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GOMEZ CARLYB, MITCHELL JADE, RYSER ELLIOTT, MARKS BRADLEYP. Listeriosis Risk Model for Cancer Patients Who Consume Ready-to-Eat Salad. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100087. [PMID: 37004807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes generally infects immunocompromised individuals, such as cancer patients, more frequently and with higher morbidity and mortality than the general population. Because of the anticipated risk associated with L. monocytogenes and other pathogens in produce, immunocompromised individuals are often placed on neutropenic diets that exclude fresh produce, though these risks have not been quantified. Therefore, this study developed a data-driven risk model for listeriosis in cancer patients who consume ready-to-eat (RTE) salads, consisting of leafy greens, cucumbers, and tomatoes, as influenced by kitchen-scale treatments and storage practices. Monte Carlo simulations were used to model the risk of invasive listeriosis during one chemotherapy cycle. Refrigerating all salad components decreased median risk by approximately one-half log. For refrigerated salads with no treatment, the predicted median risk was ≤ 4.3 × 10-08. When salad ingredients were surface blanched with greens rinsed, the predicted risk decreased to 5.4 × 10-10. Predicted risk was lowest (1.4 × 10-13) for a blanched "salad" consisting of solely cucumbers and tomatoes. Interestingly, rinsing, as recommended by FDA only decreased median risk by 1 log. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the highly variable dose-response parameter k strongly influenced risk, indicating that reducing uncertainty in this variable may improve model accuracy. Overall, this study demonstrates that kitchen-scale pathogen reduction approaches have high risk-reduction efficacy and could be considered as an alternative to diets that exclude produce when making risk management decisions.
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2
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Truong H, Garmyn D, Gal L, Fournier C, Sevellec Y, Jeandroz S, Piveteau P. Plants as a realized niche for Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1255. [PMID: 34964288 PMCID: PMC8710918 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a human pathogen. It is the causative agent of listeriosis, the leading cause of bacterial-linked foodborne mortality in Europe and elsewhere. Outbreaks of listeriosis have been associated with the consumption of fresh produce including vegetables and fruits. In this review we summarize current data providing direct or indirect evidence that plants can serve as habitat for L. monocytogenes, enabling this human pathogen to survive and grow. The current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the interaction of this bacterium with plants is addressed, and whether this foodborne pathogen elicits an immune response in plants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai‐Nam Truong
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Dominique Garmyn
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Laurent Gal
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Carine Fournier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Yann Sevellec
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella and Listeria UnitParis‐Est UniversityMaisons‐AlfortCedexFrance
| | - Sylvain Jeandroz
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
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Listeria monocytogenes Survival on Peaches and Nectarines under Conditions Simulating Commercial Stone-Fruit Packinghouse Operations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179174. [PMID: 34501764 PMCID: PMC8431221 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent recalls of stone fruit due to potential Listeria contamination and associated foodborne outbreaks highlight the risk for pathogen transmission through stone-fruit consumption. Particularly, surface contamination of fruits increases the risk for cross-contamination of produce during processing and storage. This highlights the need for quality control in stone fruits intended for consumption. To develop effective food safety practices, it is essential to determine the critical factors during stone-fruit processing that influence Listeria survival. Therefore, this study evaluated the ability of Listeria to survive on peaches and nectarines under simulated stone-fruit loading and staging, waxing and fungicide application and storage conditions. The results of our study indicate that current stone-fruit handling conditions do not favor Listeria growth. However, once fruit is contaminated, Listeria can survive on the fruit surface in significant numbers under current processing conditions. Therefore, there is a need to develop and implement preventive controls at the stone-fruit packinghouse to prevent Listeria contamination and deter pathogen persistence.
