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Long L, Liu Z, Wang Y, Lin Q, Ding S, Li C, Deng C. High-level production of cordycepin by the xylose-utilising Cordyceps militaris strain 147 in an optimised medium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 388:129742. [PMID: 37734485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Cordycepin is an important active metabolite of Cordyceps militaris. Xylose, an attractive feedstock for producing chemicals through microbial fermentation, cannot be effectively utilised by many reported C. militaris strains. Herein, a xylose-utilising C. militaris strain 147 produced the highest level of cordycepin (3.03 g/L) in xylose culture. Xylose, alanine, and ammonium citrate were determined as the main affecting factors on the cordycepin production using a Plackett-Burman design. The combination of these factors was optimised using response surface methodology, and the maximal 6.54 g/L of cordycepin was produced by the fungus in the optimal medium. Transcriptome analysis revealed that xylose utilisation upregulated the transcriptional levels of genes participating in purine and energy metabolisms in the fungus, which may facilitate the formation of precursors for cordycepin biosynthesis. This investigation provides new insights into the efficient production of cordycepin and is conducive to the valorisation of biomass rich in xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkun Long
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Efficient Processing and Utilisation of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilisation of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Efficient Processing and Utilisation of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Efficient Processing and Utilisation of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qunying Lin
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilisation of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 211111, China.
| | - Shaojun Ding
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Efficient Processing and Utilisation of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilisation of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chuanhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilisation, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Chunying Deng
- Guizhou Institute of Biology, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550009, China.
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Wang Z, Zhao S, Zhang K, Lin C, Ru X, Yang Q. CgVeA, a light signaling responsive regulator, is involved in regulation of chaetoglobosin A biosynthesis and conidia development in Chaetomium globosum. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:1084-1094. [PMID: 35949485 PMCID: PMC9356241 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochalasans, with diverse structures and pharmacological activities, are a class of compounds containing isoindolinone moieties fused to the tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system. Chaetoglobosin A (cheA), mainly produced by Chaetomium globosum, is the most abundant cytochalasan. However, limited understanding of transcriptional regulation of morphological development and cheA biosynthesis in C. globosum has hindered cheA application in agriculture and biomedical field. This study examined the regulatory role of CgVeA gene in C. globosum. CgVeA had significant effect on secondary metabolites production in C. globosum, similar to that reported in other filamentous fungi. Inactivation of CgVeA caused an obvious decrease in cheA production from 51.32 to 19.76 mg/L under dark conditions. In contrast, CgVeA overexpression resulted in a dramatic increase in cheA production, reaching 206.59 mg/L under light conditions, which was higher than that noted under dark condition. The RT-qPCR results confirmed that CgVeA, as a light responsive regulator, positively regulated cheA biosynthesis by controlling the expression of core genes of the cheA biosynthetic gene cluster and other relevant regulators. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays proved that CgVeA directly regulated LaeA, cheR, and p450, and indirectly regulated PKS. Moreover, CgVeA had a significant effect on the regulation of asexual spores production. When compared with wild-type C. globosum, CgVeA-silenced and CgVeA overexpression mutants presented remarkable differences in sporulation, irrespective of light or dark condition. Besides, CgVeA expression was speculated to negatively regulate spore formation. These findings illustrated the regulatory mechanism of a hypothetical global regulator, CgVeA, in C. globosum, suggesting its potential application in industrial-scale cheA biosynthesis.
