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Wang X, Liu Z, Wang B, Cai Y, Song Q. An overview on state-of-art of micromixer designs, characteristics and applications. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341685. [PMID: 37827660 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Micromixers are characterized based on characteristics such as excellent mixing efficiency, low reagent cost and flexible controllability compared with conventional reactors in terms of macro size. A variety of designs and applications of micromixers have been proposed. The focus of current reviews is restricted to micromixer structures. Each type of micromixer has characteristics corresponding to its structure, which determines the suitable application areas. This paper provides an overview connecting micromixer designs and their applications. First, the typical designs and mixing mechanisms of both passive and active micromixers are summarized. Then, application cases of micromixers, including chemical, biological and medical applications, are presented. The characteristics, including the advantages and restrictions of different micromixers, are discussed. Finally, the future perspective of micromixer design is proposed. It is predictable that micromixers will have widespread applications by integrating two or more different mixing methods together. This review would be beneficial to guide the design of micromixers applied for specific purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE/Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Zhanqiang Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE/Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE/Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Yukui Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE/Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE/Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
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2
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Bolten S, Gu G, Gulbronson C, Kramer M, Luo Y, Zografos A, Nou X. Evaluation of DNA barcode abiotic surrogate as a predictor for inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 during spinach washing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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He S, Joseph N, Feng S, Jellicoe M, Raston CL. Application of microfluidic technology in food processing. Food Funct 2021; 11:5726-5737. [PMID: 32584365 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01278e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology is interdisciplinary with a diversity of applications including in food processing. The rapidly growing global population demands more advanced technologies in food processing to produce more functional and safer food, and for such processing microfluidic devices are a popular choice. This review critically critiques the state-of-the-art designs of microfluidic devices and their applications in food processing, and identifies the key research trends and future research directions for maximizing the value of microfluidic technology. Capillary, planar, and terrace droplet generation systems are currently used in the design of microfluidic devices, each with their strengths and weaknesses as applied in food processing, for emulsification, food safety measurements, and bioactive compound extraction. Conventional channel-based microfluidic devices are prone to clogging, and have high labor costs and low productivity, and their "directional pressure" restricts scaling-up capabilities. These disadvantages can be overcome by using "inside-out centrifugal force" and the new generation continuous flow thin-film microfluidic Vortex Fluidic Device (VFD) which facilitates translating laboratory processing into commercial products. Also highlighted is controlling protein-polysaccharide interactions and the applications of the produced ingredients in food formulations as targets for future development in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China. and Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
| | - Nikita Joseph
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
| | - Shilun Feng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Matt Jellicoe
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
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4
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Li J, Teng Z, Weng S, Zhou B, Turner ER, Vinyard BT, Luo Y. Dynamic changes in the physicochemical properties of fresh-cut produce wash water as impacted by commodity type and processing conditions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222174. [PMID: 31557181 PMCID: PMC6762053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic materials in fresh-cut produce wash water deplete free chlorine that is required to prevent pathogen survival and cross-contamination. This research evaluated water quality parameters frequently used to describe organic load for their fitness to predict chlorine demand (CLD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), which are major needs identified by the industry-led produce food safety taskforce. Batches of romaine lettuce, iceberg lettuce, or carrot of different cut sizes and shapes were washed in 40 liters of water. Physicochemical properties of wash water including CLD, COD, total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, total sugar content, and pH, were monitored. Results indicate that pH is primarily commodity dependent, while organic load is additionally impacted by cutting and washing conditions. Significant linear increases in COD, TOC, CLD, TDS, and turbidity resulted from increasing product-to-water ratio, and decreasing cut size. Physicochemical parameters, excluding pH, showed significant positive correlation across different cut sizes within a commodity. High correlations were obtained between CLD and COD and between COD and TOC for pooled products. The convenient measurement of TDS, along with its strong correlation with COD and CLD, suggests the potential of TDS for predicting organic load and chlorine reactivity. Finally, the potential application and limitation of the proposed models in practical produce processing procedures are discussed extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural, Research Center, Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Zi Teng
