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An JH, Lee HS. Effect of the storage temperature on the quality of eggs inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis onto shell. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1255-1260. [PMID: 38440673 PMCID: PMC10908673 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explored the temperature-dependent effect on the growth characteristics of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) on eggshell toward identifying an appropriate storage temperature for unwashed eggs in an actual distribution environment. Among the test storage temperatures (10 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C), 25 °C was determined to be an appropriate storage temperature, with no effect of changing temperature on the control of SE on eggshell. Regarding the effect of the temperature on egg quality, the quality indicators of egg such as Haugh unit, yolk index, albumin index, and albumin pH were significantly maintained. These results indicated that unwashed eggs should be distributed at 25 °C for SE control, and the storage temperature should be below 10 °C from at least day 4 onward after the start of distribution to maintain egg quality. This study will assist for safety management of unwashed egg in an actual distribution environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon An
- Department of Food Safety and Regulatory Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Department of Food Safety and Regulatory Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 Republic of Korea
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2
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Application of Eugenol in Poultry to Control Salmonella Colonization and Spread. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020151. [PMID: 36851455 PMCID: PMC9962070 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry sector is an essential component of agriculture that has experienced unprecedented growth during the last few decades. It is especially true for the United States, where the average intake of chicken meat increased from 10 pounds (4.5 kg) per person in 1940 to 65.2 pounds (29.6 kg) per person in 2018, while the country produced 113 billion eggs in 2019 alone. Besides providing nutrition and contributing significantly to the economy, chicken is also a natural reservoir of Salmonella, which is responsible for salmonellosis in humans, one of the significant foodborne illnesses around the globe. The increasing use of chicken manure and antibiotics increases the spread of Salmonella and selects for multi-drug resistant strains. Various plant extracts, primarily essential oils, have been investigated for their antimicrobial activities. The multiple ways through which these plant-derived compounds exert their antimicrobial effects make the development of resistance against them unlikely. Eugenol, an aromatic oil primarily found in clove and cinnamon, has shown antimicrobial activities against various pathogenic bacteria. A few reports have also highlighted the anti-Salmonella effects of eugenol in chicken, especially in reducing the colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium, the primary Salmonella species responsible for human salmonellosis. Besides limiting Salmonella infection in chicken, the supplementation of eugenol also significantly improves intestinal health, improving overall well-being. In this review, we highlight the rising incidences of salmonellosis worldwide and the factors increasing its prevalence. We then propose the usage of eugenol as a natural feed supplement for containing Salmonella in chicken.
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Rocha MD, Chaves RD, Freire L, Pia AKR, Furtado MM, Alvarenga VO, Crucello A, Lopes LS, Santos AFM, Rodrigues DP, Sant'Ana AS. Salmonella enterica in soybean production chain: Occurrence, characterization, and survival during soybean storage. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 372:109695. [PMID: 35509145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine Salmonella enterica occurrence along the soybean meal production chain (raw material, in-processing samples, final products, and in the environment of five processing plants), characterize the isolates, and assess the survival of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W in soybeans stored under different temperature conditions. Among 713 samples analyzed, 12.9% (n = 92) were positive for Salmonella enterica. Dust collected inside and outside processing plants (n = 148) comprised the samples with the highest positivity for Salmonella enterica, 47.3%. The occurrence of Salmonella enterica varied among the different processing plants. Twenty-nine (n = 29) Salmonella serotypes were isolated, with S. Mbandaka as the most frequent serotype, whereas S. Typhimurium was mainly linked to final product samples (soybean meal). S. Senftenberg 775W did not survive for a long time in soybean stored at 20-37 °C, but at 20 °C, cells were viable for more than 60 days. This study suggests that soybean meal may harbor Salmonella serotypes related to foodborne disease outbreaks in humans and can be responsible for Salmonella introduction into livestock and, consequently, in foods of animal origin. This study provides crucial data on contamination pathways of Salmonella in the soybean production chain, contributing to the understanding of Salmonella epidemiology which is strategic for the development of preventive and control measures to reduce the burden of salmonellosis linked to products of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monyca D Rocha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael D Chaves
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luísa Freire
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS - Brazil
| | - Arthur K R Pia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marianna M Furtado
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Verônica O Alvarenga
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline Crucello
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia S Lopes
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil; Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - André F M Santos
- National Reference Laboratory for Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dália P Rodrigues
- National Reference Laboratory for Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Darolová A, Poláček M, Krištofík J, Lukasch B, Hoi H. First Evidence of a Relationship Between Female Major Histocompatibility Complex Diversity and Eggshell Bacteria in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.615667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are known to exert positive and negative influences on animals’ health and fitness. Bacteria, in particular those inhabiting the skin and inner organs of vertebrates, are horizontally or vertically transmitted. Specifically, mothers of bird species can transfer bacterial strains to their offspring when the egg is passing the reproductive tract, as the eggshell rubs against the wall of the uterus. In this context, the female immune system might play an important role in influencing the vertical transmission of bacteria. Here, we investigate the relationship between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and cultivable eggshell bacteria originating putatively from the female urogenital tract in a captive population of house sparrows (Passer domesticus). We predict that females with a more variable MHC will transfer fewer bacteria onto the eggshells. Our results show a negative relationship between the number of functional MHC class I alleles and bacteria originating in the urinary tract and growing on a selective medium. This is the first study to find a correlation between female MHC diversity and eggshell bacteria.
