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Toghroli F, Noorbakhsh MF, Sajedianfard J. The Effects of Silymarin on Calcium Chloride-Induced Arrhythmia in Male Rat. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2024; 2024:6720138. [PMID: 39247668 PMCID: PMC11380717 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6720138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Antioxidants play an important role in protecting cardiac arrhythmias. Silymarin, strong antioxidant, is effective in reducing the complications caused by arrhythmias. This study was conducted to determine the effect of silymarin on the prevention and treatment of calcium chloride-induced arrhythmia. In total, 48 male rats were randomly divided into six groups: the first control group for acute administration received intravenous injection of 0.2 mL of dimethylsulfoxide, a cosolvent, immediately after induction of arrhythmia; the second control group for chronic administration, daily gavage of dimethylsulfoxide for 2 weeks before induction of arrhythmia; acute silymarin group, 100 mg/kg intravenous, immediately after the occurrence of arrhythmia; chronic silymarin group, daily gavage of 50 mg/kg for 2 weeks before induction of arrhythmia; amiodarone standard treatment, 5 mg/kg intravenous, immediately after induction of arrhythmia; and quinidine standard treatment, 10 mg/kg intravenous, immediately after induction of arrhythmia. Calcium chloride (140 mg/kg, i.v.) was used to induce arrhythmia. Electrocardiogram was recorded and monitored by PowerLab™ system. The incidence rates of premature ventricular beat (PVB), ventricular tachycardia (VT), and ventricular fibrillation (VF) were calculated. The antiarrhythmic effect of silymarin was observed with a significant decrease in the incidence of premature ventricular beat (22.56 ± 1.04%, P < 0.001), ventricular tachycardia (34.150 ± 1.59%, P < 0.001), and ventricular fibrillation (24.31 ± 1.02%, P < 0.001) compared with the control group (100%). These effects were comparable to antiarrhythmic drugs such as quinidine (29.23% ± 1.24%, 52.23% ± 1.13%, 66.31% ± 1.81%) and amiodarone (22.91% ± .72%, 41.09% ± 1.66%, 61.59% ± 1.11%). Silymarin exerts a potent antioxidant effect, thereby mitigating the risk of VT, VF, and PVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Toghroli
- Department of Basic Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Javad Sajedianfard
- Department of Basic Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Gupta J, Jalil AT, Riyad Muedii ZAH, Aminov Z, Alsaikhan F, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Ramaiah P, Farhood B. The Radiosensitizing Potentials of Silymarin/Silibinin in Cancer: A Systematic Review. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:6992-7014. [PMID: 37921180 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673248404231006052436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although radiotherapy is one of the main cancer treatment modalities, exposing healthy organs/tissues to ionizing radiation during treatment and tumor resistance to ionizing radiation are the chief challenges of radiotherapy that can lead to different adverse effects. It was shown that the combined treatment of radiotherapy and natural bioactive compounds (such as silymarin/silibinin) can alleviate the ionizing radiation-induced adverse side effects and induce synergies between these therapeutic modalities. In the present review, the potential radiosensitization effects of silymarin/silibinin during cancer radiation exposure/radiotherapy were studied. METHODS According to the PRISMA guideline, a systematic search was performed for the identification of relevant studies in different electronic databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus up to October 2022. We screened 843 articles in accordance with a predefined set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Seven studies were finally included in this systematic review. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the cell survival/proliferation of cancer cells treated with ionizing radiation was considerably less, and silymarin/silibinin administration synergistically increased ionizing radiation-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, there was a decrease in the tumor volume, weight, and growth of ionizing radiation-treated mice as compared to the untreated groups, and these diminutions were predominant in those treated with radiotherapy plus silymarin/ silibinin. Furthermore, the irradiation led to a set of biochemical and histopathological changes in tumoral cells/tissues, and the ionizing radiation-induced alterations were synergized following silymarin/silibinin administration (in most cases). CONCLUSION In most cases, silymarin/silibinin administration could sensitize the cancer cells to ionizing radiation through an increase of free radical formation, induction of DNA damage, increase of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis, etc. However, suggesting the use of silymarin/silibinin during radiotherapeutic treatment of cancer patients requires further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, U.P., India
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | | | - Zafar Aminov
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare Management, Samarkand State Medical University, 18 Amir Temur Street, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Tashkent State Dental Institute, 103 Makhtumkuli Str., Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Medellin, Colombia
- Educational Statistics Research Group (GIEE), National University of Education, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | | | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Rahimi-Dehkordi N, Heidari-Soureshjani S, Sherwin CMT. The Effects and Safety of Silymarin on β-thalassemia in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review based on Clinical Trial Studies. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2024; 19:242-255. [PMID: 38818907 DOI: 10.2174/0115748871305325240511122602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-thalassemia imposes significant complications on affected patients. Silymarin, a natural flavonoid complex, has potential therapeutic properties. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to comprehensively evaluate the literature on the mechanistic effects of Silymarin on β-thalassemia outcomes in children and adolescents. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases, including MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science (WOS), was done to identify relevant clinical trials before January 2024. Various data were extracted, including study characteristics, outcomes measured (hematological parameters, oxidative stress markers, iron metabolism, and other outcomes), proposed mechanisms, and safety. RESULTS By iron chelation effects, Silymarin can reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increase intracellular antioxidant enzyme glutathione (GSH), and insert antioxidant effects. It also attenuated inflammation through reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interferon-gamma (IFNγ), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-17, and IL-23 levels and increase in IL-4 and IL-10 levels. By reducing iron overload conditions, Silymarin indicates modulatory effects on immune abnormalities, inhibits red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis, increases RBC count, and minimizes the need for a transfusion. Moreover, it reduces myocardial and hepatic siderosis, improves liver function tests, and modifies abnormal enzymes, particularly for aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and total protein levels. Silymarin also reduces iron overload, increases antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity in cardiomyocytes, and reveals antioxidant effects. CONCLUSION Silymarin indicates promising effects on various aspects of children and adolescents with β-thalassemia and has no serious side effects on the investigated dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Rahimi-Dehkordi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Catherine M T Sherwin
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton Children's Hospital, One Children's Plaza, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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Khurm M, Guo Y, Wu Q, Zhang X, Ghori MU, Rasool MF, Imran I, Saqib F, Wahid M, Guo Z. Conocarpus lancifolius (Combretaceae): Pharmacological Effects, LC-ESI-MS/MS Profiling and In Silico Attributes. Metabolites 2023; 13:794. [PMID: 37512501 PMCID: PMC10385132 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In folklore medicine, Conocarpus lancifolius is used to treat various illnesses. The main objective of this study was a comprehensive investigation of Conocarpus lancifolius leaf aqueous extract (CLAE) for its antioxidant, cardioprotective, anxiolytic, antidepressant and memory-enhancing capabilities by using different in vitro, in vivo and in silico models. The in vitro experimentation revealed that CLAE consumed an ample amount of total phenolics (67.70 ± 0.15 µg GAE/mg) and flavonoids (47.54 ± 0.45 µg QE/mg) with stronger antiradical effects through DPPH (IC50 = 16.66 ± 0.42 µg/mL), TAC (77.33 ± 0.41 µg AAE/mg) and TRP (79.11 ± 0.67 µg GAE/mg) assays. The extract also displayed suitable acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory (IC50 = 110.13 ± 1.71 µg/mL) activity through a modified Ellman's method. The toxicology examination presented no mortality or any signs of clinical toxicity in both single-dose and repeated-dose tests. In line with the cardioprotective