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Cephalosporin C biosynthesis and fermentation in Acremonium chrysogenum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6413-6426. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Xu Y, Liu L, Chen Z, Tian X, Chu J. The arthrospore-related gene Acaxl2 is involved in cephalosporin C production in industrial Acremonium chrysogenum by the regulatory factors AcFKH1 and CPCR1. J Biotechnol 2021; 347:26-39. [PMID: 34954288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cephalosporin C (CPC) production is often accompanied by a typical morphological differentiation of Acremonium chrysogenum, involving the fragmentation of its hyphae into arthrospores. The type I integral plasma membrane protein Axl2 is a central component of the bud site selection system (BSSS), which was identified as the regulatory factor involved in the hyphal septation process and arthrospore formation. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and homologous recombination (HR), we inserted an egfp donor DNA sequence into the Acaxl2 locus, causing the generation of the deletion strain Ac-ΔAcaxl2::eGFP from Acremonium chrysogenum FC3-5-23, the industrial producer of CPC. The mycelial morphology of the deletion strain Ac-ΔAcaxl2::eGFP was mainly composed of arthrospores with a characteristic diameter of 2-8 μm, which increased from 75% at 48h to 90% at 72h post culture and were maintained until the end of the fermentation process. However, the deletion strain showed accelerated production of CPC, and the final titer was 5573μg/ml, which was nearly three times higher than that of the control strain FC3-5-23. The up-regulation of genes related to the biosynthesis gene cluster in Ac-ΔAcaxl2::eGFP, especially the "late" genes, was one reason why its CPC production was higher than that of the original strain. Furthermore, compared with FC3-5-23, the more significant increase of genes involved in the BSSS (Acbud3 and Acbud4) in Ac-ΔAcaxl2::eGFP in the late stage of fermentation, may be responsible for this increase in arthrospore formation. Similarily, the transcription of the regulatory factors AcFKH1 and CPCR1 were also markedly increased at this time and may be the factors responsible for the regulation of CPC synthesis. These results indicated that Acaxl2 plays an important role in both arthrospore formation and CPC production, strongly implicating these regulatory factors as having pivotal links between mycelial morphology and secondary metabolite production in high-yielding A. chrysogenum. To the opposite, the axl2 gene knockout of wild strain CGMCC 3.3795 did not significantly influence the CPC production, which reflected the complexity of the secondary metabolic process and the differences in the function of axl2 gene in high- and low-yielding strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Cheng M, Zhao S, Lin C, Song J, Yang Q. Requirement of LaeA for sporulation, pigmentation and secondary metabolism in Chaetomium globosum. Fungal Biol 2020; 125:305-315. [PMID: 33766309 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The global regulator LaeA has been confirmed to govern the production of secondary metabolites in fungi. Herein, we examined the role of LaeA in Chaetomium globosum. Similarly as observed in other filamentous, CgLaeA had a significant effect on the secondary metabolism. The ΔCglaeA mutant strain did not exhibit chaetoglobosin A, whereas its production was restored in the CglaeAC strain. In addition, CglaeA overexpression led to an increase in chaetoglobosin A production. Transcriptional examination of the mutants indicated that CgLaeA positively regulated the expression of pathway-specific transcription factor CgcheR, while another global regulator CgvelB was negatively regulated by CgLaeA. Furthermore, CgLaeA also affected the morphological phenotypes of fungi. The ΔCglaeA mutant strains exhibited decreased sporulation and pigmentation compared with the wild-type strain, whereas the phenotypes were restored in the CglaeAC strain. Moreover, OE::CglaeA exhibited increased levels of sporulation and pigmentation. Moreover, inhibition activity against phytopathogenic fungi affected by decreased mycotoxin production of the ΔCglaeA mutant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Congyu Lin
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Jinzhu Song
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Qian Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China.
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Li H, Hu P, Wang Y, Pan Y, Liu G. Enhancing the production of cephalosporin C through modulating the autophagic process of Acremonium chrysogenum. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:175. [PMID: 30424777 PMCID: PMC6233533 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is used for degradation of cellular components and nutrient recycling. Atg8 is one of the core proteins in autophagy and used as a marker for autophagic detection. However, the autophagy of filamentous fungi is poorly understood compared with that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our previous study revealed that disruption of the autophagy related gene Acatg1 significantly enhanced cephalosporin C yield through reducing degradation of cephalosporin biosynthetic proteins in Acremonium chrysogenum, suggesting that modulation of autophagic process is one promising way to increase antibiotic production in A. chrysogenum. Results In this study, a S. cerevisiae ATG8 homologue gene Acatg8 was identified from A. chrysogenum. Acatg8 