.7% of isolates were MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, respectively; more than 80% of these isolates were confirmed using cross assays with known mating type isolates. Thirteen intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers within and among two mating type populations revealed a high level of DNA polymorphism for all combined isolates and between MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 populations. The MAT1-2 population was more diverse based on DNA polymorphism than the MAT1-1 population. The value of GST was 0.0070, ranging from 0.0399 to 0.3044 based on analysis of combined isolates and individual regional populations, respectively, suggesting the presence of genetic differentiation in the two mating type populations from different locations. Pathogenicity assays revealed that both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 populations were pathogenic to all 11 local sweet corn cultivars tested in this study. The potential of sexual reproduction, existence of genetic diversity in the two mating type populations, and pathogenicity suggest that B. maydis populations have independently clonally adapted under natural field conditions during corn cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Dai
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350013, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350013, China
| | - Hongchun Ruan
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350013, China
| | - Niuniu Shi
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350013, China
| | - Yixin Du
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350013, China
| | - Furu Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350013, China
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350013, China
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Stewart EL, Croll D, Lendenmann MH, Sanchez‐Vallet A, Hartmann FE, Palma‐Guerrero J, Ma X, McDonald BA. Quantitative trait locus mapping reveals complex genetic architecture of quantitative virulence in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:201-216. [PMID: 27868326 PMCID: PMC6638037 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive analysis of virulence in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici using quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. High-throughput phenotyping based on automated image analysis allowed the measurement of pathogen virulence on a scale and with a precision that was not previously possible. Across two mapping populations encompassing more than 520 progeny, 540 710 pycnidia were counted and their sizes and grey values were measured. A significant correlation was found between pycnidia size and both spore size and number. Precise measurements of percentage leaf area covered by lesions provided a quantitative measure of host damage. Combining these large and accurate phenotypic datasets with a dense panel of restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) genetic markers enabled us to genetically dissect pathogen virulence into components related to host damage and those related to pathogen reproduction. We showed that different components of virulence can be under separate genetic control. Large- and small-effect QTLs were identified for all traits, with some QTLs specific to mapping populations, cultivars and traits and other QTLs shared among traits within the same mapping population. We associated the presence of four accessory chromosomes with small, but significant, increases in several virulence traits, providing the first evidence for a meaningful function associated with accessory chromosomes in this organism. A large-effect QTL involved in host specialization was identified on chromosome 7, leading to the identification of candidate genes having a large effect on virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan l. Stewart
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2Zürich8092Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2Zürich8092Switzerland
| | - Mark H. Lendenmann
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2Zürich8092Switzerland
| | | | - Fanny E. Hartmann
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2Zürich8092Switzerland
| | | | - Xin Ma
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2Zürich8092Switzerland
| | - Bruce A. McDonald
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2Zürich8092Switzerland
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Monteiro MC, Garcia-Rubio R, Alcazar-Fuoli L, Peláez T, Mellado E. Could the determination of Aspergillus fumigatus mating type have prognostic value in invasive aspergillosis? Mycoses 2017; 61:172-178. [PMID: 29082564 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A clear link between mating type and virulence has been demonstrated for some fungal pathogens, but not for Aspergillus fumigatus as of yet. An association between mating type and invasiveness has recently been established. The mating type proportion (MAT1-1:MAT1-2) of 213 A. fumigatus strains was determined (48.5%:51.5%) and results were in agreement with previous studies. However, these percentages changed when the strain collection was divided into azole-susceptible and -resistant strains. The 163 susceptible strains kept these proportions, but among the 50 azole-resistant strains 60.0% MAT1-1 and 40% MAT1-2 were found. Moreover, looking at the clinical outcome associated to 27 azole-resistant strains, we found that MAT1-1 was linked to a high mortality rate (64%), whereas the rate associated to MAT1-2 genotype was markedly lower (15%). The pathogenicity linked to the Mat type was tested in a Galleria mellonella model of infection, showing that MAT1-1 strains were consistently more pathogenic than MAT1-2, independently of their susceptibility phenotype. This data would suggest that A. fumigatus mating type determination at the time of diagnosis could have a prognostic value in invasive aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Candida Monteiro