study, the pretreatment of CLAE was found to be effective in relieving the isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury in rats by normalizing the heart weight index, serum cardiac biomarkers, lipid profile and various histopathological variations. In the noise-stress-induced model for behavior attributes, the results demonstrated that CLAE has the tendency to increase the time spent in the central zone and elevated open arms in the open field and elevated plus maze tests (examined for anxiety assessment), reduced periods of immobility in the forced swimming test (for depression) and improved recognition and working memory in the novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests, respectively. Moreover, the LC-ESI-MS/MS profiling predicted 53 phytocompounds in CLAE. The drug-likeness and ADMET analysis exhibited that the majority of the identified compounds have reasonable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles. The co-expression of molecular docking and network analysis indicated that top-ranked CLAE phytoconstituents act efficiently against the key proteins and target multiple signaling pathways to exert its cardiovascular-protectant, anxiolytic, antidepressant and memory-enhancing activity. Hence, this artifact illustrates that the observed biological properties of CLAE elucidate its significance as a sustainable source of bioactive phytochemicals, which appears to be advantageous for pursuing further studies for the development of new therapeutic agents of desired interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khurm
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuting Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Muhammad Umer Ghori
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fawad Rasool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muqeet Wahid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Zengjun Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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Horablaga A, Şibu Ciobanu A, Megyesi CI, Gligor Pane D, Bujancă GS, Velciov AB, Morariu FE, Hădărugă DI, Mişcă CD, Hădărugă NG. Estimation of the Controlled Release of Antioxidants from β-Cyclodextrin/Chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla L.) or Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum L.), Asteraceae, Hydrophilic Extract Complexes through the Fast and Cheap Spectrophotometric Technique. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2352. [PMID: 37375976 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study on the modeling of the controlled release of the estimated antioxidants (flavonoids or flavonolignans) from β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)/hydrophilic vegetable extract complexes and the modeling of transdermal pharmaceutical formulations based on these complexes using an overall estimation by the spectrophotometric method. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model was chosen for evaluating the release mechanisms. β-CD/chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L., Asteraceae) ethanolic extract and β-CD/milk thistle (Silybum marianum L., Asteraceae) ethanolic extract complexes were obtained by the co-crystallization method with good recovering yields of 55-76%, slightly lower than for β-CD/silibinin or silymarin complexes (~87%). According to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Karl Fischer water titration (KFT), the thermal stability of complexes is similar to β-CD hydrate while the hydration water content is lower, revealing the formation of molecular inclusion complexes. In the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, β-CD/M. chamomilla flower extract complexes reveal Case II transport mechanisms, while the corresponding complexes with leaf extracts indicate non-Fickian diffusion for the controlled release of antioxidants in ethanol 60 and 96%. The same non-Fickian diffusion was revealed by β-CD/S. marianum extract and β-CD/silibinin complexes. On the contrary, almost all model transdermal pharmaceutical formulations based on β-CD/M. chamomilla extract complexes and all those based on β-CD/S. marianum extract complexes revealed non-Fickian diffusion for the antioxidant release. These results indicate that H-bonding is mainly involved in the diffusion of antioxidants into a β-CD based matrix, while the controlled release of antioxidants in model formulations is mainly due to hydrophobic interactions. Results obtained in this study can be further used for studying the particular antioxidants (namely rutin or silibinin, quantified, for example, by liquid chromatographic techniques) for their transdermal transport and biological effects in innovatively designed pharmaceutical formulations that can be obtained using "green" methods and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Horablaga
- Department of Sustainable Development and Environmental Engineering, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Alina Şibu Ciobanu
- Doctoral School "Engineering of Vegetable and Animal Resources", University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Corina Iuliana Megyesi
- Department of Food Science, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Dina Gligor Pane
- Doctoral School "Engineering of Vegetable and Animal Resources", University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Gabriel Stelian Bujancă
- Department of Food Control, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Ariana Bianca Velciov
- Department of Food Science, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Florica Emilia Morariu
- Department of Biotechnologies, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Daniel Ioan Hădărugă
- Doctoral School "Engineering of Vegetable and Animal Resources", University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Organic and Natural Compounds Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Corina Dana Mişcă
- Department of Food Control, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Gabriela Hădărugă
- Doctoral School "Engineering of Vegetable and Animal Resources", University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
- Department of Food Science, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
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Ranjan S, Gautam A. Pharmaceutical prospects of Silymarin for the treatment of neurological patients: an updated insight. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1159806. [PMID: 37274201 PMCID: PMC10232807 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1159806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid complex extricated from dried fruits and seeds of the plant Silybum marianum L. Chemically, it is a mixture of flavonolignan complexes consisting of silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin, a minor quantity of taxifolin, and other polyphenolic compounds, which possess different bio medicinal values. Purpose This review critically looks into the current status, pharmaceutical prospects and limitations of the clinical application of Silymarin for treating neurological disorders. In particular, Silymarin's medicinal properties and molecular mechanisms are focused on providing a better-compiled understanding helpful in its neuro-pharmacological or therapeutic aspects. Methods This review was compiled by the literature search done using three databases, i.e., PubMed (Medline), EMBASE and Science Direct, up to January 2023, using the keywords-Silymarin, neurological disorders, cognitive disorders, Type 2 Diabetes, pharmaceutical prospects and treatment. Then, potentially relevant publications and studies (matching the eligible criteria) were retrieved and selected to explain in this review using PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) study flow chart. Result Since its discovery, it has been widely studied as a hepatoprotective drug for various liver disorders. However, in the last 10-15 years, several research studies have shown its putative neuroprotective nature against various brain disorders, including psychiatric, neurodegenerative, cognitive, metabolic and other neurological disorders. The main underlying neuroprotective mechanisms in preventing and curing such disorders are the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, pro-neurotrophic and pro-estrogenic nature of the bioactive molecules. Conclusion This review provides a lucid summary of the well-studied neuroprotective effects of Silymarin, its underlying molecular mechanisms and current limitations for its usage during neurological disorders. Finally, we have suggested a future course of action for developing it as a novel herbal drug for the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovit Ranjan
- University Department of Zoology, Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand, India
| | - Akash Gautam
- Center for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Rudat R. Die Bauchspeicheldrüse – der Blick fürs
Ganze. ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR GANZHEITLICHE TIERMEDIZIN 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/a-2002-8709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungEine Pathologie der Bauchspeicheldrüse ist vielfach Wegbereiter für
weitere Pathologien desselben Organs. Grund dafür ist die enge
Verknüpfung der endokrinen und exokrinen Anteile sowie die vergleichbaren
Pathogenese-Faktoren der unterschiedlichen Erkrankungen. Phytotherapeutika und
Komplexhomöopathika sind aufgrund ihrer Multi-Target-Wirkungen und der
großen therapeutischen Breite ideale Mittel, um bei Diabetes, Exokriner
Pankreas-Insuffizienz und chronischer Pankreatitis helfend einzugreifen.
