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Gong D, Prusky D, Long D, Bi Y, Zhang Y. Moldy odors in food - a review. Food Chem 2024; 458:140210. [PMID: 38943948 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Food products are susceptible to mold contamination, releasing moldy odors. These moldy odors not only affect the flavor of food, but also pose a risk to human health. Moldy odors are a mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by the fungi themselves, which are the main source of moldy odors in moldy foods. These VOCs are secondary metabolites of fungi and are synthesized through various biosynthetic pathways. Both the fungi themselves and environmental factors affect the release of moldy odors. This review summarized the main components of musty odors in moldy foods and their producing fungi. In addition, this review focused on the functions of moldy volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) and the biosynthetic pathways of the major MVOCs, and summarized the factors affecting the release of MVOCs as well as the detection methods. It expected to provide a basis for ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Gong
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest and Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Danfeng Long
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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2
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Calise DG, Park SC, Bok JW, Goldman GH, Keller NP. An oxylipin signal confers protection against antifungal echinocandins in pathogenic aspergilli. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3770. [PMID: 38704366 PMCID: PMC11069582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the leading causative agent of life-threatening invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. One antifungal class used to treat Aspergillus infections is the fungistatic echinocandins, semisynthetic drugs derived from naturally occurring fungal lipopeptides. By inhibiting beta-1,3-glucan synthesis, echinocandins cause both fungistatic stunting of hyphal growth and repeated fungicidal lysis of apical tip compartments. Here, we uncover an endogenous mechanism of echinocandin tolerance in A. fumigatus whereby the inducible oxylipin signal 5,8-diHODE confers protection against tip lysis via the transcription factor ZfpA. Treatment of A. fumigatus with echinocandins induces 5,8-diHODE synthesis by the fungal oxygenase PpoA in a ZfpA dependent manner resulting in a positive feedback loop. This protective 5,8-diHODE/ZfpA signaling relay is conserved among diverse isolates of A. fumigatus and in two other Aspergillus pathogens. Our findings reveal an oxylipin-directed growth program-possibly arisen through natural encounters with native echinocandin producing fungi-that enables echinocandin tolerance in pathogenic aspergilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante G Calise
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sung Chul Park
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jin Woo Bok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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3
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Toporkova YY, Smirnova EO, Gorina SS. Epoxyalcohol Synthase Branch of Lipoxygenase Cascade. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:821-841. [PMID: 38248355 PMCID: PMC10813956 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are one of the most important classes of bioregulators, biosynthesized through the oxidative metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids in various aerobic organisms. Oxylipins are bioregulators that maintain homeostasis at the cellular and organismal levels. The most important oxylipins are mammalian eicosanoids and plant octadecanoids. In plants, the main source of oxylipins is the lipoxygenase cascade, the key enzymes of which are nonclassical cytochromes P450 of the CYP74 family, namely allene oxide synthases (AOSs), hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs), and divinyl ether synthases (DESs). The most well-studied plant oxylipins are jasmonates (AOS products) and traumatin and green leaf volatiles (HPL products), whereas other oxylipins remain outside of the focus of researchers' attention. Among them, there is a large group of epoxy hydroxy fatty acids (epoxyalcohols), whose biosynthesis has remained unclear for a long time. In 2008, the first epoxyalcohol synthase of lancelet Branchiostoma floridae, BfEAS (CYP440A1), was discovered. The present review collects data on EASs discovered after BfEAS and enzymes exhibiting EAS activity along with other catalytic activities. This review also presents the results of a study on the evolutionary processes possibly occurring within the P450 superfamily as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Y. Toporkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 261, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (E.O.S.); (S.S.G.)