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Garcia-Rubio
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Alcazar-Fuoli
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Peláez
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Mellado
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Mixed-reproductive strategies, competitive mating-type distribution and life cycle of fourteen black morel species. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1493. [PMID: 28473711 PMCID: PMC5431422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Morchella species are well known world-round as popular and prized edible fungi due to their unique culinary flavor. Recently, several species have been successfully cultivated in China. However, their reproductive modes are still unknown, and their basic biology needs to be elucidated. Here, we use the morel genome information to investigate mating systems and life cycles of fourteen black morel species. Mating type-specific primers were developed to screen and genotype ascospores, hymenia and stipes from 223 ascocarps of the 14 species from Asia and Europe. Our data indicated that they are all heterothallic and their life cycles are predominantly haploid, but sterile haploid fruiting also exists. Ascospores in all species are mostly haploid, homokaryotic, and multinuclear, whereas aborted ascospores without any nuclei were also detected. Interestingly, we monitored divergent spatial distribution of both mating types in natural morel populations and cultivated sites, where the fertile tissue of fruiting bodies usually harbored both mating types, whereas sterile tissue of wild morels constantly had one MAT allele, while the sterile tissue of cultivated strains always exhibited both MAT alleles. Furthermore, MAT1-1-1 was detected significantly more commonly than MAT1-2-1 in natural populations, which strongly suggested a competitive advantage for MAT1-1 strains.
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11
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Zhong Z, Marcel TC, Hartmann FE, Ma X, Plissonneau C, Zala M, Ducasse A, Confais J, Compain J, Lapalu N, Amselem J, McDonald BA, Croll D, Palma-Guerrero J. A small secreted protein in Zymoseptoria tritici is responsible for avirulence on wheat cultivars carrying the Stb6 resistance gene. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:619-631. [PMID: 28164301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch, a major pathogen of wheat globally and the most damaging pathogen of wheat in Europe. A gene-for-gene (GFG) interaction between Z. tritici and wheat cultivars carrying the Stb6 resistance gene has been postulated for many years, but the genes have not been identified. We identified AvrStb6 by combining quantitative trait locus mapping in a cross between two Swiss strains with a genome-wide association study using a natural population of c. 100 strains from France. We functionally validated AvrStb6 using ectopic transformations. AvrStb6 encodes a small, cysteine-rich, secreted protein that produces an avirulence phenotype on wheat cultivars carrying the Stb6 resistance gene. We found 16 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms among the tested strains, indicating that AvrStb6 is evolving very rapidly. AvrStb6 is located in a highly polymorphic subtelomeric region and is surrounded by transposable elements, which may facilitate its rapid evolution to overcome Stb6 resistance. AvrStb6 is the first avirulence gene to be functionally validated in Z. tritici, contributing to our understanding of avirulence in apoplastic pathogens and the mechanisms underlying GFG interactions between Z. tritici and wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Zhong
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry C Marcel
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Fanny E Hartmann
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xin Ma
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Plissonneau
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Marcello Zala
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Ducasse
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Johann Confais
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Jérôme Compain
- UR URGI, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Lapalu
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- UR URGI, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Joëlle Amselem
- UR URGI, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, University of Neuchâtel Institute of Biology Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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12
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Palma-Guerrero J, Ma X, Torriani SFF, Zala M, Francisco CS, Hartmann FE, Croll D, McDonald BA. Comparative Transcriptome Analyses in Zymoseptoria tritici Reveal Significant Differences in Gene Expression Among Strains During Plant Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:231-244. [PMID: 28121239 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-16-0146-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is an ascomycete fungus that causes Septoria tritici blotch, a globally distributed foliar disease on wheat. Z. tritici populations are highly polymorphic and exhibit significant quantitative variation for virulence. Despite its importance, the genes responsible for quantitative virulence in this pathogen remain largely unknown. We investigated the expression profiles of four Z. tritici strains differing in virulence in an experiment conducted under uniform environmental conditions. Transcriptomes were compared at four different infection stages to characterize the regulation of gene families thought to be involved in virulence and to identify new virulence factors. The major components of the fungal infection transcriptome showed consistent expression profiles across strains. However, strain-specific regulation was observed for many genes, including some encoding putative virulence factors. We postulate that strain-specific regulation of virulence factors can determine the outcome of Z. tritici infections. We show that differences in gene expression may be major determinants of virulence variation among Z. tritici strains, adding to the already known contributions to virulence variation based on differences in gene sequence and gene presence/absence polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Palma-Guerrero