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Tsiailanis AD, Tzakos AG, Mavromoustakos T. Advancing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Bioactive Molecules by Delivery Vehicle Platforms. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2697-2706. [PMID: 32503399 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200605154506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drugs have to overcome numerous barriers to reach their desired therapeutic targets. In several cases, drugs, especially the highly lipophilic molecules, suffer from low solubility and bioavailability and therefore their desired targeting is hampered. In addition, undesired metabolic products might be produced or off-targets could be recognized. Along these lines, nanopharmacology has provided new technological platforms, to overcome these boundaries. Specifically, numerous vehicle platforms such as cyclodextrins and calixarenes have been widely utilized to host lipophilic drugs such as antagonists of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor (AT1R), as well as quercetin and silibinin. The encapsulation of these drugs in supramolecules or other systems refines their solubility and metabolic stability, increases their selectivity and therefore decreases their effective dose and improves their therapeutic index. In this mini review we report on the formulations of silibinin and AT1R antagonist candesartan in a 2-HP-β-cyclodextrin host molecule, which displayed enhanced cytotoxicity and increased silibinin's and candesartan's stability, respectively. Moreover, we describe the encapsulation of quercetin in gold nanoparticles bearing a calixarene supramolecular host. Also, the encapsulation of temozolomide in a calixarene nanocapsule has been described. Finally, we report on the activity enhancement that has been achieved upon using these formulations as well as the analytical and computational methods we used to characterize these formulations and explore the molecular interactions between the host and quest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Greece
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Network pharmacology-based evaluation of natural compounds with paclitaxel for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 423:115576. [PMID: 34000264 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is a prevalent life-threatening disease. Paclitaxel (PTX) is widely used in metastatic breast cancer therapy, but the side effects limit its chemotherapeutic application. Multidrug strategies have recently been used to maximize potency and decrease the toxicity of a particular drug by reducing its dosage. Therefore, we have evaluated the combined anti-cancerous effect of PTX with tested natural compounds (andrographolide (AND), silibinin (SIL), mimosine (MIM) and trans-anethole (TA)) using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, trypan blue dye exclusion assay, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining, network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) and in vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis assay. We observed a reduction in the IC50 value of PTX with tested natural compounds. Further, the network pharmacology-based analysis of compound-disease-target (C-D-T) network showed that PTX, AND, SIL, MIM and TA targeted 55, 61, 56, 31 and 18 proteins of metastatic breast cancer, respectively. Molecular docking results indicated that AND and SIL inhibited the C-D-T network's core target kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) protein more effectively than others. While MD showed that the binding of AND with KDR was stronger and more stable than others. In trypan blue dye exclusion assay and PCNA staining, AND and SIL along with PTX were found to be more effective than PTX alone. CAM assay results suggested that AND, SIL and TA increase the anti-angiogenic potential of PTX. Thus, natural compounds can be used to improve the anti-cancer potential of PTX.
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Vilahur G, Sutelman P, Mendieta G, Ben-Aicha S, Borrell-Pages M, Peña E, Crespo J, Casaní L, Badimon L. Triglyceride-induced cardiac lipotoxicity is mitigated by Silybum marianum. Atherosclerosis 2021; 324:91-101. [PMID: 33857761 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Silybum marianum (SM) is an herbal product with cytoprotective and antioxidant properties. We have previously demonstrated that SM ameliorates ventricular remodeling and improves cardiac performance. Here, we evaluated whether SM could exert beneficial effects against cardiac lipotoxicity in a pig model of closed-chest myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS Study 1 investigated the effect of SM administration on lipid profile and any potential SM-related adverse effects. Animals received SM or placebo during 10 days and were afterward sacrificed. Study 2 evaluated the effectiveness of SM daily administration in reducing cardiac lipotoxicity in animals subjected to a 1.5h myocardial infarction (MI), who were subsequently reperfused for 2.5h and euthanized or kept under study for three weeks and then sacrificed. RESULTS Animals administered a 10-day SM regime presented a sharp decline in plasma triglyceride levels vs. controls, with no other modifications in lipid profile. The decrease in triglyceride concentration was accompanied by a marked reduction in triglyceride intestinal absorption and glycoprotein-P expression. Three weeks post-MI the triglyceride content in the ischemic myocardium of the SM-treated animals was significantly lower than in the ischemic myocardium of placebo-controls. This effect was associated with an enhanced cardiac expression of PPARγ and triglyceride clearance receptors. This long-term SM-administration induced a lower expression of lipid receptors in subcutaneous adipose tissue. No SM-related side-effects were registered. CONCLUSION SM administration reduces plasma triglyceride levels through attenuation of triglyceride intestinal absorption and modulates cardiac lipotoxicity in the ischemic myocardium, likely contributing to improve ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CiberCV, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Sutelman
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guiomar Mendieta
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cardiology, Clinic Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soumaya Ben-Aicha
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Borrell-Pages
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Peña
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Crespo
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Casaní
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CiberCV, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CiberCV, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Chair UAB, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Effects of Silymarin and Baicalein on Glycogen Storage in the Hepatocytes of Rat Models of Hepatic Injury. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.113114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: An association has been reported between hepatitis and glycogen storage problems. Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type I is induced by G6PD deficiency. Silymarin and baicalein, as herbal agents, have hepatoprotective and antioxidant potentials. Objectives: In this study, we assessed the effects of these herbs on liver glycogen storage problems and hepatitis. Methods: Twenty male rats kept under standard laboratory conditions were divided into four groups, including healthy (control) and hepatotoxicity treated with silymarin, baicalein, or none. The levels of ALT, AST, ALP, LDL, HDL, VLDL, TG, Cho, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured, and the expression levels of G6PD, CTGF, HMGB1, and P53 were determined. Also, liver histopathology was examined. Results: Treatment with silymarin and baicalein reduced the serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, LDL, VLDL, TG, Cho, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Silymarin increased G6PD gene expression, and both silymarin and baicalein reduced CTGF, P53, and HMGB1 gene expressions, but silymarin and baicalein had no effects on glycogen storage of hepatocytes. Conclusions: Baicalein and silymarin showed anti-inflammatory effects and could control inflammation and necrotic factors, but they did not affect hepatic glycogen storage.