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4
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Xie X, Liu Z. Simultaneous enumeration of Cronobacter sakazakii and Staphylococcus aureus in powdered infant foods through duplex TaqMan real-time PCR. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Inhibitory mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine extracts on Escherichia coli and its application to fermented-bag sausage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Labrador M, Giménez-Rota C, Rota C. Real-Time PCR Method Combined with a Matrix Lysis Procedure for the Quantification of Listeria monocytogenes in Meat Products. Foods 2021; 10:foods10040735. [PMID: 33808357 PMCID: PMC8066123 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study a real-time PCR method has been developed for the specific quantification of the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes on meat products through the gene hlyA. The PCR was combined with a matrix lysis that allowed the obtaining of the microorganisms without sample dilution and the elimination the PCR inhibitors from dry-cured ham. The qPCR method calibration curve had an efficiency of 100.4%, limits of detection and quantification were 30.1 ± 6.2 CFU/g which is under the legal limit of L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat products, and an analytical variability <0.25 log hlyA gene copies/reaction. The analysis was performed simultaneously with the reference method ISO 11290-2. The comparison of the qPCR-matrix lysis results with the reference method showed an excellent correspondence, with a relative accuracy between 95.83-105.20%. Finally, the method was applied to commercial derived meat samples and the pathogen was quantified in one of the commercial samples assayed in 69.1 ± 13.9 CFU/g while the reference method did not quantify it. The optimized qPCR showed higher precision and sensitivity than the reference method at low concentrations of the microorganism in a shorter time. Therefore, qPCR-matrix lysis shows a potential application in the meat industry for L. monocytogenes routine control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Labrador
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2-, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Carlota Giménez-Rota
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carmen Rota
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2-, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-87-655-4144
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da Costa Lima M, de Souza EL. A systematic quantitative analysis of the published literature on the efficacy of essential oils as sanitizers in fresh leafy vegetables. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2326-2339. [PMID: 32519881 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1776676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study carried out a systematic quantitative analysis of published literature on the efficacy of essential oils (EOs) as sanitizers in fresh leafy vegetables (FLVs). Efficacy of EO was measured by determining if their application could cause a reduction of microbial population in FLV, as well as by identifying experimental factors that might affect the achieved reduction levels. Data on efficacy of EO to reduce the microbial population and experimental conditions were collected from selected studies and compiled for a distribution and relational analysis. Reduction of an artificial inoculum and/or natural microbiota of FLV caused by 14 different EO were measured in 404 (73.8%) and 143 (26.2%) experiments, respectively. Results of quantitative analysis showed that EO are consistently effective to reduce microbial population in FLV either when the target microorganisms are forming an artificial inoculum or the natural microbiota, being overall similarly effective to or more effective than substances used ordinarily as sanitizers. EO were more effective to reduce the population of microorganisms forming an artificial inoculum than the natural microbiota. EO concentration and inoculum size had no significant effect on achieved reductions. Duration of sanitization treatment with EO had significant effect on achieved reductions and highest reductions were found when the sanitization time was >3 min. Although with the inherent variability in experimental designs found in available literature, the results of this quantitative analysis provide strong evidence that EO are promising candidates for use in strategies to sanitize FLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara da Costa Lima
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Evandro Leite de Souza
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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8
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Mohsina K, Kaur M, Bowman JP, Powell S, Tamplin ML. qPCR quantification of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Brochothrix thermosphacta, and Serratia liquefaciens growth kinetics in mixed culture. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 175:105961. [PMID: 32479869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying growth kinetics of specific spoilage microorganisms in mixed culture is required to describe the evolution of food microbiomes. A qPCR method was developed to selectively amplify individual meat spoilage bacteria, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Brochothrix thermosphacta and Serratia liquefaciens, within a broth medium designed to simulate the composition of beef. An optimized method of DNA extraction was produced for standard curve construction. Method specificity was determined by individual single peaks in melt curves. Reaction efficiency for standard curves of C. maltaromaticum, B. thermosphacta and S. liquefaciens was high (R2 = 0.98-0.99), and linear quantification was achieved over a 5 log CFU/ml range. Coefficient of variation was calculated considering both threshold cycle (Ct) and bacterial concentration; the value did not exceed 14% for inter- or intra-runs for either method. Comparison of growth kinetic parameters derived from plate count and qPCR showed no significant variation (P > .05) for growth rate (GR) and maximum population density (MPD); lag phase duration (LPD) was not included in this comparison due to high innate variability. Log quantification of each isolate was validated in a mixed-culture experiment for all three species with qPCR and plate count differing less than 0.3 log CFU/ml (average 0.10 log CFU/ml, R2 = 0.98).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaniz Mohsina
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - John P Bowman