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Liu H, Zhang X, Chen W, Wang C. The regulatory functions of oxylipins in fungi: A review. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:1073-1084. [PMID: 37357952 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a communication mechanism between microorganisms originally found in bacteria. In recent years, an important QS mechanism has been discovered in the field of fungi, namely, the lipoxygenase compound oxylipin of arachidonic acid acts as a QS molecule in life cycle control, particularly in the sexual and asexual development of fungi. However, the role of oxylipins in mediating eukaryotic communication has not been previously described. In this paper, we review the regulatory role of oxylipins and the underlying mechanisms and discuss the potential for application in major fungi. The role of oxylipin as a fungal quorum-sensing molecule is the main focus of the review. Besides, the quorum regulation of fungal morphological transformation, biofilm formation, virulence factors, secondary metabolism, infection, symbiosis, and other physiological behaviors are discussed. Moreover, future prospectives and applications are elaborated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xizi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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Li R, Zheng P, Sun X, Dong W, Shen Z, Chen P, Wu D. Genome Sequencing and Analysis Reveal Potential High-Valued Metabolites Synthesized by Lasiodiplodia iranensis DWH-2. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050522. [PMID: 37233233 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lasiodiplodia sp. is a typical opportunistic plant pathogen, which can also be classified as an endophytic fungus. In this study, the genome of a jasmonic-acid-producing Lasiodiplodia iranensis DWH-2 was sequenced and analyzed to understand its application value. The results showed that the L. iranensis DWH-2 genome was 43.01 Mb in size with a GC content of 54.82%. A total of 11,224 coding genes were predicted, among which 4776 genes were annotated based on Gene Ontology. Furthermore, the core genes involved in the pathogenicity of the genus Lasiodiplodia were determined for the first time based on pathogen-host interactions. Eight Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZymes) genes related to 1,3-β-glucan synthesis were annotated based on the CAZy database and three relatively complete known biosynthetic gene clusters were identified based on the Antibiotics and Secondary Metabolites Analysis Shell database, which were associated with the synthesis of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene, dimethylcoprogen, and (R)-melanin. Moreover, eight genes associated with jasmonic acid synthesis were detected in pathways related to lipid metabolism. These findings fill the gap in the genomic data of high jasmonate-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pu Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingyun Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenhua Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ziqiang Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China
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Gao J, Liu H, Zhang Z, Liang Z. Quorum Sensing-Mediated Lipid Oxidation Further Regulating the Environmental Adaptability of Aspergillus ochraceus. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040491. [PMID: 37110150 PMCID: PMC10146863 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a cellular strategy of communication between intra- and inter-specific microorganisms, characterized by the release of quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) that achieve coordination to adaptation to the environment. In Aspergillus, lipids carry population density-mediated stresses, and their oxidative metabolite oxylipins act as signaling to transmit information inside cells to regulate fungal development in a synchronized way. In this study, we investigated the regulation of density-dependent lipid metabolism in the toxigenic fungi Aspergillus ochraceus by the oxidative lipid metabolomics in conjunction with transcriptomics. In addition to proven hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs), prostaglandins (PGs) also appear to have the properties of QSM. As a class of signaling molecule, oxylipins regulate the fungal morphology, secondary metabolism, and host infection through the G protein signaling pathway. The results of combined omics lay a foundation for further verification of oxylipin function, which is expected to elucidate the complex adaptability mechanism in Aspergillus and realize fungal utilization and damage control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huiqing Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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7
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Distinct Mechanistic Behaviour of Tomato CYP74C3 and Maize CYP74A19 Allene Oxide Synthases: Insights from Trapping Experiments and Allene Oxide Isolation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032230. [PMID: 36768554 PMCID: PMC9916873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The product specificity and mechanistic peculiarities of two allene oxide synthases, tomato LeAOS3 (CYP74C3) and maize ZmAOS (CYP74A19), were studied. Enzymes were vortexed with linoleic acid 9-hydroperoxide in a hexane-water biphasic system (20-60 s, 0 °C). Synthesized allene oxide (9,10-epoxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid; 9,10-EOD) was trapped with ethanol. Incubations with ZmAOS produced predominantly 9,10-EOD, which was converted into an ethanolysis product, (12Z)-9-ethoxy-10-oxo-12-octadecenoic acid. LeAOS3 produced the same trapping product and 9(R)-α-ketol at nearly equimolar yields. Thus, both α-ketol and 9,10-EOD appeared to be kinetically controlled LeAOS3 products. NMR data for 9,10-EOD (Me) preparations revealed that ZmAOS specifically synthesized 10(E)-9,10-EOD, whereas LeAOS3 produced a roughly 4:1 mixture of 10(E) and 10(Z) isomers. The cyclopentenone cis-10-oxo-11-phytoenoic acid (10-oxo-PEA) and the Favorskii-type product yields were appreciable with LeAOS3, but dramatically lower with ZmAOS. The 9,10-EOD (free acid) kept in hexane transformed into macrolactones but did not cyclize. LeAOS3 catalysis is supposed to produce a higher proportion of oxyallyl diradical (a valence tautomer of allene oxide), which is a direct precursor of both cyclopentenone and cyclopropanone. This may explain the substantial yields of cis-10-oxo-PEA and the Favorskii-type product (via cyclopropanone) with LeAOS3. Furthermore, 10(Z)-9,10-EOD may be produced via the reverse formation of allene oxide from oxyallyl diradical.