could complement the ATG8 mutation in S. cerevisiae, indicating that Acatg8 is a functional homologue of ATG8. Microscope observation demonstrated the fluorescently labeled AcAtg8 was localized in the cytoplasm and autophagosome of A. chrysogenum, and the expression of Acatg8 was induced by nutrient starvation. Gene disruption and genetic complementation revealed that Acatg8 is essential for autophagosome formation. Disruption of Acatg8 significantly reduced fungal conidiation and delayed conidial germination. Localization of GFP-AcAtg8 implied that autophagy is involved in the early phase of conidial germination. Similar to Acatg1, disruption of Acatg8 remarkably enhanced cephalosporin C yield. The cephalosporin C biosynthetic enzymes (isopenicillin N synthase PcbC and isopenicillin N epimerase CefD2) and peroxisomes were accumulated in the Acatg8 disruption mutant (∆Acatg8), which might be the main reasons for the enhancement of cephalosporin C production. However, the biomass of ΔAcatg8 decreased drastically at the late stage of fermentation, suggesting that autophagy is critical for A. chrysogenum cell survival under nutrition deprived condition. Disruption of Acatg8 also resulted in accumulation of mitochondria, which might produce more reactive oxygen species (ROS) which promotes fungal death. However, the premature death is unfavorable for cephalosporin C production. To solve this problem, a plasmid containing Acatg8 under control of the xylose/xylan-inducible promoter was introduced into ∆Acatg8. Conidiation and growth of the recombinant strain restored to the wild-type level in the medium supplemented with xylose, while the cephalosporin C production maintained at a high level even prolonged fermentation. Conclusions Our results demonstrated inducible expression of Acatg8 and disruption of Acatg8 remarkably increased cephalosporin C production. This study provides a promising approach for yield improvement of cephalosporin C in A. chrysogenum. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-1021-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Wang Y, Hu P, Li H, Wang Y, Long LK, Li K, Zhang X, Pan Y, Liu G. A Myb transcription factor represses conidiation and cephalosporin C production in Acremonium chrysogenum. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 118:1-9. [PMID: 29870835 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acremonium chrysogenum is the industrial producer of cephalosporin C (CPC). We isolated a mutant (AC554) from a T-DNA inserted mutant library of A. chrysogenum. AC554 exhibited a reduced conidiation and lack of CPC production. In consistent with it, the transcription of cephalosporin biosynthetic genes pcbC and cefEF was significantly decreased in AC554. Thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction (TAIL-PCR) was performed and sequence analysis indicated that a T-DNA was inserted upstream of an open reading frame (ORF) which was designated AcmybA. On the basis of sequence analysis, AcmybA encodes a Myb domain containing transcriptional factor. Observation of red fluorescent protein (RFP) tagged AcMybA showed that AcMybA is naturally located in the nucleus of A. chrysogenum. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that the AcmybA transcription was increased in AC554. In contrast, the AcmybA deleted mutant (ΔAcmybA) overproduced conidia and CPC. To screen the targets of AcmybA, we sequenced and compared the transcriptome of ΔAcmybA, AC554 and the wild-type strain at different developmental stages. Twelve differentially expressed regulatory genes were identified. Taken together, our results indicate that AcMybA negatively regulates conidiation and CPC production in A. chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pengjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Honghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang-Kun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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The use of Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis sequencing to identify novel genes of Humicola insolens involved in cellulase production. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:153. [PMID: 29492372 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A transfer DNA (T-DNA)-tagged mutant library of Humicola insolens was screened for mutants with altered cellulase production using the plate-clearing zone assay. Three selected mutants (5-A7, 5-C6, and 13-B7) exhibited significantly depressed FPase, CMCase and xylanase activities compared with the wild-type strain upon shake-flask fermentation, while the pNPCase and pNPGase activities of the three mutants were relatively higher than those of the parental strain. Combined with the results of SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry, we suggest that expression of the CMCases Cel6B, Cel7B, CMC3, and XynA/B/C was reduced in the mutant strains. Twelve putative T-DNA insertion sites were identified in the three mutants via Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis sequencing (AIM-Seq). Bioinformatics analysis suggested that a putative dolichyl pyrophosphate phosphatase, two hypothetical proteins encoding genes of unknown function, and/or nine intergenic fragments may be involved in cellulase and hemicellulase production by H. insolens. This provides promising new candidate genes relevant to cellulase production by the fungus, which will be crucial not only for our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying cellulase production, but also for strain improvement.
