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Mădălina-Georgiana B, Imre S, Vari C, Ősz BE, Ștefănescu R, Pușcaș A, Jîtcă G, Matei CM, Tero-Vescan A. Assessing β-Sitosterol Levels in Dietary Supplements for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Implications for Therapeutic Efficacy. Cureus 2024; 16:e60309. [PMID: 38756716 PMCID: PMC11096994 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent condition among aging men that affects their life quality due to urinary symptoms. Current pharmacologic treatments, often lead to sexual dysfunction, so dietary supplements (DS) containing plant-based compounds such as β-sitosterol (SIT) are preferred. DS are highly accessible and widely used, but poorly regulated, so often patients are victims of fraud. The use of DS to treat BPH symptoms is questionable, and this may be due not to the efficacity of the active compound but to the quality of commonly available DS. Aim This study aimed to assess the concentration of SIT in DS available on the market and evaluate whether the concentration of the active compound at the recommended dosage is sufficient to elicit beneficial effects in BPH. Method An HPLC-UV method based on direct saponification and acid hydrolysis was developed for the quantification of free and conjugated SIT in DS. The concentration of SIT in various DS was determined and compared with the one declared on the label. Results The chromatographic analysis confirmed the presence of SIT in all the DS but also showed a considerable variability of SIT content among DS, with only one product meeting the necessary concentration to bring potential benefits in BPH. Conclusion The study highlights inconsistencies in SIT content among DS and the importance of DS containing a standardized extract of SIT. Quality control measures are imperative to ensure that consumers receive effective and safe SIT-based DS to manage BPH symptoms. Further research is needed to establish standardized dosages and to evaluate their long-term efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buț Mădălina-Georgiana
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, ROU
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, ROU
| | - Silvia Imre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Targu Mures, ROU
| | - Camil Vari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, ROU
| | - Bianca Eugenia Ősz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, ROU
| | - Ruxandra Ștefănescu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, ROU
| | - Amalia Pușcaș
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of the Environmental Factors, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, ROU
| | - George Jîtcă
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, ROU
| | - Camelia-Maria Matei
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, ROU
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, ROU
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Buț MG, Jîtcă G, Imre S, Vari CE, Ősz BE, Jîtcă CM, Tero-Vescan A. The Lack of Standardization and Pharmacological Effect Limits the Potential Clinical Usefulness of Phytosterols in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1722. [PMID: 37111945 PMCID: PMC10142909 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) markedly increases with age. Phytotherapeutic approaches have been developed over time owing to the adverse side effects of conventional medications such as 5-reductase inhibitors and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Therefore, dietary supplements (DS) containing active compounds that benefit BPH are widely available. Phytosterols (PSs) are well recognized for their role in maintaining blood cholesterol levels; however, their potential in BPH treatment remains unexplored. This review aims to provide a general overview of the available data regarding the clinical evidence and a good understanding of the detailed pharmacological roles of PSs-induced activities at a molecular level in BPH. Furthermore, we will explore the authenticity of PSs content in DS used by patients with BPH compared to the current legislation and appropriate analytical methods for tracking DS containing PSs. The results showed that PSs might be a useful pharmacological treatment option for men with mild to moderate BPH, but the lack of standardized extracts linked with the regulation of DS containing PSs and experimental evidence to elucidate the mechanisms of action limit the use of PSs in BPH. Moreover, the results suggest multiple research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mădălina-Georgiana Buț
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (M.-G.B.); (C.-M.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - George Jîtcă
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (C.E.V.); (B.E.Ő.)
| | - Silvia Imre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Camil Eugen Vari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (C.E.V.); (B.E.Ő.)
| | - Bianca Eugenia Ősz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (C.E.V.); (B.E.Ő.)
| | - Carmen-Maria Jîtcă
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (M.-G.B.); (C.-M.J.)