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Tang Q, Ma Q, Xiao Z, Xiao Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Peng W, Wang B, Liu T, Song N. Identification and characterization of pathogenicity-related genes of Rhizoctonia solani AG3 during tobacco infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1116506. [PMID: 36733585 PMCID: PMC9887180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1116506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco target spot disease is caused by a ubiquitous soil-borne phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani; the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the effects of R. solani remain unclear. Deeper understanding of the functional responses to R. solani during host plant infection would help identify the molecular mechanisms essential for successful host invasion. In this study, we performed global transcriptional analysis of R. solani during various stages (12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h) of tobacco infection via an RNA sequencing method, while utilizing the pathosystem model R. solani AG3-tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). After R. solani inoculation, the number of differentially expressed genes of R. solani differed at the various time points. Moreover, several gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways were unique in different infection stages, especially with respect to the genes involved in plant cell wall degradation and catalysis of biotransformation reactions, such as the pectin metabolic process and pectin catabolic process. The overexpressing-PD8 N. benthamiana plants enhanced the susceptibility to R. solani. In addition, we found that large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated in tobacco after infected by R. solani. R. solani encoding FAD/NAD binding oxidoreductase and peroxidase gene family to eliminating ROS and counteract oxidative stress. Moreover, Perox3 was validated that can enhance the ability of scavenging ROS by co-injecting. Overall, our findings show that pectin-degrading enzymes and cytochrome P450 genes are critical for plant infection. These results provide comprehensive insights into R. solani AG3 transcriptome responses during tobacco invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjun Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianqian Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhipeng Xiao
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hunan Provence, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yansong Xiao
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hunan Provence, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weiye Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hunan Provence, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Song
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Toporkova YY, Smirnova EO, Mukhtarova LS, Grechkin AN. Lipoxygenase pathway in brown algae: The biosynthesis of novel oxylipins 'ectocarpins' by hydroperoxide bicyclase CYP5164A3 of Ectocarpus siliculosus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159205. [PMID: 35835431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sequence encoding the CYP5164A3 of the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus (Stramenopiles, SAR) was heterologously expressed in E. coli cells. The resulting recombinant CYP74 clan-related protein CYP5164A3 possessed a selective activity towards the α-linolenic acid 13(S)-hydroperoxide (13-HPOTE) and eicosapentaenoic acid 15(S)-hydroperoxide (15-HPEPE). The major products were the heterobicyclic oxylipins. For instance, the 13-HPOTE was converted into plasmodiophorols A, B, and C formed at about 14:3:2 ratio. Plasmodiophorols A-C have been recently described as the products of enzyme hydroperoxide bicyclase CYP50918A1 of cercozoan Plasmodiophora brassicae (Rhizaria, SAR). Furthermore, an unknown compound 1 was detected. Purified product 1 (Me) was identified as a novel substituted 3-propenyl-6-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane based on its MS and NMR spectral data. Conversion of 15-HPEPE by CYP5164A3 resulted in products 7 and 8, analogous to plasmodiophorols A and B. This work uncovered the CYP5164A3 as the first hydroperoxide bicyclase in brown algae. Apparently, this enzyme plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of heterobicyclic oxylipins like hybridalactone, ecklonilactones, and related natural products, widespread in brown algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Y Toporkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena O Smirnova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Lucia S Mukhtarova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexander N Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