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural, Research Center, Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - ShihChi Weng
- JHU/MWH Alliance, 615 N. Wolfe St., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bin Zhou
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural, Research Center, Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Ellen R. Turner
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural, Research Center, Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Bryan T. Vinyard
- Statistics Group, Northeast Area Office, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Yaguang Luo
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural, Research Center, Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
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5
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Luo Y, Zhou B, Van Haute S, Nou X, Zhang B, Teng Z, Turner ER, Wang Q, Millner PD. Association between bacterial survival and free chlorine concentration during commercial fresh-cut produce wash operation. Food Microbiol 2018; 70:120-128. [PMID: 29173618 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Determining the minimal effective free chlorine (FC) concentration for preventing pathogen survival and cross-contamination during produce washing is critical for developing science- and risk-based food safety practices. The correlation between dynamic FC concentrations and bacterial survival was investigated during commercial washing of chopped Romaine lettuce, shredded Iceberg lettuce, and diced cabbage as pathogen inoculation study during commercial operation is not feasible. Wash water was sampled every 30 min and assayed for organic loading, FC, and total aerobic mesophilic bacteria after chlorine neutralization. Water turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total dissolved solids increased significantly over time, with more rapid increases in diced cabbage water. Combined chlorine increased consistently while FC fluctuated in response to rates of chlorine dosing, product loading, and water replenishment. Total bacterial survival showed a strong correlation with real-time FC concentration. Under approximately 10 mg/L, increasing FC significantly reduced the frequency and population of surviving bacteria detected. Increasing FC further resulted in the reduction of the aerobic plate count to below the detection limit (50 CFU/100 mL), except for a few sporadic positive samples with low cell counts. This study confirms that maintaining at least 10 mg/L FC in wash water strongly reduced the likelihood of bacterial survival and thus potential cross contamination of washed produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Luo
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Bin Zhou
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Sam Van Haute
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Xiangwu Nou
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Boce Zhang
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Zi Teng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ellen R Turner
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Patricia D Millner
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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6
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Teng Z, Luo Y, Alborzi S, Zhou B, Chen L, Zhang J, Zhang B, Millner P, Wang Q. Investigation on chlorine-based sanitization under stabilized conditions in the presence of organic load. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 266:150-157. [PMID: 29216555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine, the most commonly used sanitizer for fresh produce washing, has constantly shown inferior sanitizing efficacy in the presence of organic load. Conventionally this is attributed indirectly to the rapid chlorine depletion by organics leading to fluctuating free chlorine (FC) contents. However, little is known on whether organic load affects the sanitization process directly at well-maintained FC levels. Hereby, a sustained chlorine decay approach was employed to study the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 under stabilized washing conditions. Chlorine solution was first incubated with organic load for up to 4h, modeling the chlorination in produce washing lines. The FC level was then stabilized at five targeted values for sanitization study. Our study showed decreased sanitizing efficacy as the organic load increased. At 5s residence time and pH6.5, a minimum of 0.5 and 7.5mg/L FC were needed to achieve a 5 log reduction at 0 and 900mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD), respectively. The decrease was more pronounced at lower FC, higher COD, higher pH, and shorter residence time values. The organics-associated interference with FC measurement and disruption of chlorine/bacteria interaction, together with the chlorine demand of concentrated inoculum per se, collectively resulted in inadequate sanitization. Finally, our results were compared with existing studies conducted under dynamic conditions in the context of different experimental settings. This study provided a feasible method for studying the bacteria/sanitizer interaction while ruling out the confounding effect from fluctuating FC levels, and it indicated the direct, negative impact of organic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Teng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Yaguang Luo
