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Engle K, Kumar G. Tackling multi-drug resistant fungi by efflux pump inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 226:116400. [PMID: 38945275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant fungi is of grave concern, and its infections are responsible for significant deaths among immunocompromised patients. The treatment of fungal infections primarily relies on a clinical class of antibiotics, including azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, polyketides, and a nucleotide analogue. However, the incidence of fungal infections is increasing as the treatment for human and plant fungal infections overlaps with antifungal drugs. The need for new antifungal agents acting on different targets than known targets is undeniable. Also, the pace at which loss of fungal susceptibility to antibiotics cannot be undermined. There are several modes by which fungi can develop resistance to antibiotics, including reduced drug uptake, drug target alteration, and a reduction in the cellular concentration of the drug due to active extrusions and biofilm formation. The efflux pump's overexpression in the fungi primarily reduced the antibiotic's concentration to a sub-lethal concentration, thus responsible for developing resistant fungus strains. Several strategies are used to check antibiotic resistance in multi-drug resistant fungi, including synthesizing antibiotic analogs and giving antibiotics in combination therapies. Among them, the efflux pump protein inhibitors are considered potential adjuvants to antibiotics and can block the efflux of antibiotics by inhibiting efflux pump protein transporters. Moreover, it can sensitize the antifungal drugs to multi-drug resistant fungi with overexpressed efflux pump proteins. This review discusses the natural lead molecules, repurposable drugs, and formulation strategies to overcome the efflux pump activity in the fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Engle
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar 500037, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Ahmed MS, Lauersen KJ, Ikram S, Li C. Efflux Transporters' Engineering and Their Application in Microbial Production of Heterologous Metabolites. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:646-669. [PMID: 33751883 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering of microbial hosts for the production of heterologous metabolites and biochemicals is an enabling technology to generate meaningful quantities of desired products that may be otherwise difficult to produce by traditional means. Heterologous metabolite production can be restricted by the accumulation of toxic products within the cell. Efflux transport proteins (transporters) provide a potential solution to facilitate the export of these products, mitigate toxic effects, and enhance production. Recent investigations using knockout lines, heterologous expression, and expression profiling of transporters have revealed candidates that can enhance the export of heterologous metabolites from microbial cell systems. Transporter engineering efforts have revealed that some exhibit flexible substrate specificity and may have broader application potentials. In this Review, the major superfamilies of efflux transporters, their mechanistic modes of action, selection of appropriate efflux transporters for desired compounds, and potential transporter engineering strategies are described for potential applications in enhancing engineered microbial metabolite production. Future studies in substrate recognition, heterologous expression, and combinatorial engineering of efflux transporters will assist efforts to enhance heterologous metabolite production in microbial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Ahmed
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Abid Majeed Road, The Mall, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Kyle J. Lauersen
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Ikram
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center for Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Ruchala J, Sibirny AA. Pentose metabolism and conversion to biofuels and high-value chemicals in yeasts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 45:6034013. [PMID: 33316044 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentose sugars are widespread in nature and two of them, D-xylose and L-arabinose belong to the most abundant sugars being the second and third by abundance sugars in dry plant biomass (lignocellulose) and in general on planet. Therefore, it is not surprising that metabolism and bioconversion of these pentoses attract much attention. Several different pathways of D-xylose and L-arabinose catabolism in bacteria and yeasts are known. There are even more common and really ubiquitous though not so abundant pentoses, D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose, the constituents of all living cells. Thus, ribose metabolism is example of endogenous metabolism whereas metabolism of other pentoses, including xylose and L-arabinose, represents examples of the metabolism of foreign exogenous compounds which normally are not constituents of yeast cells. As a rule, pentose degradation by the wild-type strains of microorganisms does not lead to accumulation of high amounts of valuable