- 1 Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Xin Ma
- 1 Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Stefano F F Torriani
- 1 Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and
- 2 Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Zala
- 1 Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Carolina S Francisco
- 1 Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Fanny E Hartmann
- 1 Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Daniel Croll
- 1 Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- 1 Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and
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13
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Mary Olowe O, Christopher Odebode A, Joseph Olawuyi O, Sobowale AA. Molecular Variability of <i>Fusarium verticillioides</i> (Sacc.) in Maize from Three Agro-Ecological Zones of Southwest Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/ajmb.2017.71003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Zhan F, Xie Y, Zhu W, Sun D, McDonald BA, Zhan J. Linear Correlation Analysis of Zymoseptoria tritici Aggressiveness with In Vitro Growth Rate. PHYTOPATHOLOGY® 2016; 106:1255-1261. [PMID: 27348342 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-15-0338-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is a globally distributed plant-pathogenic fungus causing Septoria tritici blotch of wheat. In this study, the in vitro growth rates and aggressiveness of 141 genetically distinct isolates sampled from four wheat fields on three continents were assessed to determine the association of these two ecological parameters. Aggressiveness was assessed on two spring wheat cultivars (‘Toronit’ and ‘Greina’) in a greenhouse using percentages of leaf area covered by lesions and pycnidia. We found a positive correlation between aggressiveness of pathogen strains on the two cultivars, consistent with a quantitative and host-nonspecific interaction in this pathosystem. We also found a positive correlation between aggressiveness and average growth rate at two temperatures, suggesting that in vitro pathogen growth rate may make a significant contribution to pathogen aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhan
- First, second, third, and fourth authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; fifth author: Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, LFW, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland; and sixth author: Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou
| | - Yiekun Xie
- First, second, third, and fourth authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; fifth author: Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, LFW, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland; and sixth author: Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou
| | - Wen Zhu
- First, second, third, and fourth authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; fifth author: Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, LFW, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland; and sixth author: Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou
| | - Danli Sun
- First, second, third, and fourth authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; fifth author: Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, LFW, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland; and sixth author: Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou
| | - Bruce A. McDonald
- First, second, third, and fourth authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; fifth author: Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, LFW, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland; and sixth author: Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- First, second, third, and fourth authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; fifth author: Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, LFW, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland; and sixth author: Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou
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15
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Croll D, McDonald BA. The genetic basis of local adaptation for pathogenic fungi in agricultural ecosystems. Mol Ecol 2016; 26:2027-2040. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Croll
- Plant Pathology; Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zurich; 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Bruce A. McDonald
- Plant Pathology; Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zurich; 8092 Zurich Switzerland
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16