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Faisal Z, Mohos V, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Valentová K, Káňová K, Lemli B, Kunsági-Máté S, Poór M. Interaction of silymarin components and their sulfate metabolites with human serum albumin and cytochrome P450 (2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) enzymes. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111459. [PMID: 33706132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is a mixture of flavonolignans isolated from the fruit of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner). Milk thistle extract is the active ingredient of several medications and dietary supplements to treat liver injury/diseases. After the oral administration, flavonolignans are extensively biotransformed, resulting in the formation of sulfate and/or glucuronide metabolites. Previous studies demonstrated that silymarin components form stable complexes with serum albumin and can inhibit certain cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Nevertheless, in most of these investigations, silybin was tested; while no or only limited information is available regarding other silymarin components and metabolites. In this study, the interactions of five silymarin components (silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, silychristin, and 2,3-dehydrosilychristin) and their sulfate metabolites were examined with human serum albumin and CYP (2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) enzymes. Our results demonstrate that each compound tested forms stable complexes with albumin, and certain silymarin components/metabolites can inhibit CYP enzymes. Most of the sulfate conjugates were less potent inhibitors of CYP enzymes, but 2,3-dehydrosilychristin-19-O-sulfate showed the strongest inhibitory effect on CYP3A4. Based on these observations, the simultaneous administration of high dose silymarin with medications should be carefully considered, because milk thistle flavonolignans and/or their sulfate metabolites may interfere with drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelma Faisal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Violetta Mohos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristýna Káňová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Beáta Lemli
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
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13
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Elyasi S. Silybum marianum, antioxidant activity, and cancer patients. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kesharwani SS, Jain V, Dey S, Sharma S, Mallya P, Kumar VA. An overview of advanced formulation and nanotechnology-based approaches for solubility and bioavailability enhancement of silymarin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Vargas-Mendoza N, Ángeles-Valencia M, Madrigal-Santillán EO, Morales-Martínez M, Tirado-Lule JM, Solano-Urrusquieta A, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Álvarez-González I, Fregoso-Aguilar T, Morales-González Á, Morales-González JA. Effect of Silymarin Supplementation on Physical Performance, Muscle and Myocardium Histological Changes, Bodyweight, and Food Consumption in Rats Subjected to Regular Exercise Training. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207724. [PMID: 33086540 PMCID: PMC7590064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Regular exercise induces physiological and morphological changes in the organisms, but excessive training loads may induce damage and impair recovery or muscle growth. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of Silymarin (SM) consumption on endurance capacity, muscle/cardiac histological changes, bodyweight, and food intake in rats subjected to 60 min of regular exercise training (RET) five days per week. (2) Methods: Male Wistar rats were subjected to an eight-week RET treadmill program and were previously administered SM and vitamin C. Bodyweight and food consumption were measured and registered. The maximal endurance capacity (MEC) test was performed at weeks one and eight. After the last training session, the animals were sacrificed, and samples of quadriceps/gastrocnemius and cardiac tissue were obtained and process for histological analyzes. (3) Results: SM consumption improved muscle recovery, inflammation, and damaged tissue, and promoted hypertrophy, vascularization, and muscle fiber shape/appearance. MEC increased after eight weeks of RET in all trained groups; moreover, the SM-treated group was enhanced more than the group with vitamin C. There were no significant changes in bodyweight and in food and nutrient consumption along the study. (5) Conclusion: SM supplementation may enhance physical performance, recovery, and muscle hypertrophy during the eight-week RET program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.Á.-V.); (E.O.M.-S.)
| | - Marcelo Ángeles-Valencia
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.Á.-V.); (E.O.M.-S.)
| | - Eduardo Osiris Madrigal-Santillán
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.Á.-V.); (E.O.M.-S.)
| | - Mauricio Morales-Martínez
- Licenciatura en Nutrición, Universidad Intercontinental, Insurgentes Sur 4303, Santa Úrsula Xitla, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14420, Mexico;
| | - Judith Margarita Tirado-Lule
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz s/n Esquina Miguel Othón de Mendizabal, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
| | - Arturo Solano-Urrusquieta
- Hospital Militar de Zona, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Periférico Boulevard Manuel Ávila Camacho s/n, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11200, Mexico;
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Col., Lindavista, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - Isela Álvarez-González
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Col., Lindavista, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - Tomás Fregoso-Aguilar
- Departamento de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Hormonas y Conducta, ENCB Campus Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07700, Mexico;
| | - Ángel Morales-González
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz s/n Esquina Miguel Othón de Mendizabal, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (Á.M.-G.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (A.M.-G. & J.A.M.-G.)
| | - José A. Morales-González
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.Á.-V.); (E.O.M.-S.)
- Correspondence: (Á.M.-G.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (A.M.-G. & J.A.M.-G.)
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Elateeq AA, Sun Y, Nxumalo W, Gabr AM. Biotechnological production of silymarin in Silybum marianum L.: A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Naveed M, Majeed F, Taleb A, Zubair HM, Shumzaid M, Farooq MA, Baig MMFA, Abbas M, Saeed M, Changxing L. A Review of Medicinal Plants in Cardiovascular Disorders: Benefits and Risks. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:259-286. [PMID: 32345058 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many cultivated and wild plants are used for the management of various diseases, specifically renal and hepatic diseases and those of the immune and cardiovascular systems. In China, medicinal plants from ancient to modern history have been used in patients with angina pectoris, congestive heart failure (CHF), systolic hypertension, arrhythmia, and venous insufficiency for centuries. The latest increase in the fame of natural products and alternative medicine has revived interest in conventional remedies that have been consumed in the management of CVD. The cardio-protective properties of the various herbs are possibly due to their anti-oxidative, antihypercholesterolemic, anti-ischemic activities, and inhibition of platelet aggregation that reduce the risk of CVD. Ethno-pharmacological and biological properties of these plants are explored, based upon published scientific literature. Although a majority of medicinal plants having a biological mechanism that linked with CVD management, to date, published literature pertaining to their promising scientific properties are still poorly understood. Compared with synthetic medicines, alternative medicines do not need scientific studies before their formal approval from the government sector and due to this purpose; their safety, as well as efficacy, still remain elusive. Taken together, we addressed all accessible evidence on alternative medicines commonly consumed in CVD management. Our comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature indicated that many TCMs are available and valuable herbal medication would be the best alternative for the management of CVD as a complementary therapy. Furthermore, practitioners should always discuss possible benefits-risks of alternative medicines with patients so that they are aware of the consumption of alternative medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Fatima Majeed
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Abdoh Taleb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Shumzaid
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Punjab Province, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim Farooq
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 6300, Pakistan
| | - Li Changxing
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810000, Qinghai Province, P. R. China
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Vrba J, Papoušková B, Lněničková K, Kosina P, Křen V, Ulrichová J. Identification of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases involved in the metabolism of silymarin flavonolignans. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 178:112972. [PMID: 31727359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Silybum marianum (milk thistle) is a medicinal plant used for producing the hepatoprotective remedy silymarin. Its main bioactive constituents, including silybin and related flavonolignans, can be metabolized directly by phase II conjugation reactions. This study was designed to identify UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in the glucuronidation of six silymarin flavonolignans, namely silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silychristin, and silydianin. UHPLC-MS analyses showed that all of the tested compounds, both individually and in silymarin, were glucuronidated by human liver microsomes, and that glucuronidation was the main metabolic transformation in human hepatocytes. Further, each compound was glucuronidated by multiple recombinant human UGT enzymes. UGTs 1A1, 1A3, 1A8 and 1A9 were able to conjugate all of the tested flavonolignans, and some of them were also metabolized by UGTs 1A6, 1A7, 1A10, 2B7 and 2B15. In contrast, no glucuronides were produced by UGTs 1A4, 2B4, 2B10 and 2B17. With silymarin, we found that UGT1A1 and, to a lesser extent UGT1A9, were primarily responsible for the glucuronidation of the flavonolignan constituents. It is concluded that the metabolism of silymarin flavonolignans may involve multiple UGT enzymes, of which UGT1A1 appears to play the major role in the glucuronidation. These results may be relevant for future research on the metabolism of flavonolignans in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Vrba
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Papoušková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Lněničková
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kosina
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Ulrichová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
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Valentová K, Havlík J, Kosina P, Papoušková B, Jaimes JD, Káňová K, Petrásková L, Ulrichová J, Křen V. Biotransformation of Silymarin Flavonolignans by Human Fecal Microbiota. Metabolites 2020; 10:E29. [PMID: 31936497 PMCID: PMC7023230 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonolignans occur typically in Silybum marianum (milk thistle) fruit extract, silymarin, which contains silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin, and their 2,3-dehydroderivatives, together with other minor flavonoids and a polymeric phenolic fraction. Biotransformation of individual silymarin components by human microbiota was studied ex vivo, using batch incubations inoculated by fecal slurry. Samples at selected time points were analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry. The initial experiment using a concentration of 200 mg/L showed that flavonolignans are resistant to the metabolic action of intestinal microbiota. At the lower concentration of 10 mg/L, biotransformation of flavonolignans was much slower than that of taxifolin, which was completely degraded after 16 h. While silybin, isosilybin, and 2,3-dehydrosilybin underwent mostly demethylation, silychristin was predominantly reduced. Silydianin, 2,3-dehydrosilychristin and 2,3-dehydrosilydianin were reduced, as well, and decarbonylation and cysteine conjugation proceeded. No low-molecular-weight phenolic metabolites were detected for any of the compounds tested. Strong inter-individual differences in the biotransformation profile were observed among the four fecal-material donors. In conclusion, the flavonolignans, especially at higher (pharmacological) doses, are relatively resistant to biotransformation by gut microbiota, which, however, depends strongly on the individual structures of these isomeric compounds, but also on the stool donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.P.); (V.K.)