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - Shane Powell
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - Mark L Tamplin
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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9
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Castañeda-Gulla K, Sattlegger E, Mutukumira AN. Persistent contamination ofSalmonella,Campylobacter,Escherichia coli, andStaphylococcus aureusat a broiler farm in New Zealand. Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:171-185. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intensive poultry production due to public demand raises the risk of contamination, creating potential foodborne hazards to consumers. The prevalence and microbial load of the pathogens Campylobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli was determined by standard methods at the farm level. After disinfection, swab samples collected from wall crevices, drinkers, and vents were heavily contaminated, as accumulated organic matter and dust likely protected the pathogens from the disinfectants used. The annex floor also showed high microbial concentrations, suggesting the introduction of pathogens from external environments, highlighting the importance of erecting hygiene barriers at the entrance of the main shed. Therefore, pathogen control measures and proper application of disinfectants are recommended as intervention strategies. Additionally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was evaluated as a quantification tool. qPCR showed limitations with samples containing low microbial counts because of the low detection limit of the method. Thus, bacterial pre-enrichment of test samples may be necessary to improve the detection of pathogens by qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Castañeda-Gulla
- School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn Sattlegger
- School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Anthony N. Mutukumira
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
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10
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Assessment of temperature distribution of cold and hot meals in food services and the prediction growth of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Matt C, Ramachandran A, Allison R, Wall C, Dieterly A, Brandão J. LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN AN INLAND BEARDED DRAGON (POGONA VITTICEPS). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Miceli A, Settanni L. Influence of agronomic practices and pre-harvest conditions on the attachment and development of Listeria monocytogenes in vegetables. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-1435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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13
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Kretzer JW, Schmelcher M, Loessner MJ. Ultrasensitive and Fast Diagnostics of Viable Listeria Cells by CBD Magnetic Separation Combined with A511:: luxAB Detection. Viruses 2018; 10:E626. [PMID: 30428537 PMCID: PMC6266503 DOI: 10.3390/v10110626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Listeria includes foodborne pathogens that cause life-threatening infections in those at risk, and sensitive and specific methods for detection of these bacteria are needed. Based on their unrivaled host specificity and ability to discriminate viable cells, bacteriophages represent an ideal toolbox for the development of such methods. Here, the authors describe an ultrasensitive diagnostic protocol for Listeria by combining two phage-based strategies: (1) specific capture and concentration of target cells by magnetic separation, harnessing cell wall-binding domains from Listeria phage endolysins (CBD-MS); and (2) highly sensitive detection using an adaptation of the A511::luxAB bioluminescent reporter phage assay in a microwell plate format. The combined assay enabled direct detection of approximately 100 bacteria per ml of pure culture with genus-level specificity in less than 6 h. For contaminated foods, the procedure included a 16 h selective enrichment step, followed by CBD-MS separation and A511::luxAB detection. It was able to consistently detect extremely low numbers (0.1 to 1.0 cfu/g) of viable Listeria cells, in a total assay time of less than 22 h. These results demonstrate the superiority of this phage-based assay to standard culture-based diagnostic protocols for the detection of viable bacteria, with respect to both sensitivity and speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Kretzer
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin J Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Lopez-Valladares G, Danielsson-Tham ML, Tham W. Implicated Food Products for Listeriosis and Changes in Serovars of Listeria monocytogenes Affecting Humans in Recent Decades. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:387-397. [PMID: 29958028 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is a foodborne disease with a high fatality rate, and infection is mostly transmitted through ready-to-eat (RTE) foods contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes, such as gravad/smoked fish, soft cheeses, and sliced processed delicatessen (deli) meat. Food products/dishes stored in vacuum or in modified atmospheres and with extended refrigerator shelf lives provide an opportunity for L. monocytogenes to multiply to large numbers toward the end of the shelf life. Elderly, pregnant women, neonates, and immunocompromised individuals are particularly susceptible to L. monocytogenes. Listeriosis in humans manifests primarily as septicemia, meningitis, encephalitis, gastrointestinal infection, and abortion. In the mid 1990s and early 2000s a shift from L. monocytogenes serovar 4b to serovar 1/2a causing human listeriosis occurred, and serovar 1/2a is becoming more frequently linked to outbreaks of listeriosis, particularly in Europe and Northern America. Consumer lifestyle has changed, and less time is available for food preparation. Modern lifestyle has markedly changed eating habits worldwide, with a consequent increased demand for RTE foods; therefore, more RTE and take away foods are consumed. There is a concern that many Listeria outbreaks are reported from hospitals. Therefore, it is vitally important that foods (especially cooked and chilled) delivered to hospitals and residential homes for senior citizens and elderly people are reheated to at least 72°C: cold food, such as turkey deli meat and cold-smoked and gravad salmon should be free from L. monocytogenes. Several countries have zero tolerance for RTE foods that support the growth of Listeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Lopez-Valladares