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Burdon JJ, Zhan J, Barrett LG, Papaïx J, Thrall PH. Addressing the Challenges of Pathogen Evolution on the World's Arable Crops. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1117-1127. [PMID: 27584868 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-16-0036-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in genomic and molecular technologies coupled with an increasing understanding of the fine structure of many resistance and infectivity genes, have opened up a new era of hope in controlling the many plant pathogens that continue to be a major source of loss in arable crops. Some new approaches are under consideration including the use of nonhost resistance and the targeting of critical developmental constraints. However, the major thrust of these genomic and molecular approaches is to enhance the identification of resistance genes, to increase their ease of manipulation through marker and gene editing technologies and to lock a range of resistance genes together in simply manipulable resistance gene cassettes. All these approaches essentially continue a strategy that assumes the ability to construct genetic-based resistance barriers that are insurmountable to target pathogens. Here we show how the recent advances in knowledge and marker technologies can be used to generate more durable disease resistance strategies that are based on broad evolutionary principles aimed at presenting pathogens with a shifting, landscape of fluctuating directional selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Burdon
- First and second authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; first, third, and fifth authors: CSIRO Agriculture, PO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia; and fourth author: INRA Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, Domaine Saint-Paul AgroParc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- First and second authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; first, third, and fifth authors: CSIRO Agriculture, PO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia; and fourth author: INRA Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, Domaine Saint-Paul AgroParc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Luke G Barrett
- First and second authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; first, third, and fifth authors: CSIRO Agriculture, PO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia; and fourth author: INRA Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, Domaine Saint-Paul AgroParc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Julien Papaïx
- First and second authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; first, third, and fifth authors: CSIRO Agriculture, PO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia; and fourth author: INRA Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, Domaine Saint-Paul AgroParc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Peter H Thrall
- First and second authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; first, third, and fifth authors: CSIRO Agriculture, PO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia; and fourth author: INRA Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, Domaine Saint-Paul AgroParc, 84914 Avignon, France
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17
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McDonald BA, Mundt CC. How Knowledge of Pathogen Population Biology Informs Management of Septoria Tritici Blotch. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:948-55. [PMID: 27111799 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-16-0131-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici (previously Mycosphaerella graminicola) causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB) on wheat. The population biology of Z. tritici has been exceptionally well characterized as a result of intensive studies conducted over nearly 30 years. These studies provided important insights into the biology, epidemiology and evolutionary history of Z. tritici that will prove useful for management of STB. The well-documented, rapid adaptation of Z. tritici populations to fungicide applications and deployment of wheat cultivars carrying both major gene and quantitative resistance reflects the high evolutionary potential predicted by the large effective population size, high degree of gene flow and high levels of recombination found in field populations of Z. tritici globally. QST studies that assessed the global diversity for several important quantitative traits confirmed the adaptive potential of field populations and laid the groundwork for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping studies. QTL mapping elucidated the genetic architecture of each trait and led to identification of candidate genes affecting fungicide resistance, thermal adaptation, virulence, and host specialization. The insights that emerged through these analyses of Z. tritici population biology can now be used to generate actionable disease management strategies aimed at sustainably reducing losses due to STB. The high evolutionary potential found in field populations of Z. tritici requires deployment of a corresponding dynamically diverse set of control measures that integrate cultural, chemical, biological and resistance breeding strategies. In this review, we describe and prioritize STB control strategies based on current knowledge of Z. tritici population biology and propose a future research agenda oriented toward long-term STB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A McDonald
- First author: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and second author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - Christopher C Mundt
- First author: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and second author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
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18