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Rodrigues Marques Ferreira ÍH, de Souza Pedrosa GT, Jung J, Ferreira de Melo AN, Campagnollo FB, Schaffner DW, Magnani M. Modeling Salmonella enterica fate in fresh-cut pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) during storage as a function of temperature and relative humidity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lee KH, Lee JY, Roy PK, Mizan MFR, Hossain MI, Park SH, Ha SD. Viability of Salmonella Typhimurium biofilms on major food-contact surfaces and eggshell treated during 35 days with and without water storage at room temperature. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4558-4565. [PMID: 32868000 PMCID: PMC7598110 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the main foodborne pathogens that affect humans and farm animals. The Salmonella genus comprises a group of food-transmitted pathogens that cause highly prevalent foodborne diseases throughout the world. The aim of this study was to appraise the viability of Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm under water treatment at room temperature on different surfaces, specifically stainless steel (SS), plastic (PLA), rubber (RB), and eggshell (ES). After 35 D, the reduction of biofilm on SS, PLA, RB, and ES was 3.35, 3.57, 3.22, and 2.55 log CFU/coupon without water treatment and 4.31, 4.49, 3.50, and 1.49 log CFU/coupon with water treatment, respectively. The dR value (time required to reduce bacterial biofilm by 99% via Weibull modeling) of S. Typhimurium without and with water treatment was the lowest on PLA (176.86 and 112.17 h, respectively) and the highest on ES (485.37 and 2,436.52 h, respectively). The viability of the S. Typhimurium on ES and the 3 food-contact surfaces was monitored for 5 wk (35 D). The results of this study provide valuable information for the control of S. Typhimurium on different surfaces in the food industry, which could reduce the risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, South Korea
| | - Pantu Kumar Roy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, South Korea
| | - Md Furkanur Rahaman Mizan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, South Korea
| | - Md Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, South Korea
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, South Korea.
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7
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Medina-Gudiño J, Rivera-Garcia A, Santos-Ferro L, Ramirez-Orejel JC, Agredano-Moreno LT, Jimenez-Garcia LF, Paez-Esquiliano D, Martinez-Vidal S, Andrade-Esquivel E, Cano-Buendia JA. Analysis of Neutral Electrolyzed Water anti-bacterial activity on contaminated eggshells with Salmonella enterica or Escherichia coli. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 320:108538. [PMID: 32004824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neutral Electrolyzed Water (NEW) was tested in vitro and on artificially contaminated eggs against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica or Escherichia coli. The antibacterial effect was measured 30 s after treatment. NEW microbicide activity results were compared against 2% citric acid and 0.9% saline solutions. NEW caused an in vitro decrease in Salmonella titers by ˃5.56 Log10 CFU mL-1 and in artificially contaminated eggs by ˃1.45 Log10 CFU/egg. When it was tested against E. coli, it decreased in vitro bacterial titers by ˃3.28 Log10 CFU mL-1 and on artificially contaminated eggs by ˃6.39 Log10 CFU/egg. The 2% citric acid solution caused an in vitro decrease of 0.4 Log10 CFU mL-1 of Salmonella and E. coli and on eggs artificially contaminated with E. coli or Salmonella there was a decrease of 0.06 and 0.62 Log10 CFU/egg respectively. We evaluated egg cuticle integrity by scanning electron microscopy after treatments with evaluated solutions; the 2% citric acid solution caused damage to the cuticle and exposed eggshell pores and no interaction of NEW or NaCl with the cuticle was observed. NEW treatment showed a fast-bactericidal effect in vitro and table eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Medina-Gudiño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuidad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Andres Rivera-Garcia
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuidad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Liliana Santos-Ferro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuidad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Juan C Ramirez-Orejel
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuidad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Lourdes T Agredano-Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias, Department of Cell Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis F Jimenez-Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias, Department of Cell Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Paez-Esquiliano
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Phisiology and Pharmacology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuidad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Andrade-Esquivel
- Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 38010 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Jose A Cano-Buendia
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuidad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico.