| | - Jaroslav Havlík
- Department of Food Science, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Pavel Kosina
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.U.)
| | - Barbora Papoušková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - José Diógenes Jaimes
- Department of Food Science, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Kristýna Káňová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.P.); (V.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.P.); (V.K.)
| | - Jitka Ulrichová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.U.)
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.P.); (V.K.)
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Al-Hazmi A. Antioxidant Activity of Silymarin in Microcystin-LR Cardiac and Pulmonary Induced Injuries on Mice. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:1369-1373. [PMID: 33274863 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.1369.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Microcystin-LR has a toxic effect on several organs causing the destruction and fibrosis of these organs. This study was done to evaluate the antioxidant activity of silymarin on some oxidative stress parameters on heart and lung injuries induced by microcystin-LR in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total 72 Balb/c male mice aged between five to seven weeks were grouped into 6; Group 1 contained twelve mice which were assigned as the healthy control group (C). Two microcystin-LR control groups assigned M6 and M12 contain 12 mice each. A fourth group contains twelve mice called the silymarin control group(S). The fifth and sixth groups contain twenty-four mice assigned as microcystin-LR silymarin groups SM6 and SM12. A blood sample was collected for estimation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The homogenates of heart and lungs were extracted for estimation of protein carbonyl content (CC), lipid peroxidation products (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), methylglyoxal (MG) and activity of protein phosphatase I (PPI). RESULTS Significant statistical differences in both ALT and AST were observed between all groups (P>0.01). In cardiac homogenate, a significant statistical difference was observed in PPI, LPO and CC between all groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, methylglyoxal showed a significant statistical difference between all groups (p<0.01). CONCLUSION The findings suggested a potential therapeutic role of using silymarin as an antioxidant agent against cardiac and pulmonary injuries induced by MC-LR.
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Simon JP, Parthasarathy M, Nithyanandham S, Katturaja R, Namachivayam A, Prince SE. Protective effect of the ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of Madhuca longifolia against diclofenac-induced toxicity in female Wistar albino rats. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:983-993. [PMID: 31546157 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diclofenac is commonly prescribed Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAIDs) as it has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic properties. Long term usage and over-dosage of diclofenac is associated with adverse effects like drug-induced liver injury, gastrointestinal and renal toxicity. The therapeutic uses of medicinal plants have gained a prominent role in recent years. Madhuca longifolia is a tree found throughout India, which is known to have several pharmacological activities. The aim of our study is to investigate the potential effect of the ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of M. longifolia against diclofenac-induced toxicity. METHODS The rats used for the experiment were divided into seven groups. Group-1 was the normal control. Group-2 was administered with diclofenac (50 mg/kg b.w./day/ip) on the 4th and the 5th day. Group-3 was treated with diclofenac and ELEML (500 mg/kg b.w./day/po) on all 5 days. Group-4 was treated with diclofenac and MLEML (500 mg/kg b.w./day/po) on all 5 days. Standard drug silymarin (25 mg/kg b.w./day/po) was given to the rats of group-5 along with diclofenac. Group-6 and group-7 were treated with ethanolic leaf extract and methanolic leaf extract of M. longifolia respectively. After the study period, the rats were evaluated for parameters like liver and renal markers, antioxidants and histopathological changes. RESULTS This study has proved the beneficial effect of ethanolic and methanolic leaf extract of M. longifolia against diclofenac-induced toxicity wherein ethanolic leaf extract showed a better result than methanolic leaf extract. CONCLUSION Our study has concluded the beneficial effect of ethanolic and methonolic leaf extract of Madhuca longifolia against DFC-induced toxicity. This study proves that it has potential effect on hepato, renal and gastro toxicity in female Wistar albino rats. It can further be studied to understand its mechanism in treating toxicity.
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Formulation of Nanomicelles to Improve the Solubility and the Oral Absorption of Silymarin. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091688. [PMID: 31052197 PMCID: PMC6540123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel nanomicellar formulations were developed to improve the poor aqueous solubility and the oral absorption of silymarin. Polymeric nanomicelles made of Soluplus and mixed nanomicelles combining Soluplus with d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS) were prepared using the thin film method. Physicochemical parameters were investigated, in particular the average diameter, the homogeneity (expressed as polydispersity index), the zeta potential, the morphology, the encapsulation efficiency, the drug loading, the critical micellar concentration and the cloud point. The sizes of ~60 nm, the narrow size distribution (polydispersity index ≤0.1) and the encapsulation efficiency >92% indicated the high affinity between silymarin and the core of the nanomicelles. Solubility studies demonstrated that the solubility of silymarin increased by ~6-fold when loaded into nanomicelles. Furthermore, the physical and chemical parameters of SLM-loaded formulations stored at room temperature and in refrigerated conditions (4 °C) were monitored over three months. In vitro stability and release studies in media miming the physiological conditions were also performed. In addition, both formulations did not alter the antioxidant properties of silymarin as evidenced by the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay. The potential of the nanomicelles to increase the intestinal absorption of silymarin was firstly investigated by the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. Subsequently, transport studies employing Caco-2 cell line demonstrated that mixed nanomicelles statistically enhanced the permeability of silymarin compared to polymeric nanomicelles and unformulated extract. Finally, the uptake studies indicated that both nanomicellar formulations entered into Caco-2 cells via energy-dependent mechanisms.