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania;
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Gafner S, Blumenthal M, Foster S, Cardellina JH, Khan IA, Upton R. Botanical Ingredient Forensics: Detection of Attempts to Deceive Commonly Used Analytical Methods for Authenticating Herbal Dietary and Food Ingredients and Supplements. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:460-472. [PMID: 36716213 PMCID: PMC9972475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Botanical ingredients are used widely in phytomedicines, dietary/food supplements, functional foods, and cosmetics. Products containing botanical ingredients are popular among many consumers and, in the case of herbal medicines, health professionals worldwide. Government regulatory agencies have set standards (collectively referred to as current Good Manufacturing Practices, cGMPs) with which suppliers and manufacturers must comply. One of the basic requirements is the need to establish the proper identity of crude botanicals in whole, cut, or powdered form, as well as botanical extracts and essential oils. Despite the legal obligation to ensure their authenticity, published reports show that a portion of these botanical ingredients and products are adulterated. Most often, such adulteration is carried out for financial gain, where ingredients are intentionally substituted, diluted, or "fortified" with undisclosed lower-cost ingredients. While some of the adulteration is easily detected with simple laboratory assays, the adulterators frequently use sophisticated schemes to mimic the visual aspects and chemical composition of the labeled botanical ingredient in order to deceive the analytical methods that are used for authentication. This review surveys the commonly used approaches for botanical ingredient adulteration and discusses appropriate test methods for the detection of fraud based on publications by the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, a large-scale international program to inform various stakeholders about ingredient and product adulteration. Botanical ingredients at risk of adulteration include, but are not limited to, the essential oils of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia, Lamiaceae), rose (Rosa damascena, Rosaceae), sandalwood (Santalum album, Santalaceae), and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia, Myrtaceae), plus the extracts of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus, Ericaceae) fruit, cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ericaceae) fruit, elder (Sambucus nigra, Viburnaceae) berry, eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus, Araliaceae) root, ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgoaceae) leaf, grape (Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae) seed, saw palmetto (Serenoa repens, Arecaceae) fruit, St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum, Hypericaceae) herb, and turmeric (Curcuma longa, Zingiberaceae) root/rhizome, among numerous others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gafner
- American
Botanical Council, Austin, Texas 78714, United States
| | - Mark Blumenthal
- American
Botanical Council, Austin, Texas 78714, United States
| | - Steven Foster
- Steven Foster
Group, Eureka Springs, Arkansas 72632, United States
| | | | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Roy Upton
- American
Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Scotts
Valley, California 95067, United States
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Chianese G, Amin HIM, Maioli C, Reddell P, Parsons P, Cullen J, Johns J, Handoko H, Boyle G, Appendino G, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Gaeta S. Cryptic Epoxytiglianes from the Kernels of the Blushwood Tree ( Fontainea picrosperma). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1959-1966. [PMID: 35973043 PMCID: PMC9425429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The kernels of the Australian blushwood tree (Fontainea picrosperma) are the source of the veterinary anticancer drug tigilanol tiglate (2a, Stelfonta) and contain a concentration of phorboids significantly higher than croton oil, the only abundant source of these compounds previously known. The oily matrix of the blushwood kernels is composed of free fatty acids and not by glycerides as found in croton oil. By active partitioning, it was therefore possible to recover and characterize for the first time a cryptic tigliane fraction, that is, the diterpenoid fraction that, because of its lipophilicity, could not be obtained by solvent partition of crude extracts. The cryptic tigliane fraction accounted for ca. 30% of the tigliane kernel titer and was quantified by 1H NMR spectroscopy and profiled by HPLC-MS. Long-chain (linoleates and/or oleates) 20-acyl derivatives of the epoxytigliane diesters tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46, 2a), EBC-47 (4a), EBC-59 (5a), EBC-83 (6a), and EBC-177 (7a) were identified. By chemoselective acylation of EBC-46 (2a) and EBC-177 (7a) the natural triesters 2b and 7b and a selection of analogues were prepared to assist identification of the natural compounds. The presence of a free C-20 hydroxy group is a critical requirement for PKC activation by phorbol esters. The unexpected activity of 20-linoleoyl triester 2b in a cytotoxicity assay based on PKC activation was found to be related mainly to its hydrolysis to tigilanol tiglate (2a) under the prolonged conditions of the assay, while other esters were inactive. Significant differences between the esterification profile of the epoxytigliane di- and triesters exist in F. picrosperma, suggesting a precise, yet elusive, blueprint of acyl decoration for the tigliane polyol 5-hydroxyepoxyphorbol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Chianese
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli
Federico II, Via Montesano
49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università