substances; however, productive strains have been obtained by random selection and metabolic engineering. There are numerous reviews on xylose and (less) L-arabinose metabolism and conversion to high value substances; however, they mostly are devoted to bacteria or the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This review is devoted to reviewing pentose metabolism and bioconversion mostly in non-conventional yeasts, which naturally metabolize xylose. Pentose metabolism in the recombinant strains of S. cerevisiae is also considered for comparison. The available data on ribose, xylose, L-arabinose transport, metabolism, regulation of these processes, interaction with glucose catabolism and construction of the productive strains of high-value chemicals or pentose (ribose) itself are described. In addition, genome studies of the natural xylose metabolizing yeasts and available tools for their molecular research are reviewed. Metabolism of other pentoses (2-deoxyribose, D-arabinose, lyxose) is briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Ruchala
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow 35-601, Poland.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Andriy A Sibirny
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow 35-601, Poland.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
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Verhoeven MD, Bracher JM, Nijland JG, Bouwknegt J, Daran JMG, Driessen AJM, van Maris AJA, Pronk JT. Laboratory evolution of a glucose-phosphorylation-deficient, arabinose-fermenting S. cerevisiae strain reveals mutations in GAL2 that enable glucose-insensitive l-arabinose uptake. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:5026172. [PMID: 29860442 PMCID: PMC6044391 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cas9-assisted genome editing was used to construct an engineered glucose-phosphorylation-negative S. cerevisiae strain, expressing the Lactobacillus plantaruml-arabinose pathway and the Penicillium chrysogenum transporter PcAraT. This strain, which showed a growth rate of 0.26 h−1 on l-arabinose in aerobic batch cultures, was subsequently evolved for anaerobic growth on l-arabinose in the presence of d-glucose and d-xylose. In four strains isolated from two independent evolution experiments the galactose-transporter gene GAL2 had been duplicated, with all alleles encoding Gal2N376T or Gal2N376I substitutions. In one strain, a single GAL2 allele additionally encoded a Gal2T89I substitution, which was subsequently also detected in the independently evolved strain IMS0010. In 14C-sugar-transport assays, Gal2N376S, Gal2N376T and Gal2N376I substitutions showed a much lower glucose sensitivity of l-arabinose transport and a much higher Km for d-glucose transport than wild-type Gal2. Introduction of the Gal2N376I substitution in a non-evolved strain enabled growth on l-arabinose in the presence of d-glucose. Gal2N376T, T89I and Gal2T89I variants showed a lower Km for l-arabinose and a higher Km for d-glucose than wild-type Gal2, while reverting Gal2N376T, T89I to Gal2N376 in an evolved strain negatively affected anaerobic growth on l-arabinose. This study indicates that optimal conversion of mixed-sugar feedstocks may require complex ‘transporter landscapes’, consisting of sugar transporters with complementary kinetic and regulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten D Verhoeven
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmine M Bracher
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen G Nijland
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonna Bouwknegt
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc G Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius J A van Maris
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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Generoso WC, Brinek M, Dietz H, Oreb M, Boles E. Secretion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate as a limiting factor for isobutanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2017; 17:3821180. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Lazar Z, Neuvéglise C, Rossignol T, Devillers H, Morin N, Robak M, Nicaud JM, Crutz-Le Coq AM. Characterization of hexose transporters in Yarrowia lipolytica reveals new groups of Sugar Porters involved in yeast growth. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 100:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jordan P, Choe JY, Boles E, Oreb M. Hxt13, Hxt15, Hxt16 and Hxt17 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae represent a novel type of polyol transporters. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23502. [PMID: 26996892 PMCID: PMC4800717 DOI: 10.1038/srep23502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of S. cerevisae encodes at least twenty hexose transporter-like proteins. Despite extensive research, the functions of Hxt8-Hxt17 have remained poorly defined. Here, we show that Hxt13, Hxt15, Hxt16 and Hxt17 transport two major hexitols in nature, mannitol and sorbitol, with moderate affinities, by a facilitative mechanism. Moreover, Hxt11 and Hxt15 are capable of transporting xylitol, a five-carbon polyol derived from xylose, the most abundant pentose in lignocellulosic biomass. Hxt11, Hxt13, Hxt15, Hxt16 and Hxt17 are phylogenetically and functionally distinct from known polyol transporters. Based on docking of polyols to homology models of transporters, we propose the architecture of their active site. In addition, we determined the kinetic parameters of mannitol and sorbitol dehydrogenases encoded in the yeast genome, showing that they discriminate between mannitol and sorbitol to a much higher degree than the transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jordan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jun-Yong Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Eckhard Boles