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Kingsbury JM, Thom K, Soboleva T. Effect of Storage Temperature on the Survival of New Zealand Egg-Associated Salmonella Isolates in and on Eggs. J Food Prot 2019; 82:2161-2168. [PMID: 31742444 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The influence of egg storage temperature on Salmonella contamination of eggs is a key consideration in determining storage and shelf life recommendations for eggs. In this study, experiments assessed the survival of Salmonella isolates on and in eggs at storage temperatures (15 and 22°C) currently used in New Zealand. Eggshell surfaces were inoculated with a cocktail of 10 Salmonella isolates comprising five serotypes, at a concentration of ∼106 CFU per egg (for determining shell surface survival) or ∼103 CFU per egg (for determining internalization). Additionally, a subset of eggs was artificially contaminated with sterile chicken feces prior to Salmonella inoculation. Inoculated eggs were incubated at 15 and 22°C. At 0, 21, and 35 days of incubation, eggshells were enumerated for Salmonella, and egg contents were tested for Salmonella presence or absence (yolk) or most probable number (albumen). Higher levels of Salmonella were recovered from eggshells following incubation at 15°C (31% relative humidity [RH]) compared with 22°C (45% RH) after both 21 and 35 days of incubation. Recoverable numbers of Salmonella from visibly clean eggshell surfaces declined over time at both storage temperatures and were at, or below, the limit of detection from eggs stored at 22°C and 45% RH for 35 days. A substantially higher concentration of viable Salmonella was recovered from eggshells that were experimentally contaminated with chicken feces compared with those without, particularly from eggs stored at 15°C and 31% RH for 35 days (2.38 log higher CFU from eggs containing feces). No Salmonella was detected in egg contents (albumen or yolk) at any incubation temperature or time point, regardless of the presence of feces. Findings emphasize the importance of current regulations that require eggs sold at retail to be visibly clean and will inform risk management decisions regarding egg storage times and temperatures with respect to Salmonella control in and on New Zealand eggs at retail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Kingsbury
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5939-7255 [J.M.K.])
| | - Kirstin Thom
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5939-7255 [J.M.K.])
| | - Tanya Soboleva
- New Zealand Food Safety, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Zhou M, Li X, Hou W, Wang H, Paoli GC, Shi X. Incidence and Characterization of Salmonella Isolates From Raw Meat Products Sold at Small Markets in Hubei Province, China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2265. [PMID: 31636615 PMCID: PMC6787437 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne disease and is often associated with the consumption of foods of animal origin. In this study, sixty-six Salmonella isolates were obtained from 631 raw meat samples purchased at small retail suppliers in Hubei Province, China. The most prevalent Salmonella serotypes were Thompson (18.2%) and Agona (13.6%). Frequent antimicrobial resistance was observed for the sulfonamides (43.9%), tetracycline (43.9%), and the β-lactams amoxicillin and ampicillin (36.4% for each). Interestingly, a high incidence of resistance to cephazolin was observed in strains of the most common serotype, S. Thompson. Class I integrons were found in 27.3% (18/66) of the isolates and five of these integrons contained different gene cassettes (aacA4C-arr-3-dfr2, dfrA12-aadA21, aadA2, dfrA12-aadA2, dfr17-aadA5). Additional antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-65, bla CTX-M-15, qnrB, and qnrS, were also identified among these Salmonella isolates. Results of replicon typing and conjugation experiments revealed that an integron with qnrB and bla CTX-M-15 genes was present on incH12 mobile plasmid in S. Thompson strain. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed 32 sequence types, indicating that these isolates were phenotypically and genetically diverse, among which ST26 (18.2%) and ST541 (12.1%) were the predominant sequence types. The integrons, along with multiple antimicrobial resistance genes on mobile plasmids, are likely contributors to the dissemination of multidrug resistance in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenfu Hou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxun Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - George C Paoli
- Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center (USDA-ARS-ERRC), USDA-MOST Joint Research Center for Food Safety, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Xianming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Agriculture and Biology, MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Li Z, Guo R, Wang F, Geng S, Kang X, Meng C, Gu D, Jiao X, Pan Z. Inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis on eggshells by lactic acid spray. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sodagari HR, Mohammed AB, Wang P, O'Dea M, Abraham S, Robertson I, Habib I. Non-typhoidal Salmonella contamination in egg shells and contents from retail in Western Australia: Serovar diversity, multilocus sequence types, and phenotypic and genomic characterizations of antimicrobial resistance. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 308:108305. [PMID: 31476731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of human salmonellosis cases in Western Australia (WA) has increased more dramatically than in any other Australian state. In 2017, the number of cases in WA was more than double the five-year average, and eggs had emerged as the key culprit for several Salmonella foodborne disease outbreaks. To better understand such an epidemiologically intriguing situation, our research goal was to investigate the prevalence, serovar diversity, multilocus sequence types, and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella contamination in retail eggs produced and sold in WA. A total of 200 visually clean and intact retail egg samples (each containing a dozen eggs) were purchased for one year (2017-2018) from supermarkets in metropolitan Perth, the capital of WA. For each sample, the contents and shells of the 12 eggs were separately pooled and cultured according to standard methods. Overall, Salmonella was detected in 11.5% (23/200) of the tested egg samples. Salmonella was isolated from 4.5% (9/200) and 3% (6/200) of eggshells and egg contents, respectively. In 4% (8/200) of the samples, Salmonella was recovered from both eggshell and egg contents. Isolates from positive retail egg samples were serotyped as either S. Typhimurium (52.2% [12/23]) or S. Infantis (39.1% [9/23]). Both serotypes were concurrently recovered from two different retail egg samples. We retained a set of both S. Typhimurium (n = 29) and S. Infantis (n = 12) isolates from all Salmonella-positive retail packs (n = 23) for further characterization. Only two (S. Typhimurium) isolates showed resistance to ampicillin, of which one carried β-lactamase resistance gene blaTEM-1b. The remaining isolates (39/41) were susceptible to all 14 antimicrobials included in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) testing panel. Multilocus sequence typing and serotyping were perfectly mirrored, as all S. Typhimurium isolates were characterized as sequence type (ST)-19, and all S. Infantis isolates were ST-32. This study points to the noteworthy Salmonella prevalence rate in retail egg samples in WA. Our results illustrate minimal public health risks arising from antimicrobial resistance Salmonella from Australian eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sodagari
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Arkan Baraa Mohammed
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Penghao Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ian Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab of Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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12
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Cafarchia C, Iatta R, Danesi P, Camarda A, Capelli G, Otranto D. Yeasts isolated from cloacal swabs, feces, and eggs of laying hens. Med Mycol 2019; 57:340-345. [PMID: 29762763 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic and wild birds may act as carriers of human pathogenic fungi, although the role of laying hens in spreading yeasts has never been investigated. We evaluated the presence of yeasts in the cloaca (Group I, n = 364), feces (Group II, n = 96), and eggs (Group III, n = 270) of laying hens. The occurrence and the population size of yeasts on the eggshell, as well as in the yolks and albumens, were assessed at the oviposition time and during storage of eggs at 22 ± 1°C and 4 ± 1°C. A statistically higher prevalence and population size of yeasts were recorded in Group I (49.7% and 1.3 × 104 cfu/ml) and II (63.8% and 2.8 × 105 cfu/ml) than in Group III (20.7% and 19.9 cfu/ml). Candida catenulata and Candida albicans were the most frequent species isolated. Candida famata and Trichosporon asteroides were isolated only from the eggshells, whereas Candida catenulata was also isolated from yolks and albumens. During storage, the yeast population size on the shell decreased (from 37.5 to 8.5 cfu/ml) in eggs at 22 ± 1°C and increased (from 4.6 to 35.3 cfu/ml) at 4 ± 1°C. The laying hens harbor potentially pathogenic yeasts in their gastrointestinal tract and are prone to disseminating them in the environment through the feces and eggs. Eggshell contamination might occur during the passage through the cloaca or following deposition whereas yolk and albumen contamination might depend on yeast density on eggshell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Iatta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Camarda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Istituto zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