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Palma-Guerrero J, Torriani SFF, Zala M, Carter D, Courbot M, Rudd JJ, McDonald BA, Croll D. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of Zymoseptoria tritici strains show complex lifestyle transitions and intraspecific variability in transcription profiles. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:845-59. [PMID: 26610174 PMCID: PMC6638511 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB) on wheat. The disease interaction is characterized by clearly defined temporal phases of infection, ultimately resulting in the death of host tissue. Zymoseptoria tritici is a highly polymorphic species with significant intraspecific variation in virulence profiles. We generated a deep transcriptomic sequencing dataset spanning the entire time course of an infection using a previously uncharacterized, highly virulent Z. tritici strain isolated from a Swiss wheat field. We found that seven clusters of gene transcription profiles explained the progression of the infection. The earliest highly up-regulated genes included chloroperoxidases, which may help the fungus cope with plant defences. The onset of necrotrophy was characterized by a concerted up-regulation of proteases, plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and lipases. Functions related to nutrition and growth characterized late necrotrophy and the transition to saprotrophic growth on dead plant tissue. We found that the peak up-regulation of genes essential for mating coincided with the necrotrophic phase. We performed an intraspecies comparative transcriptomics analysis using a comparable time course infection experiment of the genome reference isolate IPO323. Major components of the fungal infection transcriptome were conserved between the two strains. However, individual small, secreted proteins, proteases and cell wall-degrading enzymes showed strongly differentiated transcriptional profiles between isolates. Our analyses illustrate that successful STB infections involve complex transcriptomic remodelling to up-regulate distinct gene functions. Heterogeneity in transcriptomes among isolates may explain some of the considerable variation in virulence and host specialization found within the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Palma-Guerrero
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano F F Torriani
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Zala
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dee Carter
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mikaël Courbot
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Jason J Rudd
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Increased frequency of self-fertile isolates in Phytophthora infestans may attribute to their higher fitness relative to the A1 isolates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29428. [PMID: 27384813 PMCID: PMC4935937 DOI: 10.1038/srep29428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of population dynamics of mating types is important for better understanding pathogen's evolutionary potential and sustainable management of natural and chemical resources such as host resistances and fungicides. In this study, 2250 Phytophthora infestans isolates sampled from 61 fields across China were assayed for spatiotemporal dynamics of mating type frequency. Self-fertile isolates dominated in ~50% of populations and all but one cropping region with an average frequency of 0.64 while no A2 isolates were detected. Analyses of 140 genotypes consisting of 82 self-fertile and 58 A1 isolates indicated that on average self-fertile isolates grew faster, demonstrated higher aggressiveness and were more tolerant to fungicides than A1 isolates; Furthermore, pattern of association between virulence complexity (defined as the number of differential cultivars on which an isolate can induce disease) and frequency was different in the two mating types. In A1 isolates, virulence complexity was negatively correlated (r = -0.515, p = 0.043) with frequency but this correlation was positive (r = 0.532, p = 0.037) in self-fertile isolates. Our results indicate a quick increase of self-fertile isolates possibly attributable to their higher fitness relative to A1 mating type counterpart in the field populations of P. infestans in China.
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Stewart EL, Hagerty CH, Mikaberidze A, Mundt CC, Zhong Z, McDonald BA. An Improved Method for Measuring Quantitative Resistance to the Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici Using High-Throughput Automated Image Analysis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:782-8. [PMID: 27050574 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-16-0018-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB) on wheat. An improved method of quantifying STB symptoms was developed based on automated analysis of diseased leaf images made using a flatbed scanner. Naturally infected leaves (n = 949) sampled from fungicide-treated field plots comprising 39 wheat cultivars grown in Switzerland and 9 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) grown in Oregon were included in these analyses. Measures of quantitative resistance were percent leaf area covered by lesions, pycnidia size and gray value, and pycnidia density per leaf and lesion. These measures were obtained automatically with a batch-processing macro utilizing the image-processing software ImageJ. All phenotypes in both locations showed a continuous distribution, as expected for a quantitative trait. The trait distributions at both sites were largely overlapping even though the field and host environments were quite different. Cultivars and RILs could be assigned to two or more statistically different groups for each measured phenotype. Traditional visual assessments of field resistance were highly correlated with quantitative resistance measures based on image analysis for the Oregon RILs. These results show that automated image analysis provides a promising tool for assessing quantitative resistance to Z. tritici under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan L Stewart