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Keyhanmehr N, Motedayyen H, Eskandari N. The Effects of Silymarin and Cyclosporine A on the Proliferation and Cytokine Production of Regulatory T Cells. Immunol Invest 2019; 48:533-548. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1571506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Keyhanmehr
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Motedayyen
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Karbasforooshan H, Hosseini S, Elyasi S, Fani Pakdel A, Karimi G. Topical silymarin administration for prevention of acute radiodermatitis in breast cancer patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res 2019; 33:379-386. [PMID: 30479044 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced dermatitis is one of the most common side effects of radiotherapy. Silymarin, a flavonoid extracted from the Silybum marianum, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of silymarin gel in prevention of radiodermatitis in patients with breast cancer. During this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, the preventive effect of silymarin 1% gel was assessed in comparison with placebo, on radiodermatitis occurrence. Forty patients randomly received silymarin gel or placebo formulation on chest wall skin following modified radical mastectomy, once daily starting at the first day of radiotherapy for 5 weeks. Radiodermatitis severity was assessed weekly based on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and National Cancer Institute Common Terminology for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) criteria radiodermatits grading scale for 5 weeks. The median NCI-CTCAE and RTOG scores were significantly lower in silymarin group at the end of the third to fifth weeks (p value < 0.05). The scores increased significantly in both placebo and silymarin groups during radiotherapy, but there was a delay in radiodermatitis development and progression in silymarin group. Prophylactic administration of silymarin gel could significantly reduce the severity of radiodermatitis and delay its occurrence after 5 weeks of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedyieh Karbasforooshan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sare Hosseini
- Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sepideh Elyasi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azar Fani Pakdel
- Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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D'andrea M, Perrotta A, Ferrillo M, Cantelli M, Donnarumma M, Fabbrocini G. Evaluation of tolerability and skin changes after application of topical antiaging products based on Sibanid SG®, plant stem cells and regenerative and biostimulating active ingredients. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2019; 154:6-13. [PMID: 30616332 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.18.06104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oxidative stress, the UV radiations, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the hyaluronidase enzyme play an extremly important role in skin aging processes, leading an increasing production of elastase, collagenase and hyaluronidase that brings to degradation of collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid respectively. They are responsible to provide strength, elasticity and moisture to the skin. Innovative devices were developed based on the effective ingredients against hyaluronidase and MMP. The inhibition of the destructuring enzymes of the dermis is the main mechanism of action of Bioliftan treatment, and this process is mainly addressed to hyaluronidase and MMP inhibition. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerability and skin changes induced by antiaging topical based on Sibanid SG®, plant stem cells and regenerative and biostimulating active ingredients. The products tested are Bioliftan Day cream and Bioliftan concentrate. METHODS All parameters were evaluated before the beginning of treatment (T0), and 60 (T1) days later. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the products was performed by clinical examination, photographic and instrumental documentation by corneometry, X-rite, elastometry, Moisture Meter EpiD, Confocal microscopy. RESULTS The products tested after 60 days have induced an increase of hydration of the external cutaneous layers (P<0.0001), skin hydration (P<0.0001), skin brightness (P<0.01), skin elasticity (P<0.0001). All results were statistically significant. All volunteers completed the study. No patients reported side-effects. All results were confirmed by confocal microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Our study evaluated efficacy, tolerability and skin changes after 60 days of Bioliftan day cream and Bioliftan serum concentrate application on the skin aged. Our study has shown an excellent skin tollerance of the products tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella D'andrea
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy -
| | - Anna Perrotta
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ferrillo
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cantelli
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Donnarumma
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Gabrielová E, Bartošíková L, Nečas J, Modrianský M. Cardioprotective effect of 2,3-dehydrosilybin preconditioning in isolated rat heart. Fitoterapia 2018; 132:12-21. [PMID: 30385403 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
2,3-dehydrosilybin (DHS) is a minor component of silymarin, Silybum marianum seed extract, used in some dietary supplements. One of the most promising activities of this compound is its anticancer and cardioprotective activity that results, at least partially, from its cytoprotective, antioxidant, and chemopreventive properties. The present study investigated the cardioprotective effects of DHS in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Isolated hearts were perfused by the Langendorff technique with low dose DHS (100 nM) prior to 30 min of ischemia induced by coronary artery occlusion. After 60 min of coronary reperfusion infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium staining, while lactatedehydrogenase activity was evaluated in perfusate samples collected at several timepoints during the entire perfusion procedure. Signalosomes were isolated from a heart tissue after reperfusion and involved signalling proteins were detected. DHS reduced the extent of infarction compared with untreated control hearts at low concentration; infarct size as proportion of ischemic risk zone was 7.47 ± 3.1% for DHS versus 75.3 ± 4.8% for ischemia. This protective effect was comparable to infarct limitation induced by ischemic preconditioning (22.3 ± 4.5%). Selective inhibition of Src-family kinases with PP2 (4-Amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(t-butyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine) abrogated the protection afforded by DHS. This study provides experimental evidence that DHS can mediate Src-kinase-dependent cardioprotection against myocardial damage produced by ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gabrielová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Bartošíková
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Nečas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Modrianský
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Beneficial Effect of Silymarin in Pressure Overload Induced Experimental Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2018; 19:23-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-018-9470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Taleb A, Ahmad KA, Ihsan AU, Qu J, Lin N, Hezam K, Koju N, Hui L, Qilong D. Antioxidant effects and mechanism of silymarin in oxidative stress induced cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:689-698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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29
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Wang L, Huang QH, Li YX, Huang YF, Xie JH, Xu LQ, Dou YX, Su ZR, Zeng HF, Chen JN. Protective effects of silymarin on triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:789-800. [PMID: 29115625 PMCID: PMC5780159 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin has been used in the treatment of a number of liver diseases for a long time, but its efficacy in preventing triptolide induced acute hepatotoxicity has not been reported previously. The present study aimed to assess the protective effect of silymarin against triptolide (TP)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Rats were orally administrated with silymarin (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) for 7 days and received intraperitoneal TP (2 mg/kg) on the day 8. Hepatic injuries were comprehensively evaluated in terms of serum parameters, morphological changes, oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis. The results demonstrated that TP-induced increases in serum parameters, including alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, which were determined using a biochemical analyzer, and histopathological alterations and hepatocyte apoptosis as determined by hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining, respectively, were prevented by silymarin pretreatment in a dose-dependent manner. TP-induced depletions in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and catalase, and glutathione levels, were also significantly reversed by silymarin, as determined using specific kits. Additionally, silymarin dose-dependently exhibited inhibitory effects on malonaldehyde content in the liver. The production of proinflammatory cytokines was investigated using ELISA kits, and the results demonstrated that silymarin dose-dependently inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and IL-1β in the liver. To determine the mechanism of silymarin, western blot analysis was performed to investigate the protein expression of phosphorylated (p)-p38 and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) of the TNF-α induced inflammatory response and apoptotic pathways. Silymarin significantly blocked p38 and JNK phosphorylation and activation. Additionally, the expression of the proapoptotic proteins cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2-associated X was also reduced following treatment with silymarin, as determined by ELISA, western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. In conclusion, silymarin was demonstrated to dose-dependently protect rat liver from TP-induced acute hepatotoxicity, with the high dose (200 mg/kg) achieving a superior effect. This protective effect may be associated with the improvement of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status, as well as the prevention of hepatocyte apoptosis. Therefore, silymarin may have the potential to be applied clinically to prevent TP-induced acute hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Qiong-Hui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Xian Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Feng Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hui Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Lie-Qiang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yao-Xing Dou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Ren Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