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Wang P, Goggins WB, Chan EYY. Associations of Salmonella hospitalizations with ambient temperature, humidity and rainfall in Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:223-230. [PMID: 30103121 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relationship between Salmonella infection and meteorological parameters other than air temperature. This study aimed to explore associations of Salmonella hospitalizations with temperature, relative humidity (RH) and rainfall. METHODS With negative binomial distribution assumed, time-series regression model adjusting for season and time trend were constructed employing distributed lag non-linear models and generalized additive models. Meteorological variables including mean temperature, RH, and daily total rainfall as well as indicator variables including day of the week and public holiday were incorporated in the models. RESULTS Higher temperature was strongly associated with more hospitalizations over the entire range of temperatures observed. There was a net 6.13 (95%Confidence Interval (CI) 3.52-10.67) relative risk of hospitalization at a temperature of 30.5 °C, relative to 13 °C, lag 0-16 days. Positive associations were found for RH above 60% and rainfall between 0 and 0.14 mm. Extreme high humidity (96%) and trace rainfall (0.02 mm) were associated with 2.06 (95%CI 1.35-3.14), lag 0-17 day, and 1.30 (95%CI 1.01-1.67), lag 0-26 days, relative risks of hospitalizations, relative to 60% and no rain, respectively. CONCLUSIONS High temperatures, high RH and light rainfall are positively associated with Salmonella hospitalizations. The very strong association with temperatures implies that hotter days will lead to increases in Salmonella morbidity in the absence of other changes, and the public health implications of this could be exacerbated by global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Wang
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William B Goggins
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Emily Y Y Chan
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Cui H, Bai M, Yuan L, Surendhiran D, Lin L. Sequential effect of phages and cold nitrogen plasma against Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilms on different vegetables. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 268:1-9. [PMID: 29306732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) is one of the most common pathogens in fresh vegetables and fruits, and most of the diseases produced by E. coli O157:H7 are associated with biofilms. Cold nitrogen plasma (CNP) is a cold sterilization technique which has no residue. However to completely eliminate the biofilm on the surface of vegetables the processing power and time of CNP have to be enhanced, which will impact on the quality of fruits and vegetables. Thus the sequential treatment of CNP and phage techniques was engineered in this study. Compared to treatment performed separately, sequential treatment not only had more mild treatment conditions as 400W CNP treatment for 2min and 5% phage treatment for 30min, but also exhibited more remarkable effect on eradicating E. coli O157:H7 biofilms in vitro and on vegetables. The population of E. coli O157:H7 was approximately reduced by 2logCFU/cm2 after individual treatment of 5% phages for 30min or 500W CNP for 3min. While the sequential treatment of CNP (400W, 2min) and phages (5%, 30min) reduced the E. coli O157:H7 viable count in biofilm by 5.71logCFU/cm2. Therefore, the sequential treatment holds a great promise to improve the current treatment systems of bacterial contamination on different vegetable surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mei Bai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | | | - Lin Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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15
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Deng W, Quan Y, Yang S, Guo L, Zhang X, Liu S, Chen S, Zhou K, He L, Li B, Gu Y, Zhao S, Zou L. Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella from Retail Foods of Animal Origin and Its Association with Disinfectant and Heavy Metal Resistance. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:782-791. [PMID: 29039715 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to demonstrate the antibiotic resistance and its association with disinfectant and heavy metal resistance in 152 Salmonella isolates recovered from retail foods of animal origins. Susceptibility testing demonstrated that 92.8% isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and the resistance was highest to oxytetracycline (80.9%), followed by trimethoprim (64.5%), amoxicillin (28.9%), ampicillin (28.3%), levofloxacin (21.7%), ciprofloxacin (16.4%), and gentamicin (10.5%), respectively. The blaTEM and tetA genes (44.7%) were commonly present. The qacF and qacEΔ1 genes were detected in 18.4% and 8.6% of all isolates. The Cu-resistance genes pcoR, pcoC, and pcoA were the most prevalent (20.4-40.8%), followed by Hg-resistance gene merA (17.8%) and As-resistance genes arsB (6.6%). The antibiotic resistance was highly associated with disinfectant or certain heavy metal resistance genes. Most notably, the association among Cu-resistance genes (pcoC, pcoR), disinfectant resistance genes (qacF, qacEΔ1), and tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes (tet, sul) was significant (p < 0.05). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that Salmonella isolates was associated with supermarkets indicating the possibility of crosscontamination in farms or processing environment. This study indicated that retail meats may be a reservoir for the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella and using disinfectants for decontamination or metals in livestock may provide a pressure for coselecting strains with acquired resistance to other antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Deng