- First, fifth, and sixth authors: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich; second and fourth authors: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis; and third author: Theoretical Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich
| | - Christina H Hagerty
- First, fifth, and sixth authors: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich; second and fourth authors: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis; and third author: Theoretical Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich
| | - Alexey Mikaberidze
- First, fifth, and sixth authors: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich; second and fourth authors: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis; and third author: Theoretical Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich
| | - Christopher C Mundt
- First, fifth, and sixth authors: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich; second and fourth authors: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis; and third author: Theoretical Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich
| | - Ziming Zhong
- First, fifth, and sixth authors: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich; second and fourth authors: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis; and third author: Theoretical Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- First, fifth, and sixth authors: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich; second and fourth authors: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis; and third author: Theoretical Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich
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Li J, Lu L, Jia Y, Wang Q, Fukuta Y, Li C. Characterization of Field Isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae with Mating Type, DNA Fingerprinting, and Pathogenicity Assays. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:298-303. [PMID: 30694130 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-15-0660-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to the harmful nature of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, it is beneficial to characterize field isolates to help aid in the deployment of resistance (R) genes in rice. In the present study, 252 field isolates of M. oryzae, collected from rice fields of Yunnan Province in China, were assessed for mating type, DNA fingerprinting, and disease reactions to differential rice lines. In total, 94 isolates (37.3%) were MAT1-1 and 158 (62.7%) were MAT1-2 based on polymerase chain reaction assays, and some of them were verified with the tester isolates. All MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 isolates were virulent to some of the International Rice Research Institute-Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences monogenic lines harboring 22 major resistance genes as differential varieties. Three simple-sequence repeat markers were used to examine genetic diversity in all isolates. The existence of regional patterns of genetic diversity, sexual reproduction potential, and pathogenicity suggests that M. oryzae populations have been independently asexually adapted in rice fields during crop cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Li
- Agricultural Environment and Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS), Kunming, Yunnan Province 650205, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Flower Research Institute, YAAS, Kunming, China
| | - Yulin Jia
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, AR
| | - Qun Wang
- Agricultural Environment and Resources Research Institute, YAAS, Kunming, China
| | - Yoshimichi Fukuta
- Tropical Agriculture Research Front, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ishigaki, Okinawa 907-0002, Japan
| | - Chengyun Li
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biodiversity and Pest Management, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650201, China
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Zhu W, Yang LN, Wu EJ, Qin CF, Shang LP, Wang ZH, Zhan J. Limited Sexual Reproduction and Quick Turnover in the Population Genetic Structure of Phytophthora infestans in Fujian, China. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10094. [PMID: 25970264 PMCID: PMC4429539 DOI: 10.1038/srep10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mating system plays an important role in the spatiotemporal dynamics of pathogen populations through both its direct and indirect impact on the generation and distribution of genetic variation. Here, we used a combination of microsatellite and phenotypic markers to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of genetic variation in Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from Fujian, China and to determine the role of sexual reproduction in the dynamics. Although the pathogen populations in this region were dominated by self-fertile genotypes, sexual reproduction only occurred occasionally and its contributions to the population genetic structure of P. infestans and epidemics of late blight in the region were limited. Only 49 genotypes were detected among the 534 isolates assayed and the pathogen populations displayed significant heterozygosity excess. Hierarchical analysis revealed that 21.42% of genetic variation was attributed to the difference among sampling years while only 4.45% was attributed to the difference among locations, suggesting temporal factors play a more important role in the population genetic dynamics of P. infestans than spatial factors in this region. We propose that clonal reproduction, combined with founder effects and long distance dispersal of sporangia, is responsible for the observed pattern of spatiotemporal dynamics in P. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhu
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Li-Na Yang
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - E-Jiao Wu
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Fang Qin
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Shang
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zong-Hua Wang
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
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23
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Short DPG, Gurung S, Hu X, Inderbitzin P, Subbarao KV. Maintenance of sex-related genes and the co-occurrence of both mating types in Verticillium dahliae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112145. [PMID: 25383550 PMCID: PMC4226480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a cosmopolitan, soilborne fungus that causes a significant wilt disease on a wide variety of plant hosts including economically important crops, ornamentals, and timber species. Clonal expansion through asexual reproduction plays a vital role in recurring plant epidemics caused by this pathogen. The recent discovery of recombination between clonal lineages and preliminary investigations of the meiotic gene inventory of V. dahliae suggest that cryptic sex appears to be rare in this species. Here we expanded on previous findings on the sexual nature of V. dahliae. Only 1% of isolates in a global collection of 1120 phytopathogenic V. dahliae isolates contained the MAT1-1 idiomorph, whereas 99% contained MAT1-2. Nine unique multilocus microsatellite types comprised isolates of both mating types, eight of which were collected from the same substrate at the same time. Orthologs of 88 previously characterized sex-related genes from fungal model systems in the Ascoymycota were identified in the genome of V. dahliae, out of 93 genes investigated. Results of RT-PCR experiments using both mating types revealed that 10 arbitrarily chosen sex-related genes, including MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1, were constitutively expressed in V. dahliae cultures grown under laboratory conditions. Ratios of non-synonymous (amino-acid altering) to synonymous (silent) substitutions in V. dahliae MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 sequences were indistinguishable from the ratios observed in the MAT genes of sexual fungi in the Pezizomycotina. Patterns consistent with strong purifying selection were also observed in 18 other arbitrarily chosen V. dahliae sex-related genes, relative to the patterns in orthologs from fungi with known sexual stages. This study builds upon recent findings from other laboratories and mounts further evidence for an ancestral or cryptic sexual stage in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan P. G. Short
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Salinas, CA, United States of America
| | - Suraj Gurung
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Salinas, CA, United States of America
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Patrik Inderbitzin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Salinas, CA, United States of America
| | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Salinas, CA, United States of America
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Venturini G, Assante G, Toffolatti SL, Vercesi A. Pathogenicity variation in Fusarium verticillioides populations isolated from maize in northern Italy. MYCOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Breakage-fusion-bridge cycles and large insertions contribute to the rapid evolution of accessory chromosomes in a fungal pathogen. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003567. [PMID: 23785303 PMCID: PMC3681731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements are a major driver of eukaryotic genome evolution, affecting speciation, pathogenicity and cancer progression. Changes in chromosome structure are often initiated by mis-repair of double-strand breaks in the DNA. Mis-repair is particularly likely when telomeres are lost or when dispersed repeats misalign during crossing-over. Fungi carry highly polymorphic chromosomal complements showing substantial variation in chromosome length and number. The mechanisms driving chromosome polymorphism in fungi are poorly understood. We aimed to identify mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangements in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We combined population genomic resequencing and chromosomal segment PCR assays with electrophoretic karyotyping and resequencing of parents and offspring from experimental crosses to show that this pathogen harbors a highly diverse complement of accessory chromosomes that exhibits strong global geographic differentiation in numbers and lengths of chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes carried highly differentiated gene contents due to numerous insertions and deletions. The largest accessory chromosome recently doubled in length through insertions totaling 380 kb. Based on comparative genomics, we identified the precise breakpoint locations of these insertions. Nondisjunction during meiosis led to chromosome losses in progeny of three different crosses. We showed that a new accessory chromosome emerged in two viable offspring through a fusion between sister chromatids. Such chromosome fusion is likely to initiate a breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle that can rapidly degenerate chromosomal structure. We suggest that the accessory chromosomes of Z. tritici originated mainly from ancient core chromosomes through a degeneration process that included BFB cycles, nondisjunction and mutational decay of duplicated sequences. The rapidly evolving accessory chromosome complement may serve as a cradle for adaptive evolution in this and other fungal pathogens.