- Dongguan Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Fang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Nan Chen
- Higher Education Institute and Development Research of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
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Qin N, Hu X, Li S, Wang J, Li Z, Li D, Xu F, Gao M, Hua H. Hypoglycemic effect of silychristin A from Silybum marianum fruit via protecting pancreatic islet β cells from oxidative damage and inhibiting α -glucosidase activity in vitro and in rats with type 1 diabetes. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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31
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Tsaroucha AK, Valsami G, Kostomitsopoulos N, Lambropoulou M, Anagnostopoulos C, Christodoulou E, Falidas E, Betsou A, Pitiakoudis M, Simopoulos CE. Silibinin Effect on Fas/FasL, HMGB1, and CD45 Expressions in a Rat Model Subjected to Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J INVEST SURG 2017; 31:491-502. [DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2017.1360416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K. Tsaroucha
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- 2nd Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Eirini Christodoulou
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Falidas
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Afrodite Betsou
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Michael Pitiakoudis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- 2nd Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Constantinos E. Simopoulos
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- 2nd Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Bioresearch Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Liperoti R, Vetrano DL, Bernabei R, Onder G. Herbal Medications in Cardiovascular Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69:1188-1199. [PMID: 28254182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medications are commonly used for clinical purposes, including the treatment of cardiovascular conditions. Compared with conventional medications, herbal medications do not require clinical studies before their marketing or formal approval from regulatory agencies, and for this reason their efficacy and safety are rarely proven. In this review, we summarize available evidence on herbal medications mostly used in cardiovascular medicine. We show that the use of these medications for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is often not supported by scientific evidence. Despite most of these herbs showing an effect on biological mechanisms related to the cardiovascular system, data on their clinical effects are lacking. Potential relevant side effects, including increased risk of drug interactions, are described, and the possibility of contamination or substitution with other medications represents a concern. Physicians should always assess the use of herbal medications with patients and discuss the possible benefits and side effects with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Liperoti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide L Vetrano
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Graziano Onder
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Qin NB, Jia CC, Xu J, Li DH, Xu FX, Bai J, Li ZL, Hua HM. New amides from seeds of Silybum marianum with potential antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Fitoterapia 2017; 119:83-89. [PMID: 28400224 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two new amide compounds, mariamides A and B (1-2), were obtained together with fourteen known compounds from the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Their structures were established on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR analyses, as well as HR-ESI-MS data. Most of the compounds showed significant antioxidant activities than positive control in ABTS and FRAP assays. However, only amide compounds 1-4 showed moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity and compounds 7 and 16 showed the most potent activity against DPPH. Most of the compounds showed moderate to stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Nevertheless, only flavonoids showed strong PTP1B inhibitory activities. These results indicate a use of milk thistle seed extracts as promising antioxidant and antidiabetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Bo Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Cui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan-Xing Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui-Ming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Li L, Sun HY, Liu W, Zhao HY, Shao ML. Silymarin protects against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity via Nrf2 signalling in PC12 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 102:93-101. [PMID: 28137608 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin (SM) is a well-known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer compound extracted from the milk thistle. Here, we investigated the protective effect of SM against acrylamide (AA)-induced neurotoxicity, mainly caused by oxidative stress, via activation of the nuclear transcription factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signalling pathway in PC12 cells. The MTT reduction assay was used to measure cell viability in various drug-treated groups and demonstrated that SM could increase cell viability in AA-treated PC12 cells. We then measured the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by the peroxide-sensitive fluorescent probe DCFH-DA and intracellular glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by absorption spectrophotometry. Our data revealed that SM could reduce ROS and MDA levels and increase GSH levels in AA-induced PC12 cells. To identify a potential mechanism for SM-induced protection, we measured the mRNA and protein expression levels of Nrf2 and its downstream target antioxidants glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM) by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The results suggested that SM could activate Nrf2 signalling and increase the expression of Nrf2, Gpx, GCLC and GCLM in AA-treated PC12 cells. In conclusion, SM can effectively alleviate AA-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
| | - Hong-Yang Sun
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Tongjiang Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Tongjiang, Heilongjiang 156400, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhao
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Mei-Li Shao
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
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Zhu XX, Ding YH, Wu Y, Qian LY, Zou H, He Q. Silibinin: a potential old drug for cancer therapy. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:1323-1330. [PMID: 27362364 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2016.1208563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Silibinin is mixture of flavonolignans extracted from milk thistle and often has been used in the treatment of acute and chronic liver disorders caused by toxins, drug, alcohol and hepatitis and gall bladder disorders for its antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. Areas covered: However, increasing evidence suggest that silibinin is not solely limited in the treatment of these diseases. Further research suggests that silymarin may function diversely and may serve as a novel therapy for cancer therapy, such as lung cancer, prostatic cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating cancer cells growth, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and many other mechanism. Expert commentary: In this review, in order to provide potential new treatment for these cancer, we summarize the recent anti-cancer findings of silibinin in these cancer and clarify the mechanisms of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Zhu
- a Department of Nephrology , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital , Hangzhou , China
| | - Ya-Hui Ding
- b Department of Cardiology , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yi Wu
- c Department of Hematology , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital , Hangzhou , China
| | - Lin-Yan Qian
- b Department of Cardiology , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital , Hangzhou , China
| | - Hai Zou
- b Department of Cardiology , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital , Hangzhou , China
| | - Qiang He
- a Department of Nephrology , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital , Hangzhou , China
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Ergün Y, Üremiş M, Kılınç M, Alıcı T. Antioxidant effect of Legalon(r) SIL in ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat skeletal muscle. Acta Cir Bras 2016; 31:264-70. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020160040000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Khezri HD, Kosaryan M, Salehifar E. Silymarin therapy and improvement of cardiac outcome in patients with β-thalassemia major. J Res Pharm Pract 2016; 5:74-5. [PMID: 26985440 PMCID: PMC4776552 DOI: 10.4103/2279-042x.176555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Darvishi Khezri
- Thalassemia Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehrnoush Kosaryan
- Thalassemia Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Salehifar
- Thalassemia Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Gajos-Michniewicz A, Czyz M. Modulation of WNT/β-catenin pathway in melanoma by biologically active components derived from plants. Fitoterapia 2016; 109:283-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Rajnochová Svobodová A, Zálešák B, Biedermann D, Ulrichová J, Vostálová J. Phototoxic potential of silymarin and its bioactive components. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 156:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Potential Effects of Silymarin and Its Flavonolignan Components in Patients with β-Thalassemia Major: A Comprehensive Review in 2015. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2016; 2016:3046373. [PMID: 26997953 PMCID: PMC4779508 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3046373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major β-thalassemia (β-TM) is one of the most common inherited hemolytic types of anemia which is caused as a result of absent or reduced synthesis of β-globin chains of hemoglobin. This defect results in red blood cells lysis and chronic anemia that can be treated by multiple blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy. Without iron chelation therapy, iron overload will cause lots of complications in patients. Antioxidant components play an important role in the treatment of the disease. Silymarin is an antioxidant flavonoid isolated from Silybum marianum plant. In the present study, we reviewed clinical and experimental studies investigating the use of silymarin prior to September 1, 2015, using PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Science Direct, Scopus, Ovid, and Cochrane Library databases and we evaluated the potential effects of silymarin on controlling the complications induced by iron overload in patients with β-TM. Based on the results of the present study, we can conclude that silymarin may be useful as an adjuvant for improving multiple organ dysfunctions.