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mislav Oreb
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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In Vitro Activity of Miltefosine against Candida albicans under Planktonic and Biofilm Growth Conditions and In Vivo Efficacy in a Murine Model of Oral Candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7611-20. [PMID: 26416861 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01890-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of a new antifungal against Candida albicans biofilms has become a major priority, since biofilm formation by this opportunistic pathogenic fungus is usually associated with an increased resistance to azole antifungal drugs and treatment failures. Miltefosine is an alkyl phospholipid with promising antifungal activity. Here, we report that, when tested under planktonic conditions, miltefosine displays potent in vitro activity against multiple fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant C. albicans clinical isolates, including isolates overexpressing efflux pumps and/or with well-characterized Erg11 mutations. Moreover, miltefosine inhibits C. albicans biofilm formation and displays activity against preformed biofilms. Serial passage experiments confirmed that miltefosine has a reduced potential to elicit resistance, and screening of a library of C. albicans transcription factor mutants provided additional insight into the activity of miltefosine against C. albicans growing under planktonic and biofilm conditions. Finally, we demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of topical treatment with miltefosine in the murine model of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Overall, our results confirm the potential of miltefosine as a promising antifungal drug candidate, in particular for the treatment of azole-resistant and biofilm-associated superficial candidiasis.
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Biswas C, Zuo X, Chen SCA, Schibeci SD, Forwood JK, Jolliffe KA, Sorrell TC, Djordjevic JT. Functional disruption of yeast metacaspase, Mca1, leads to miltefosine resistance and inability to mediate miltefosine-induced apoptotic effects. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 67:71-81. [PMID: 24731805 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Miltefosine (MI) is a novel, potential antifungal agent with activity against some yeast and filamentous fungal pathogens. We previously demonstrated in the model yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that MI causes disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis-like cell death via interaction with the Cox9p sub-unit of cytochrome c oxidase (COX). To identify additional mechanisms of antifungal action, MI resistance was induced in S. cerevisiae by exposure to the mutagen, ethyl methanesulfonate, and gene mutation(s) responsible for resistance were investigated. An MI-resistant haploid strain (H-C101) was created. Resistance was retained in the diploid strain (D-C101) following mating, confirming dominant inheritance. Phenotypic assessment of individual D-C101 tetrads revealed that only one mutant gene contributed to the MI-resistance phenotype. To identify this gene, the genome of H-C101 was sequenced and 17 mutated genes, including metacaspase-encoding MCA1, were identified. The MCA1 mutation resulted in substitution of asparagine (N) with aspartic acid (D) at position 164 (MCA1(N164D)). MI resistance was found to be primarily due to MCA1(N164D), as single-copy episomal expression of MCA1(N164D), but not two other mutated genes (FAS1(T1417I) and BCK2(T104A)), resulted in MI resistance in the wild-type strain. Furthermore, an MCA1 deletion mutant (mca1Δ) was MI-resistant. MI treatment led to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MI-resistant (MCA1(N164D)-expressing and mca1Δ) strains and MI-susceptible (MCA1-expressing) strains, but failed to activate Mca1 in the MI-resistant strains, demonstrating that ROS accumulation does not contribute to the fungicidal effect of MI. In conclusion, functional disruption of Mca1, leads to MI resistance and inability to mediate MI-induced apoptotic effects. Mca1-mediated apoptosis is therefore a major mechanism of MI-induced antifungal action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanika Biswas
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Xiaoming Zuo
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sharon C-A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR-Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Stephen D Schibeci
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | | | - Tania C Sorrell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Julianne T Djordjevic
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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