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Gross A, Zaffarano P, Duo A, Grünig C. Reproductive mode and life cycle of the ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:977-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gurung S, Goodwin SB, Kabbage M, Bockus WW, Adhikari TB. Genetic differentiation at microsatellite loci among populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola from California, Indiana, Kansas, and North Dakota. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 101:1251-1259. [PMID: 21692645 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-10-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mycosphaerella graminicola causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and is considered one of the most devastating pathogens of that crop in the United States. Although the genetic structures of M. graminicola populations from different countries have been analyzed using various molecular markers, relatively little is known about M. graminicola populations from geographically distinct areas of the United States and, in particular, of those from spring versus winter wheat. These are exposed to great differences in environmental conditions, length and season of host-free periods, and resistance sources used in geographically separated wheat breeding programs. Thus, there is more likely to be genetic differentiation between populations from spring versus winter wheat than there is among those within each region. To test this hypothesis, 330 single-spore isolates of M. graminicola representing 11 populations (1 from facultative winter wheat in California, 2 from spring wheat in North Dakota, and 8 from winter wheat in Indiana and Kansas) were analyzed for mating type frequency and for genetic variation at 17 microsatellite or simple-sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Analysis of clone-corrected data revealed an equal distribution of both mating types in the populations from Kansas, Indiana, and North Dakota, but a deviation from a 1:1 ratio in the California population. In total, 306 haplotypes were detected, almost all of which were unique in all 11 populations. High levels of gene diversity (H = 0.31 to 0.56) were observed within the 11 populations. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) gametic disequilibrium, as measured by the index of association (rBarD), was observed in California, one Indiana population (IN1), and three populations (KS1, KS2, and KS3) in Kansas that could not be explained by linkage. Corrected standardized fixation index (G″(ST)) values were 0.000 to 0.621 between the 11 populations and the majority of pairwise comparisons were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001), suggesting some differentiation between populations. Analysis of molecular variance showed that there was a small but statistically significant level of genetic differentiation between populations from spring versus winter wheat. However, most of the total genetic variation (>98%) occurred within spring and winter wheat regions while <2% was due to genetic differentiation between these regions. Taken together, these results provide evidence that sexual recombination occurs frequently in the M. graminicola populations sampled and that most populations are genetically differentiated over the major spring- and winter-wheat-growing regions of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Gurung
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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Stewart JE, Kawabe M, Abdo Z, Arie T, Peever TL. Contrasting codon usage patterns and purifying selection at the mating locus in putatively asexual alternaria fungal species. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20083. [PMID: 21625561 PMCID: PMC3098265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction in heterothallic ascomycete fungi is controlled by a single mating-type locus called MAT1 with two alternate alleles or idiomorphs, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. These alleles lack sequence similarity and encode different transcriptional regulators. A large number of phytopathogenic fungi including Alternaria spp. are considered asexual, yet still carry expressed MAT1 genes. The molecular evolution of Alternaria MAT1 was explored using nucleotide diversity, nonsynonymous vs. synonymous substitution (dn/ds) ratios and codon usage statistics. Likelihood ratio tests of site-branch models failed to detect positive selection on MAT1-1-1 or MAT1-2-1. Codon-site models demonstrated that both MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 are under purifying selection and significant differences in codon usage were observed between MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1. Mean GC content at the third position (GC3) and effective codon usage (ENC) were significantly different between MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 with values of 0.57 and 48 for MAT1-1-1 and 0.62 and 46 for MAT1-2-1, respectively. In contrast, codon usage of Pleospora spp. (anamorph Stemphylium), a closely related Dothideomycete genus, was not significantly different between MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1. The purifying selection and biased codon usage detected at the MAT1 locus in Alternaria spp. suggest a recent sexual past, cryptic sexual present and/or that MAT1 plays important cellular role(s) in addition to mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Stewart
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America.
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ZHAN JIASUI, McDONALD BRUCEA. Thermal adaptation in the fungal pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:1689-701. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Billiard S, López-Villavicencio M, Devier B, Hood ME, Fairhead C, Giraud T. Having sex, yes, but with whom? Inferences from fungi on the evolution of anisogamy and mating types. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2010; 86:421-42. [PMID: 21489122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The advantage of sex has been among the most debated issues in biology. Surprisingly, the question of why sexual reproduction generally requires the combination of distinct gamete classes, such as small and large gametes, or gametes with different mating types, has been much less investigated. Why do systems with alternative gamete classes (i.e. systems with either anisogamy or mating types or both) appear even though they restrict the probability of finding a compatible mating partner? Why does the number of gamete classes vary from zero to thousands, with most often only two classes? We review here the hypotheses proposed to explain the origin, maintenance, number, and loss of gamete classes. We argue that fungi represent highly suitable models to help resolve issues related to the evolution of distinct gamete classes, because the number of mating types vary from zero to thousands across taxa, anisogamy is present or not, and because there are frequent transitions between these conditions. We review the nature and number of gamete classes in fungi, and we attempt to draw inferences from these data on the evolutionary forces responsible for their appearance, loss or maintenance, and number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Billiard
- Université Lille Nord de France, USTL, GEPV, CNRS, FRE 3268, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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