- The Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Lab, Agricultural Research Service, The United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Solmaz Alborzi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- The Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Lab, Agricultural Research Service, The United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Jinglin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Boce Zhang
- The Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Lab, Agricultural Research Service, The United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Patricia Millner
- The Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Lab, Agricultural Research Service, The United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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7
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Individual based modeling and analysis of pathogen levels in poultry chilling process. Math Biosci 2017; 294:172-180. [PMID: 29080777 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen control during poultry processing critically depends on more enhanced insight into contamination dynamics. In this study we build an individual based model (IBM) of the chilling process. Quantifying the relationships between typical Canadian processing specifications, water chemistry dynamics and pathogen levels both in the chiller water and on individual carcasses, the IBM is shown to provide a useful tool for risk management as it can inform risk assessment models. We apply the IBM to Campylobacter spp. contamination on broiler carcasses, illustrating how free chlorine (FC) sanitization, organic load in the water, and pre-chill carcass pathogen levels affect pathogen levels of post-chill broilers. In particular, given a uniform distribution of Campylobacter levels on incoming poultry we quantify the efficacy of FC control in not only reducing pathogen levels on average, but also the variation of pathogen levels on poultry exiting the chill tank. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the absence/presence of FC input dramatically influences when, during a continuous chilling operation, cross-contamination will be more likely.
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8
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Shazer A, Stewart D, Deng K, Tortorello M. Approaches toward Identification of Surrogates To Validate Antimicrobial Washes as Preventive Controls for Fresh-Cut Leafy Greens. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1600-1604. [PMID: 28853631 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In fresh-cut produce production, antimicrobials may be used during washing to control the risk of cross-contamination by microbial hazards. Surrogate microorganisms have long been used to validate processes, but none have been identified for validating the efficacy of antimicrobial washing of fresh-cut produce. The objective of this study was to develop procedures by which surrogates may be identified for use in validating the control of cross-contamination for fresh-cut lettuce operations. Four microbial characteristics, which may be important factors in cross-contamination events, were quantitatively evaluated in potential surrogate microorganisms for comparison to a reasonably foreseeable hazard, Escherichia coli O157:H7: sensitivity to chlorine in solution, sensitivity to chlorine on lettuce leaf surfaces, shedding from contaminated lettuce leaves into the water during washing, and cross-contamination from inoculated to uninoculated lettuce leaves during chorine washing. A procedure of practical quantitative experiments for comparing the characteristics reduced the original pool of 80 potential strains, which consisted of lactic acid bacteria, probiotics, and isolates obtained from lettuce enrichment cultures, to five strains: Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, probiotic 22C, and two lettuce enrichment isolates. These strains may be evaluated in additional studies involving comparisons to other reasonably foreseeable hazards and including other potential process variables that should be understood and controlled to prevent cross-contamination in fresh-cut lettuce operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shazer
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
| | - D Stewart
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
| | - K Deng
- 2 Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
| | - M Tortorello
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
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9