del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Maioli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università
del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Paul Reddell
- QBiotics
Group Limited, PO Box 166, Yungaburra, 4884, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Parsons
- Drug
Discovery Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical
Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason Cullen
- Drug
Discovery Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical
Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia
- School
of
Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny Johns
- Drug
Discovery Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical
Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia
| | - Herlina Handoko
- Drug
Discovery Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical
Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen Boyle
- Drug
Discovery Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical
Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia
- School
of
Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università
del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | | | - Simone Gaeta
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università
del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- QBiotics
Group Limited, PO Box 166, Yungaburra, 4884, QLD, Australia
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Mialon N, Roig B, Capodanno E, Cadiere A. Untargeted metabolomic approaches in food authenticity: a review that showcases biomarkers. Food Chem 2022; 398:133856. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wu F, Liang P. Application of Metabolomics in Various Types of Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2051-2059. [PMID: 35860310 PMCID: PMC9289753 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s370158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is the analysis of numerous small molecules known as metabolites. Over the past few years, with the continuous development in metabolomics, it has been widely used in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes and has demonstrated great benefits. At the same time, studies on diabetes and its complications have discovered the metabolic markers that are characteristic of diabetes. However, the pathogenesis of diabetes has yet to be clarified, as well as no complete cure. The mechanism of diabetes has not been completely elucidated, and its eradication treatment is not available. Thus, prevention of the onset of the disease and its treatment have become very important. In this review, we focused on the recent progress in the use of metabolites in diabetes and their complications, as well as understanding the impact of diabetes metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqin Wu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Liang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Pengfei Liang, Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13875858144, Email
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Zhao R, Su M, Zhao Y, Chen G, Chen A, Yang S. Chemical Analysis Combined with Multivariate Statistical Methods to Determine the Geographical Origin of Milk from Four Regions in China. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051119. [PMID: 34070041 PMCID: PMC8158098 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traceability of milk origin in China is conducive to the implementation of the protection of regional products. In order to distinguish milk from different geographical distances in China, we traced the milk of eight farms in four neighboring provinces of China (Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Hebei, Ningxia Hui autonomous and Shaanxi), and multivariate data analysis was applied to the data including elemental analysis, stable isotope analysis and fatty acid analysis. In addition, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) is used to determine the optimal classification model, and it is explored whether the combination of different technologies is better than a single technical analysis. It was confirmed that in the inter-provincial samples, the combination of the two techniques was better than the analysis using a single technique (fatty acids: R2 = 0.716, Q2 = 0.614; fatty acid-binding isotopes: R2 = 0.760, Q2 = 0.635). At the same time, milk produced by farms with different distances of less than 11 km in each province was discriminated, and the discriminant distance was successfully reduced to 0.7 km (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region: the distance between the two farms was 0.7 km, R2 = 0.771, Q2 = 0.631). For short-distance samples, the combination multiple technologies are not completely superior to a single technique, and sometimes, it is easy to cause model over-fitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruting Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.Z.); (M.S.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meicheng Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.Z.); (M.S.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.Z.); (M.S.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.Z.); (M.S.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ailiang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.Z.); (M.S.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.Z.); (M.S.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
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Li Y, Shen Y, Yao CL, Guo DA. Quality assessment of herbal medicines based on chemical fingerprints combined with chemometrics approach: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Perini M, Paolini M, Pace R, Camin F. The use of stable isotope ratio analysis to characterise saw palmetto (Serenoa Repens) extract. Food Chem 2019; 274:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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