- School of Hospitality, Culinary Arts and Meal Science, Örebro University , Grythyttan, Sweden
| | | | - Wilhelm Tham
- School of Hospitality, Culinary Arts and Meal Science, Örebro University , Grythyttan, Sweden
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15
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Quantifying growth of cold-adapted Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua on fresh spinach leaves at refrigeration temperatures. J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Helicobacter pylori growth pattern in reference media and extracts from selected minimally processed vegetables. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Modeling the fate of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica in the pulp and on the outer rind of Canary melons (Cucumis melo (Indorus Group)). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Zhu Q, Gooneratne R, Hussain MA. Listeria monocytogenes in Fresh Produce: Outbreaks, Prevalence and Contamination Levels. Foods 2017; 6:foods6030021. [PMID: 28282938 PMCID: PMC5368540 DOI: 10.3390/foods6030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a member of the genus Listeria, is widely distributed in agricultural environments, such as soil, manure and water. This organism is a recognized foodborne pathogenic bacterium that causes many diseases, from mild gastroenteritis to severe blood and/or central nervous system infections, as well as abortion in pregnant women. Generally, processed ready-to-eat and cold-stored meat and dairy products are considered high-risk foods for L. monocytogenes infections that cause human illness (listeriosis). However, recently, several listeriosis outbreaks have been linked to fresh produce contamination around the world. Additionally, many studies have detected L. monocytogenes in fresh produce samples and even in some minimally processed vegetables. Thus L. monocytogenes may contaminate fresh produce if present in the growing environment (soil and water). Prevention of biofilm formation is an important control measure to reduce the prevalence and survival of L. monocytogenes in growing environments and on fresh produce. This article specifically focuses on fresh produce–associated listeriosis outbreaks, prevalence in growing environments, contamination levels of fresh produce, and associated fresh produce safety challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhu
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand.
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand.
| | - Malik Altaf Hussain
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand.
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19
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Kim SA, Park SH, Lee SI, Ricke SC. Development of a rapid method to quantify Salmonella Typhimurium using a combination of MPN with qPCR and a shortened time incubation. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:7-18. [PMID: 28400022 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for the specific quantification of S. Typhimurium using a most-probable-number (MPN) combined with qPCR and a shortened incubation time (MPN-qPCR-SIT). For S. Typhimurium enumeration, dilutions of samples were transferred into three wells on a microtiter plate and the plate was incubated for 4 h. The S. Typhimurium presence in the wells was identified using a qPCR and populations were determined based on an MPN calculation. The R2 between the MPN-qPCR-SIT and conventional MPN exhibited a high level of correlation (0.9335-0.9752), suggesting that the MPN-qPCR-SIT offers a reliable alternative method for S. Typhimurium quantification. Although plating and qPCR were limited in their ability to detect low levels of S. Typhimurium (e.g. 0.18 log MPN/ml), these levels could be successfully detected with the MPN-qPCR-SIT. Chicken breast samples inoculated with S. Typhimurium were incubated at 0, 4, and 24 h and incubated samples were subjected to microbiome analysis. Levels of Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae increased significantly with incubation time. The obvious benefits of the MPN-qPCR-SIT are: 1) a further confirmation step is not required, 2) the detection limit is as low as conventional MPN, but 3) is more rapid, requiring approximately 7 h to simultaneously complete quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ae Kim
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Si Hong Park
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Sang In Lee
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
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20
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Korir RC, Parveen S, Hashem F, Bowers J. Microbiological quality of fresh produce obtained from retail stores on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, United States of America. Food Microbiol 2016; 56:29-34. [PMID: 26919815 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality of six types of fresh produce obtained from three retail stores located on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, USA. A total of 414 samples representing basil, cilantro, lettuce, scallion, spinach, and parsley were analyzed for total aerobic bacteria (APC), total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and three pathogenic bacteria (E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella), using standard methods. Presumptive pathogenic isolates were confirmed using BAX Polymerase Chain Reaction. Total aerobic populations varied widely between samples, while 38.41% were positive for total coliforms and only 10.15% for E. coli. Median abundance (log CFU/g) of total coliforms and E. coli were less than the limit of detection and that of APC ranged from 5.78 to 6.61 over the six produce types. There was a statistically significant difference in prevalence of total coliforms among the retail stores, but not for abundance of APC or prevalence of E. coli. E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were detected in one spinach sample each, while one parsley and one cilantro sample were positive for Salmonella. There were no statistically significant differences in microbiological quality among produce types. Although the results of this study provided some indices of sanitary and/or spoilage level, no relationship was observed among the total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, E. coli, and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the samples tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cheruiyot Korir
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Salina Parveen
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA.