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Highly efficient transformation of a (hemi-)cellulases-producing fungus Eupenicillium parvum 4–14 by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 146:40-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kluge J, Kück U. AcAxl2 and AcMst1 regulate arthrospore development and stress resistance in the cephalosporin C producer Acremonium chrysogenum. Curr Genet 2017; 64:713-727. [PMID: 29209784 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Acremonium chrysogenum is the primordial producer of the β-lactam antibiotic cephalosporin C. This antibiotic is of major biotechnological and medical relevance because of its antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotic production during the lag phase of fermentation is often accompanied by a typical morphological feature of A. chrysogenum, the fragmentation of the mycelium into arthrospores. Here, we sought to identify factors that regulate the hyphal septation process and present the first comparative functional characterization of the type I integral plasma membrane protein Axl2 (axial budding pattern protein 2), a central component of the bud site selection system (BSSS) and Mst1 (mammalian Sterile20-like kinase), a septation initiation network (SIN)-associated germinal center kinase (GCK). Although an Acaxl2 deletion strain showed accelerated arthrospore formation after 96 h in liquid culture, deletion of Acmst1 led to a 24 h delay in arthrospore development. The overexpression of Acaxl2 resulted in an arthrospore formation similar to the A3/2 strain. In contrast to this, A3/2::Acmst1 OE strain displayed an enhanced arthrospore titer. Large-scale stress tests revealed an involvement of AcAxl2 in controlling osmotic, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell wall stress response. In a similar approach, we found that AcMst1 plays an essential role in regulating growth under osmotic, cell wall, and oxidative stress conditions. Microscopic analyses and plating assays on media containing Calcofluor White and NaCl showed that arthrospore development is a stress-dependent process. Our results suggest the potential for identifying candidate genes for strain improvement programs to optimize industrial fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Kluge
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kück
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Liu J, Hao T, Hu P, Pan Y, Jiang X, Liu G. Functional analysis of the selective autophagy related gene Acatg11 in Acremonium chrysogenum. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 107:67-76. [PMID: 28830792 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradation system in eukaryotes. Selective autophagy is used for the degradation of selective cargoes. Selective autophagic processes of yeast include pexophagy, mitophagy, and cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway in which particular vacuolar proteins, such asaminopeptidase I (Ape1), are selectively transported to vacuoles. However, the physiological role of selective autophagy remains elusive in filamentous fungi. ATG11 family proteins asa basic scaffold are essential for most selective autophagy pathways in yeast. Here, Acatg11, encoding a putative ATG11 family protein, was identified and cloned from the cephalosporin producing strain Acremonium chrysogenum based on the sequence similarity of ATG11 superfamily proteins. Disruption of Acatg11 inhibited the maturation of preApe1 during fermentation indicating that Acatg11 is involved in Cvt pathway. In addition, pexophagy and mitophagy were blocked in the Acatg11 disruption mutant (ΔAcatg11). Intriguingly, the nonselective autophagy was deficient in ΔAcatg11 under starvation induction or during fermentation. Disruption of Acatg11 significantly enhanced fungal conidiation, but reduced cephalosporin production. These results indicated that Acatg11 is required for both selective and nonselective autophagy during fermentation and has a strong impact on morphological differentiation and cephalosporin production of A. chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianchao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Wang Y, Hu P, Pan Y, Zhu Y, Liu X, Che Y, Liu G. Identification and characterization of the verticillin biosynthetic gene cluster in Clonostachys rogersoniana. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 103:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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13
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Hu Y, Zhu B. Study on genetic engineering of Acremonium chrysogenum, the cephalosporin C producer. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2016; 1:143-149. [PMID: 29062938 PMCID: PMC5640796 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Acremonium chrysogenum is an important filamentous fungus which produces cephalosporin C in industry. This review summarized the study on genetic engineering of Acremonium chrysogenum, including biosynthesis and regulation for fermentation of cephalosporin C, molecular techniques, molecular breeding and transcriptomics of Acremonium chrysogenum. We believe with all the techniques available and full genomic sequence, the industrial strain of Acremonium chrysogenum can be genetically modified to better serve the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Hu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baoquan Zhu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
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14
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Hu P, Wang Y, Zhou J, Pan Y, Liu G. AcstuA, which encodes an APSES transcription regulator, is involved in conidiation, cephalosporin biosynthesis and cell wall integrity of Acremonium chrysogenum. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 83:26-40. [PMID: 26283234 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A transcriptional regulatory gene AcstuA was identified from Acremonium chrysogenum. AcstuA encodes a basic helix-loop-helix protein with similarity to StuA which regulates the core developmental processes of Aspergillus nidulans. Like disruption of stuA in A. nidulans, deficiency of AcstuA blocked the conidiation of A. chrysogenum through severely down-regulating the expression of AcbrlA and AcabaA which encode orthologs of the key fungal developmental regulators BrlA and AbaA. Disruption of AcstuA also drastically reduced cephalosporin production of A. chrysogenum. In agreement, the transcriptions of pcbAB, pbcC, cefD1, cefD2, cefEF and cefG were remarkably decreased in the AcstuA disruption mutant (ΔAcstuA). In addition to defects in conidiation and cephalosporin biosynthesis, ΔAcstuA produced abnormal swollen and fragmented hyphal cells during fermentation. The phenotypic alterations of hyphal cells caused by AcstuA deletion were restored by supplementation of NaCl in the medium, indicating that the deficiency of AcstuA has an influence on the cell wall integrity of A. chrysogenum. The transcriptions of two putative mannoprotein encoding genes Acmp2 and Acmp3 significantly reduced in ΔAcstuA, further indicating that cell wall integrity of the mutant is impaired. These results strongly suggested that AcstuA is involved in conidiation, cephalosporin production, hyphal fragmentation and cell wall integrity in A. chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjie Hu