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Neha, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Silymarin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 929:25-44. [PMID: 27771919 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is the active constituent of Silybum marianum (milk thistle) which is a C-25 containing flavonolignan. Milk thistle has a lot of traditional values, being used as a vegetable, as salad, as bitter tonic, and as galactogogue in nursing mothers and in various ailments such as liver complications, depression, dyspepsia, spleenic congestions, varicose veins, diabetes, amenorrhea, uterine hemorrhage, and menstrual problems. In this present chapter, a comprehensive attempt has been made to discuss the potential of silymarin in chronic disorders. An insight into modulation of cellular signaling by silymarin and its implication in various disorders such as liver disorders, inflammatory disorders, cancer, neurological disorders, skin diseases, and hypercholesterolemia is being provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Amteshwar S Jaggi
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India.
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OU XIANHONG, BIN XIAOHONG, WANG LUZHEN, LI MIAOLING, YANG YAN, FAN XINRONG, ZENG XIAORONG. Myricetin inhibits Kv1.5 channels in HEK293 cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1725-31. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Gabrielová E, Zholobenko AV, Bartošíková L, Nečas J, Modriansky M. Silymarin Constituent 2,3-Dehydrosilybin Triggers Reserpine-Sensitive Positive Inotropic Effect in Perfused Rat Heart. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139208. [PMID: 26418338 PMCID: PMC4856230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3-dehydrosilybin (DHS) is a minor flavonolignan component of Silybum marianum seed extract known for its hepatoprotective activity. Recently we identified DHS as a potentially cardioprotective substance during hypoxia/reoxygenation in isolated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. This is the first report of positive inotropic effect of DHS on perfused adult rat heart. When applied to perfused adult rat heart, DHS caused a dose-dependent inotropic effect resembling that of catecholamines. The effect was apparent with DHS concentration as low as 10 nM. Suspecting direct interaction with β-adrenergic receptors, we tested whether DHS can trigger β agonist-dependent gene transcription in a model cell line. While DHS alone was unable to trigger β agonist-dependent gene transcription, it enhanced the effect of isoproterenol, a known unspecific β agonist. Further tests confirmed that DHS could not induce cAMP accumulation in isolated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes even though high concentrations (≥ 10 μM) of DHS were capable of decreasing phosphodiesterase activity. Pre-treatment of rats with reserpine, an indole alkaloid which depletes catecholamines from peripheral sympathetic nerve endings, abolished the DHS inotropic effect in perfused hearts. Our data suggest that DHS causes the inotropic effect without acting as a β agonist. Hence we identify DHS as a novel inotropic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gabrielová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksey Vladimirovich Zholobenko
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Bartošíková
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Nečas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Modriansky
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Christodoulou E, Kechagia IA, Tzimas S, Balafas E, Kostomitsopoulos N, Archontaki H, Dokoumetzidis A, Valsami G. Serum and tissue pharmacokinetics of silibinin after per os and i.v. administration to mice as a HP-β-CD lyophilized product. Int J Pharm 2015. [PMID: 26222744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silibinin, the main active component of Silybum marianum is a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent with antitumor effect, exhibiting very low aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability limiting its use in therapeutics. We characterized serum and tissue pharmacokinetics of SLB, calculated its absolute bioavailability and developed an open loop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, after oral (per os, p.o) and intravenous (i.v.) administration in mice as water-soluble silibinin-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (SLB-HP-β-CD) lyophilized product. 60 C57Bl/6J mice were divided into groups of 5, each group representing one sampling time point. SLB-HP-β-CD lyophilized product was administered orally (50mg/kg) and i.v. (20mg/kg) after reconstitution with water for injection. Blood and tissue samples were collected at selected time points after animal sacrificed, properly treated and analyzed with HPLC-PDA for non-metabolized and total SLB. NONMEM pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a 2-compartment PK model to describe serum SLB pharmacokinetics, with zero order absorption after oral administration and was applied as forcing function to an open loop PBPK model incorporating heart, liver, kidneys and lungs. Tissue/plasma Kp values were estimated using i.v. data and can be used to predict tissue SLB distribution after oral administration. Absolute oral bioavailability of SLB from the lyophilized SLB-HP-β-CD product was 10 times higher than after administration of pure SLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene-Ariadne Kechagia
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Tzimas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Balafas
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Bioresearch Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou str., 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Bioresearch Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou str., 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Archontaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristides Dokoumetzidis
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:204-47. [PMID: 26785346 PMCID: PMC4665566 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (SM), an extract from the Silybum marianum (milk thistle) plant containing various flavonolignans (with silybin being the major one), has received a tremendous amount of attention over the last decade as a herbal remedy for liver treatment. In many cases, the antioxidant properties of SM are considered to be responsible for its protective actions. Possible antioxidant mechanisms of SM are evaluated in this review. (1) Direct scavenging free radicals and chelating free Fe and Cu are mainly effective in the gut. (2) Preventing free radical formation by inhibiting specific ROS-producing enzymes, or improving an integrity of mitochondria in stress conditions, are of great importance. (3) Maintaining an optimal redox balance in the cell by activating a range of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants, mainly via Nrf2 activation is probably the main driving force of antioxidant (AO) action of SM. (4) Decreasing inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB pathways is an emerging mechanism of SM protective effects in liver toxicity and various liver diseases. (5) Activating vitagenes, responsible for synthesis of protective molecules, including heat shock proteins (HSPs), thioredoxin and sirtuins and providing additional protection in stress conditions deserves more attention. (6) Affecting the microenvironment of the gut, including SM-bacteria interactions, awaits future investigations. (7) In animal nutrition and disease prevention strategy, SM alone, or in combination with other hepatho-active compounds (carnitine, betaine, vitamin B12, etc.), might have similar hepatoprotective effects as described in human nutrition.
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Kellici TF, Ntountaniotis D, Leonis G, Chatziathanasiadou M, Chatzikonstantinou AV, Becker-Baldus J, Glaubitz C, Tzakos AG, Viras K, Chatzigeorgiou P, Tzimas S, Kefala E, Valsami G, Archontaki H, Papadopoulos MG, Mavromoustakos T. Investigation of the Interactions of Silibinin with 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin through Biophysical Techniques and Computational Methods. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:954-65. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5008053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin F. Kellici
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Ntountaniotis
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Georgios Leonis
- Institute
of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Johanna Becker-Baldus
- Institute
of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str.
9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Institute
of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str.
9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas G. Tzakos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Viras
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Petros Chatzigeorgiou
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Stavros Tzimas
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kefala
- Department
of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Department
of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Helen Archontaki
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Manthos G. Papadopoulos
- Institute
of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
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