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - John Bowers
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Law JWF, Ab Mutalib NS, Chan KG, Lee LH. An insight into the isolation, enumeration, and molecular detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1227. [PMID: 26579116 PMCID: PMC4630303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen that can cause listeriosis through the consumption of food contaminated with this pathogen. The ability of L. monocytogenes to survive in extreme conditions and cause food contaminations have become a major concern. Hence, routine microbiological food testing is necessary to prevent food contamination and outbreaks of foodborne illness. This review provides insight into the methods for cultural detection, enumeration, and molecular identification of L. monocytogenes in various food samples. There are a number of enrichment and plating media that can be used for the isolation of L. monocytogenes from food samples. Enrichment media such as buffered Listeria enrichment broth, Fraser broth, and University of Vermont Medium (UVM) Listeria enrichment broth are recommended by regulatory agencies such as Food and Drug Administration-bacteriological and analytical method (FDA-BAM), US Department of Agriculture-Food and Safety (USDA-FSIS), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Many plating media are available for the isolation of L. monocytogenes, for instance, polymyxin acriflavin lithium-chloride ceftazidime aesculin mannitol, Oxford, and other chromogenic media. Besides, reference methods like FDA-BAM, ISO 11290 method, and USDA-FSIS method are usually applied for the cultural detection or enumeration of L. monocytogenes. most probable number technique is applied for the enumeration of L. monocytogenes in the case of low level contamination. Molecular methods including polymerase chain reaction, multiplex polymerase chain reaction, real-time/quantitative polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, DNA microarray, and next generation sequencing technology for the detection and identification of L. monocytogenes are discussed in this review. Overall, molecular methods are rapid, sensitive, specific, time- and labor-saving. In future, there are chances for the development of new techniques for the detection and identification of foodborne with improved features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Woan-Fei Law
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | | | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityBandar Sunway, Malaysia
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22
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Cheng N, Xu Y, Yan X, Shang Y, Zhu P, Tian W, Liang Z, Xu W. An Advanced Visual Qualitative and EVA Green-Based Quantitative Isothermal Amplification Method to Detect L
isteria Monocytogenes. J Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cheng
- Laboratory of Food Safety; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yuancong Xu
- Laboratory of Food Safety; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Xinghua Yan
- Laboratory of Food Safety; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Ying Shang
- Laboratory of Food Safety; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Pengyu Zhu
- Laboratory of Food Safety; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Wenying Tian
- Laboratory of Food Safety; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- Laboratory of Food Safety; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Laboratory of Food Safety; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 China
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Auvolat A, Besse NG. The challenge of enumerating Listeria monocytogenes in food. Food Microbiol 2015; 53:135-49. [PMID: 26678141 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is recognised as a serious foodborne pathogen in humans. However, food products are usually contaminated at low levels (i.e. <100 CFU/g) and there is still no adequate enumeration method for testing food. Much research has been carried out to improve Listeria enumeration methods, leading to several proposed alternative methods such as the most probable number technique, molecular-based methods and bacterial cell concentration techniques. Here, we catalogue the current knowledge concerning L. monocytogenes enumeration, with a particular focus on the problem of enumerating low level contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Auvolat
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Nathalie Gnanou Besse
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons Alfort, France.