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Beccaccioli M, Pucci N, Salustri M, Scortichini M, Zaccaria M, Momeni B, Loreti S, Reverberi M, Scala V. Fungal and bacterial oxylipins are signals for intra- and inter-cellular communication within plant disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:823233. [PMID: 36186042 PMCID: PMC9524268 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.823233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are central at various stages of host-pathogen interactions in determining virulence and modulating plant defense. Free fatty acids may act as substrates for oxidizing enzymes [e.g., lipoxygenases (LOXs) and dioxygenases (DOXs)] that synthesize oxylipins. Fatty acids and oxylipins function as modulators of several pathways in cell-to-cell communication; their structural similarity among plant, fungal, and bacterial taxa suggests potential in cross-kingdom communication. We provide a prospect of the known role of fatty acids and oxylipins in fungi and bacteria during plant-pathogen interactions. In the pathogens, oxylipin-mediated signaling pathways are crucial both in development and host infection. Here, we report on case studies suggesting that oxylipins derived from oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids are crucial in modulating the pathogenic lifestyle in the host plant. Intriguingly, overlapping (fungi-plant/bacteria-plant) results suggest that different inter-kingdom pathosystems use similar lipid signals to reshape the lifestyle of the contenders and occasionally determine the outcome of the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Beccaccioli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pucci
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and the Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Salustri
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Scortichini
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and the Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Zaccaria
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Newton, MA, United States
| | - Babak Momeni
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Newton, MA, United States
| | - Stefania Loreti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and the Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Scala
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and the Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
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The Biosynthesis of 1-octene-3-ol by a Multifunctional Fatty Acid Dioxygenase and Hydroperoxide Lyase in Agaricus bisporus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080827. [PMID: 36012815 PMCID: PMC9410191 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway from linoleic acid to 1-octen-3-ol in Agaricus bisporus has long been established, in which linoleic acid is converted to 10-hydroperoxide (10-HPOD) by deoxygenation, and 10-HPOD is subsequently cleaved to yield 1-octene-3-ol and 10-oxodecanoic acid. However, the corresponding enzymes have not been identified and cloned. In the present study, four putative genes involved in oxylipid biosynthesis, including one lipoxygenase gene named AbLOX, two linoleate diol synthase genes named AbLDS1 and AbLDS2, and one hydroperoxide lyase gene named AbHPL were retrieved from the A. bisporus genome by a homology search and cloned and expressed prokaryotically. AbLOX, AbLDS1, and AbLDS2 all exhibited fatty acid dioxygenase activity, catalyzing the conversion of linoleic acid to generate hydroperoxide, and AbHPL showed a cleaving hydroperoxide activity, as was determined by the KI-starch method. AbLOX and AbHPL catalyzed linoleic acid to 1-octen-3-ol with an optimum temperature of 35 °C and an optimum pH of 7.2, whereas AbLDS1, AbLDS2, and AbHPL catalyzed linoleic acid without 1-octen-3-ol. Reduced AbLOX expression in antisense AbLOX transformants was correlated with a decrease in the yield of 1-octen-3-ol. AbLOX and AbHPL were highly homologous to the sesquiterpene synthase Cop4 of Coprinus cinerea and the yeast sterol C-22 desaturase, respectively. These results reveal that the enzymes for the oxidative cleavage of linoleic acid to synthesize 1-octen-3-ol in A. bisporus are the multifunctional fatty acid dioxygenase AbLOX and hydroperoxide lyase AbHPL.
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12
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Oliw EH. Iron and manganese lipoxygenases of plant pathogenic fungi and their role in biosynthesis of jasmonates. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 722:109169. [PMID: 35276213 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) contain catalytic iron (FeLOX), but fungi also produce LOX with catalytic manganese (MnLOX). In this review, the 3D structures and properties of fungal LOX are compared and contrasted along with their associations with pathogenicity. The 3D structures and properties of two MnLOX (Magnaporthe oryzae, Geaumannomyces graminis) and the catalysis of five additional MnLOX have provided information on the metal center, substrate binding, oxygenation, tentative O2 channels, and biosynthesis of exclusive hydroperoxides. In addition, the genomes of other plant pathogens also code for putative MnLOX. Crystals of the 13S-FeLOX of Fusarium graminearum revealed an unusual altered geometry of the Fe ligands between mono- and dimeric structures, influenced by a wrapping sequence extension near the C-terminal of the dimers. In plants, the enzymes involved in jasmonate synthesis are well documented whereas the fungal pathway is yet to be fully elucidated. Conversion of deuterium-labeled 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6, and their 13S-hydroperoxides to jasmonates established 13S-FeLOX of F. oxysporum in the biosynthesis, while subsequent enzymes lacked sequence homologues in plants. The Rice-blast (M. oryzae) and the Take-all (G. graminis) fungi secrete MnLOX to support infection, invasive hyphal growth, and cell membrane oxidation, contributing to their devastating impact on world production of rice and wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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