- 1 Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Quan
- 2 Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Second People's Hospital , Jiangyan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhi Yang
- 1 Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Guo
- 1 Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- 3 Inspection and Testing Center, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuliang Liu
- 4 College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Chen
- 4 College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Zhou
- 4 College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li He
- 4 College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Li
- 5 Lab of Microbiology, Dujiangyan Campus of Sichuan Agricultural University , Dujiangyan, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfu Gu
- 1 Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- 6 Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine , U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Likou Zou
- 1 Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Microbial diversity on commercial eggs as affected by the production system. A first approach using PGM. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 262:3-7. [PMID: 28950163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel DNA-based technique (PGM) has been employed for first time to analyse commercial eggs with the advantage of allowing an exhaustive identification of the microbiota present. Eggs from two different production systems, i.e. a free range system and a cage system, were analysed. Twenty-one and twenty-two phyla were identified on the surface of cage system and free range system eggs, respectively. In both cases, Firmicutes was the dominant phylum (representing around 50% of total phyla), being found families frequently reported to be present in the intestinal microbiota of chickens or hens, such as Clostridiaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Additionally, other phyla and families not previously described in association with eggshells could also be identified in this work. Most of the potential pathogenic genera associated with eggs (Salmonella, Clostridium, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus) showed higher incidence in eggs coming from cage systems than in eggs coming from free range systems, although the abundance of these genera were very low in both cases (<5% of total bacteria).
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Park S, Beuchat LR, Kim H, Ryu JH. Inactivation of Salmonella enterica in chicken feces on the surface of eggshells by simultaneous treatments with gaseous chlorine dioxide and mild wet heat. Food Microbiol 2017; 62:202-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Kalupahana R, Rajapaksa D, Fernando P, Thilakarathne D, Abeynayake P. Occurrence and characterization of nontyphoidal Salmonella in retail table eggs in Kandy district of Sri Lanka. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Cui H, Ma C, Li C, Lin L. Enhancing the antibacterial activity of thyme oil against Salmonella on eggshell by plasma-assisted process. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Reduction of Salmonella enterica on the surface of eggshells by sequential treatment with aqueous chlorine dioxide and drying. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 210:84-7. [PMID: 26114591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synergistic effects of sequential treatments with chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and drying in killing Salmonella enterica on the surface of chicken eggshells were investigated. Initial experiments were focused on comparing lethalities of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ClO2. Eggs surface-inoculated with S. enterica in chicken feces as a carrier were immersed in water, NaOCl (50 or 200 μg/mL), or ClO2 (50 or 200 μg/mL) for 1 or 5 min. For 1-min treatments, lethal activities of sanitizers were not significantly different (P>0.05). However, after treatment with ClO2 for 5 min, reductions of S. enterica were significantly greater (P≤0.05) than reductions after treatment with water or NaOCl. The effect of treatment of eggs with ClO2 or NaOCl, followed by drying at 43% relative humidity and 25 °C for 24 and 48 h, were determined. Populations of S. enterica decreased during drying, regardless of the type of sanitizer treatment. ClO2 treatment, compared to water or NaOCl treatments, resulted in additional reductions of ca. >1.3 log CFU/egg during drying. This indicates that sequential treatments with ClO2 and drying induced synergistic lethal effects against S. enterica on the surface of eggshells. These observations will be useful when selecting a sanitizer to control S. enterica on the surface of eggshells and designing an effective egg sanitization system exploiting the synergistic lethal effects of sanitizer and drying.
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