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Development, and complete evaluation, of a novel Most-Probable-Number (MPN) qPCR method for accurate and express quantification of Listeria monocytogenes in foodstuffs. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Ye K, Wang H, Jiang Y, Xu X, Cao J, Zhou G. Development of interspecific competition models for the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Lactobacillus on vacuum-packaged chilled pork by quantitative real-time PCR. Food Res Int 2014; 64:626-633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Development of Double Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification to Detect Listeria monocytogenes in Food. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:839-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Sant'Ana AS, Franco BD, Schaffner DW. Risk of infection with Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes due to consumption of ready-to-eat leafy vegetables in Brazil. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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A fast, reliable, and sensitive method for detection and quantification of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ready-to-eat fresh-cut products by MPN-qPCR. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:608296. [PMID: 24949460 PMCID: PMC4052075 DOI: 10.1155/2014/608296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we developed a MPN quantitative real-time PCR (MPN-qPCR) method for a fast and reliable detection and quantification of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in minimally processed vegetables. In order to validate the proposed technique, the results were compared with conventional MPN followed by phenotypic and biochemical assays methods. When L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 were artificially inoculated in fresh-cut vegetables, a concentration as low as 1 CFU g−1 could be detected in 48 hours for both pathogens. qPCR alone allowed a limit of detection of 101 CFU g−1 after 2 hours of enrichment for L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7. Since minimally processed ready-to-eat vegetables are characterized by very short shelf life, our method can potentially address the consistent reduction of time for microbial analysis, allowing a better management of quality control. Moreover, the occurrences of both pathogenic bacteria in mixed salad samples and fresh-cut melons were monitored in two production plants from the receipt of the raw materials to the early stages of shelf life. No sample was found to be contaminated by L. monocytogenes. One sample of raw mixed salad was found positive to an H7 enterohemorrhagic serotype.
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29
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Dalmasso M, Bolocan AS, Hernandez M, Kapetanakou AE, Kuchta T, Manios SG, Melero B, Minarovičová J, Muhterem M, Nicolau AI, Rovira J, Skandamis PN, Stessl B, Wagner M, Jordan K, Rodríguez-Lázaro D. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction methods and plating for analysis of enriched cultures of Listeria monocytogenes when using the ISO11290-1 method. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 98:8-14. [PMID: 24384162 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Analysis for Listeria monocytogenes by ISO11290-1 is time-consuming, entailing two enrichment steps and subsequent plating on agar plates, taking five days without isolate confirmation. The aim of this study was to determine if a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay could be used for analysis of the first and second enrichment broths, saving four or two days, respectively. In a comprehensive approach involving six European laboratories, PCR and traditional plating of both enrichment broths from the ISO11290-1 method were compared for the detection of L. monocytogenes in 872 food, raw material and processing environment samples from 13 different dairy and meat food chains. After the first and second enrichments, total DNA was extracted from the enriched cultures and analysed for the presence of L. monocytogenes DNA by PCR. DNA extraction by chaotropic solid-phase extraction (spin column-based silica) combined with real-time PCR (RTi-PCR) was required as it was shown that crude DNA extraction applying sonication lysis and boiling followed by traditional gel-based PCR resulted in fewer positive results than plating. The RTi-PCR results were compared to plating, as defined by the ISO11290-1 method. For first and second enrichments, 90% of the samples gave the same results by RTi-PCR and plating, whatever the RTi-PCR method used. For the samples that gave different results, plating was significantly more accurate for detection of positive samples than RTi-PCR from the first enrichment, but RTi-PCR detected a greater number of positive samples than plating from the second enrichment, regardless of the RTi-PCR method used. RTi-PCR was more accurate for non-food contact surface and food contact surface samples than for food and raw material samples especially from the first enrichment, probably because of sample matrix interference. Even though RTi-PCR analysis of the first enrichment showed less positive results than plating, in outbreak scenarios where a rapid result is required, RTi-PCR could be an efficient way to get a preliminary result to be then confirmed by plating. Using DNA extraction from the second enrichment broth followed by RTi-PCR was reliable and a confirmed result could be obtained in three days, as against seven days by ISO11290-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Dalmasso
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Andrei Sorin Bolocan
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania
| | | | | | - Tomáš Kuchta
- Food Research Institute, Priemyselná 4, 824 75 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stavros G Manios
- Agricultural University of Athens, Iera odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Meryem Muhterem
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anca Ioana Nicolau
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania
| | | | | | - Beatrix Stessl
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kieran Jordan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
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30