- University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Technical Centre of Beijing Cigarette Factory, Beijing 101121, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Liu Y, Zhang W, Xie L, Liu H, Gong G, Zhu B, Hu Y. Acthi, a thiazole biosynthesis enzyme, is essential for thiamine biosynthesis and CPC production in Acremonium chrysogenum. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:50. [PMID: 25886533 PMCID: PMC4416257 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The filamentous fungus Acremonium chrysogenum is an important industrial fungus and is used in the production of the β-lactam antibiotic cephalosporin C. Little is known regarding the molecular and biological mechanisms of how this industrial strain was improved by mutagenesis and molecular breeding. Comparative proteomics is one of the most powerful methods to evaluate the influence of gene expression on metabolite production. Results In this study, we used comparative proteomics to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of cephalosporin C between a high-producer (HY) strain and a wide-type (WT) strain. We found that the expression levels of thiamine biosynthesis-related enzymes, including the thiazole biosynthesis enzyme (Acthi), pyruvate oxidase, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent oxidoreductase and sulfur carrier protein-thiS, were up-regulated in the HY strain. An Acthi-silencing mutant of the WT strain grew poorly on chemically defined medium (MMC) in the absence of thiamine, and its growth was recovered on MMC medium supplemented with thiamine. The intracellular thiamine content was changed in the Acthi silencing or over-expression mutants. In addition, we demonstrated that the manipulation of the Acthi gene can affect the hyphal growth of Acremonium chrysogenum, the transcription levels of cephalosporin C biosynthetic genes, the quantification levels of precursor amino acids for cephalosporin C synthesis and the expression levels of thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes. Over-expression of Acthi can significantly increase the cephalosporin C yield in both the WT strain and the HY mutant strain. Conclusions Using comparative proteomics, four differently expressed proteins were exploited, whose functions may be involved in thiamine diphosphate metabolism. Among these proteins, the thiazole biosynthesis enzyme (ActhiS) may play an important role in cephalosporin C biosynthesis. Our studies suggested that Acthi might be involved in the transcriptional regulation of cephalosporin C biosynthesis. Therefore, the thiamine metabolic pathway could be a potential target for the molecular breeding of this cephalosporin C producer for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, 1599 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1320 Beijing Road (W), Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, 1599 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Liping Xie
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, 1599 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1320 Beijing Road (W), Shanghai, 200040, China. .,Present address: Luye Pharma Group Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China.
| | - Guihua Gong
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, 1599 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Baoquan Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1320 Beijing Road (W), Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Youjia Hu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, 1599 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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16
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Wang H, Pan Y, Hu P, Zhu Y, Li J, Jiang X, Liu G. The autophagy-related gene Acatg1 is involved in conidiation and cephalosporin production in Acremonium chrysogenum. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 69:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Qiu L, Wang JJ, Ying SH, Feng MG. Wee1 and Cdc25 control morphogenesis, virulence and multistress tolerance ofBeauveria bassianaby balancing cell cycle-required cyclin-dependent kinase 1 activity. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1119-33. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiu
- Institute of Microbiology; College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- Institute of Microbiology; College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology; College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology; College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
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19
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Disruption of the nitrogen regulatory gene AcareA in Acremonium chrysogenum leads to reduction of cephalosporin production and repression of nitrogen metabolism. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 61:69-79. [PMID: 24161729 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AcareA, encoding a homologue of the fungal nitrogen regulatory GATA zinc-finger proteins, was cloned from Acremonium chrysogenum. Gene disruption and genetic complementation revealed that AcareA was required for nitrogen metabolism and cephalosporin production. Disruption of AcareA resulted in growth defect in the medium using nitrate, uric acid and low concentration of ammonium, glutamine or urea as sole nitrogen source. Transcriptional analysis showed that the transcription of niaD/niiA was increased drastically when induced with nitrate in the wild-type and AcareA complemented strains but not in AcareA disruption mutant. Consistent with the reduction of cephalosporin production, the transcription of pcbAB, cefD2, cefEF and cefG encoding the enzymes for cephalosporin production was reduced in AcareA disruption mutant. Band shift assays showed that AcAREA bound to the promoter regions of niaD, niiA and the bidirectional promoter region of pcbAB-pcbC. Sequence analysis showed that all the AcAREA binding sites contain the consensus GATA elements. These results indicated that AcAREA plays an important role both in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and cephalosporin production in A. chrysogenum.
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