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Posada-Izquierdo G, Pérez-Rodríguez F, Zurera G. Mathematical quantification of microbial inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. on stainless steel surfaces soiled with different vegetable juice substrates. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Ye K, Wang H, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Xu X, Zhou G. Development and validation of a molecular predictive model to describe the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in vacuum-packaged chilled pork. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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32
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33
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Gomes BC, Franco BDGDM, De Martinis ECP. Microbiological Food Safety Issues in Brazil: Bacterial Pathogens. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:197-205. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carrer Gomes
- Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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34
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UEDA SHIGEKO, IWASE MIKI, KUWABARA YOSHIHIRO. Evaluation of Immunochromatography for the Rapid and Specific Identification of Listeria monocytogenes from Food. Biocontrol Sci 2013; 18:157-61. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.18.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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35
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Maistro LC, Miya NTN, Sant'Ana AS, Pereira JL. Microbiological quality and safety of minimally processed vegetables marketed in Campinas, SP – Brazil, as assessed by traditional and alternative methods. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Jung LS, Lee SH, Kim S, Cho Y, Ahn J. Effect of High-Pressure Post-Packaging Pasteurization on Microbiological Quality of Ready-to-Use Vegetables. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2012.00788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lae-Seung Jung
- Department of Biomaterials Engineering; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Gangwon 200-701 Korea
| | | | | | - Youngjae Cho
- Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Gangwon 200-701 Korea
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Biomaterials Engineering; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Gangwon 200-701 Korea
- Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Gangwon 200-701 Korea
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37
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Ye K, Zhang Q, Jiang Y, Xu X, Cao J, Zhou G. Rapid detection of viable Listeria monocytogenes in chilled pork by real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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38
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Sant'Ana AS, Franco BDGM, Schaffner DW. Modeling the growth rate and lag time of different strains of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat lettuce. Food Microbiol 2012; 30:267-73. [PMID: 22265311 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The growth parameters (growth rate, μ and lag time, λ) of three different strains each of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in minimally processed lettuce (MPL) and their changes as a function of temperature were modeled. MPL were packed under modified atmosphere (5% O₂, 15% CO₂ and 80% N₂), stored at 7-30 °C and samples collected at different time intervals were enumerated for S. enterica and L. monocytogenes. Growth curves and equations describing the relationship between μ and λ as a function of temperature were constructed using the DMFit Excel add-in and through linear regression, respectively. The predicted growth parameters for the pathogens observed in this study were compared to ComBase, Pathogen modeling program (PMP) and data from the literature. High R² values (0.97 and 0.93) were observed for average growth curves of different strains of pathogens grown on MPL. Secondary models of μ and λ for both pathogens followed a linear trend with high R² values (>0.90). Root mean square error (RMSE) showed that the models obtained are accurate and suitable for modeling the growth of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes in MP lettuce. The current study provides growth models for these foodborne pathogens that can be used in microbial risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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39
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Sant'Ana AS, Barbosa MS, Destro MT, Landgraf M, Franco BDGM. Growth potential of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in nine types of ready-to-eat vegetables stored at variable temperature conditions during shelf-life. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 157:52-8. [PMID: 22561064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Growth potential (δ) is defined as the difference between the population of a microorganism at the end of shelf-life of specific food and its initial population. The determination of δ of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in RTE vegetables can be very useful to determine likely threats to food safety. However, little is known on the behavior of these microorganisms in several RTE vegetables. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the δ of both pathogens in nine different types of RTE vegetables (escarole, collard green, spinach, watercress, arugula, grated carrot, green salad, and mix for yakisoba) stored at refrigeration (7°C) and abuse temperature (15°C). The population of aerobic microorganisms and lactic acid bacteria, including those showing antimicrobial activity has been also determined. Results indicated that L. monocytogenes was able to grow (δ≥0.5 log(10)) in more storage conditions and vegetables than Salmonella. Both microorganisms were inhibited in carrots, although a more pronounced effect has been observed against L. monocytogenes. The highest δ values were obtained when the RTE vegetables were stored 15°C/6days in collard greens (δ=3.3) and arugula (δ=3.2) (L. monocytogenes) and arugula (δ=4.1) and escarole (δ=2.8) (Salmonella). In most vegetables and storage conditions studied, the counts of total aerobic microorganisms raised significantly independent of the temperature of storage (p<0.05). Counts of lactic acid bacteria were higher in vegetables partially or fully stored at abuse temperature with recovery of isolates showing antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, the results of this study show that Salmonella and L. monocytogenes may grow and reach high populations in RTE vegetables depending on storage conditions and the definition of effective intervention strategies are needed to control their growth in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brazil.
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40
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Sant'Ana AS, Igarashi MC, Landgraf M, Destro MT, Franco BD. Prevalence, populations and pheno- and genotypic characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from ready-to-eat vegetables marketed in São Paulo, Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 155:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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41
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Rapid detection of food-borne Listeria monocytogenes by real-time quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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42
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Postollec F, Falentin H, Pavan S, Combrisson J, Sohier D. Recent advances in quantitative PCR (qPCR) applications in food microbiology. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:848-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Chen Y, Kumar N, Siddique N. Development and evaluation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay targeting iap for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in select food matrices. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:1063-9. [PMID: 21612427 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular foodborne pathogen that has been associated with severe human illnesses. Various rapid detection methods have been developed for the specific detection of this pathogen. In the present study, a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting iap, a gene encoding extracellular protein p60, was developed for L. monocytogenes. The PCR efficiency is above 85% and the limit of detection (LOD) is 30 copies of genome per reaction for all strains tested. The assay exhibited 100% inclusivity and exclusivity rates. The detection of L. monocytogenes in five food matrices, whole milk, soft cheese, turkey deli meat, smoked salmon, and alfalfa sprouts, was evaluated with and without enrichment. Without enrichment, the LOD for all food matrices were 4×10(3) CFU/mL food enrichment mix for whole milk and 4×10(4) CFU/mL for all other foods. With 24 h incubation in Buffered Listeria Enrichment Broth, the LOD was 3 CFU/25 g food for whole milk, turkey deli meat, and smoked salmon and 9 CFU/25 g food for soft cheese and alfalfa sprouts. With 48 h incubation, the LOD was 3 CFU/25 g food for all matrices. This quantitative PCR appears to be a promising alternative for rapid detection of L. monocytogenes in select foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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44
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Traunšek U, Toplak N, Jeršek B, Lapanje A, Majstorović T, Kovač M. Novel cost-efficient real-time PCR assays for detection and quantitation of Listeria monocytogenes. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 85:40-6. [PMID: 21256878 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Listeriosis is a serious food-borne infection with mortality rates approaching 30%. Therefore, the rapid, cost-effective, and automated detection of Listeria monocytogenes throughout the food chain continues to be a major concern. Here we describe three novel quantitative real-time PCR assays for L. monocytogenes based on amplification of a target hlyA gene with SYBR Green I chemistry and hydrolysis probe (TaqMan MGB probe). In order to offer sensitive, rapid and robust tool of additional economical value the real-time PCR assays were designed and optimized to only 5 μl-reactions. All assays were evaluated by using different non-reference Listeria strains isolated from various food matrices. Results demonstrated specificity to L. monocytogenes with accurate quantification over a dynamic range of 5-6 log units with R² higher than 0.98 and amplification efficiencies reaching above 92%. The detection and quantification limits were as low as 165 genome equivalents. Comparison of novel assays to commercially available TaqMan® Listeria monocytogenes Detection Kit and previously published studies revealed similar specificity, sensitivity and efficiency, but greater robustness and especially cost-efficiency in the view of smaller reaction volumes and continuous increase in sample throughput.
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45
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Real-time PCR assay to differentiate Listeriolysin S-positive and -negative strains of Listeria monocytogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:163-71. [PMID: 21075895 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01673-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the severity of the food-borne infection listeriosis, strict legislation governs the detectable and permissible limits at which Listeria monocytogenes is permitted in foods. These requirements, coupled with the ubiquitous nature of L. monocytogenes strains and the potential for epidemic outbreaks, mean that the pathogen can devastate affected sectors of the food industry. Although almost all L. monocytogenes strains have the potential to cause listeriosis, those implicated in the vast majority of epidemics belong to a subset of strains belonging to evolutionary lineage I. It has been established that a significant proportion of these strains, including those implicated in the majority of outbreaks, produce an additional hemolysin, designated listeriolysin S (LLS), which may be responsible for the enhanced virulence of these strains. In order to ultimately establish this definitively, it is important to first be able to rapidly discriminate between LLS-positive and -negative strains. Here, after essential genes within the LLS-encoding cluster, Listeria pathogenicity island 3, were identified by deletion mutagenesis, a real-time PCR assay which targets one such gene, llsX, was developed as a means of identifying LLS-positive L. monocytogenes. The specificity of the assay was validated against a panel of 40 L. monocytogenes strains (20 of which were LLS positive) and 25 strains representative of other Listeria species. Furthermore, 1 CFU of an LLS-positive strain per 25 g/ml of spiked foods was detected in less than 30 h when the assay was coupled with culture enrichment. The detection limit of this assay was 10 genome equivalents.
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Cobo Molinos A, Abriouel H, Ben Omar N, Martinez-Canamero M, Gálvez A. A Quantitative Real-time PCR Assay for Quantification of Viable Listeria Monocytogenes Cells After Bacteriocin Injury in Food-First Insights. Curr Microbiol 2010; 61:515-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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