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Weng X, Neethirajan S. Ensuring food safety: Quality monitoring using microfluidics. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Nie XB, Li ZH, Long YN, He PP, Xu C. Chlorine inactivation of Tubifex tubifex in drinking water and the synergistic effect of sequential inactivation with UV irradiation and chlorine. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 177:7-14. [PMID: 28279903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The inactivation of Tubifex tubifex is important to prevent contamination of drinking water. Chlorine is a widely-used disinfectant and the key factor in the inactivation of T. tubifex. This study investigated the inactivation kinetics of chlorine on T. tubifex and the synergistic effect of the sequential use of chlorine and UV irradiation. The experimental results indicated that the Ct (concentration × timereaction) concept could be used to evaluate the inactivation kinetics of T. tubifex with chlorine, thus allowing for the use of a simpler Ct approach for the assessment of T. tubifex chlorine inactivation requirements. The inactivation kinetics of T. tubifex by chlorine was found to be well-fitted to a delayed pseudo first-order Chick-Watson expression. Sequential experiments revealed that UV irradiation and chlorine worked synergistically to effectively inactivate T. tubifex as a result of the decreased activation energy, Ea, induced by primary UV irradiation. Furthermore, the inactivation effectiveness of T. tubifex by chlorine was found to be affected by several drinking water quality parameters including pH, turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand with potassium permanganate (CODMn) concentration. High pH exhibited pronounced inactivation effectiveness and the decrease in turbidity and CODMn concentrations contributed to the inactivation of T. tubifex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bao Nie
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410114, PR China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Water, Sediment Sciences & Flood Hazard Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, 410114, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Hong Li
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410114, PR China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Water, Sediment Sciences & Flood Hazard Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, 410114, PR China
| | - Yuan-Nan Long
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410114, PR China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Water, Sediment Sciences & Flood Hazard Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, 410114, PR China
| | - Pan-Pan He
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410114, PR China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Water, Sediment Sciences & Flood Hazard Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, 410114, PR China
| | - Chao Xu
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410114, PR China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Water, Sediment Sciences & Flood Hazard Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, 410114, PR China
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11
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Gombas D, Luo Y, Brennan J, Shergill G, Petran R, Walsh R, Hau H, Khurana K, Zomorodi B, Rosen J, Varley R, Deng K. Guidelines To Validate Control of Cross-Contamination during Washing of Fresh-Cut Leafy Vegetables. J Food Prot 2017; 80:312-330. [PMID: 28221982 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires food processors to implement and validate processes that will result in significantly minimizing or preventing the occurrence of hazards that are reasonably foreseeable in food production. During production of fresh-cut leafy vegetables, microbial contamination that may be present on the product can spread throughout the production batch when the product is washed, thus increasing the risk of illnesses. The use of antimicrobials in the wash water is a critical step in preventing such water-mediated cross-contamination; however, many factors can affect antimicrobial efficacy in the production of fresh-cut leafy vegetables, and the procedures for validating this key preventive control have not been articulated. Producers may consider three options for validating antimicrobial washing as a preventive control for cross-contamination. Option 1 involves the use of a surrogate for the microbial hazard and the demonstration that cross-contamination is prevented by the antimicrobial wash. Option 2 involves the use of antimicrobial sensors and the demonstration that a critical antimicrobial level is maintained during worst-case operating conditions. Option 3 validates the placement of the sensors in the processing equipment with the demonstration that a critical antimicrobial level is maintained at all locations, regardless of operating conditions. These validation options developed for fresh-cut leafy vegetables may serve as examples for validating processes that prevent cross-contamination during washing of other fresh produce commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gombas
- United Fresh Produce Association, 1901 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006
| | - Y Luo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10200 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - J Brennan
- SmartWash Solutions, 1129 Harkins Road, Salinas, California 93901
| | - G Shergill
- Taylor Fresh Foods, 150 Main Street, Salinas, California 93901
| | - R Petran
- Ecolab, Inc., 655 Lone Oak Drive, Eagan, Minnesota 55121
| | - R Walsh
- Ecolab, Inc., 655 Lone Oak Drive, Eagan, Minnesota 55121
| | - H Hau
- Ecolab, Inc., 655 Lone Oak Drive, Eagan, Minnesota 55121
| | - K Khurana
- Pulse Instruments, 943 Flynn Road, Camarillo, California 93012
| | - B Zomorodi
- Apio, Inc., 4719 West Main Street, Guadalupe, California 93434
| | - J Rosen
- JC Rosen Resources, 1123 Ripple Avenue, Pacific Grove, California 93950
| | - R Varley
- KiVAR Chemical Technologies, 6077 Coffee Road, Bakersfield, California 93308
| | - K Deng
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
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12
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Liu D, Ling X, Peng H. Experimental and Numerical Studies on Microbubble Generation and Flow Behavior in a Microchannel with Double Flow Junctions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongren Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Process Enhancement and New Energy Equipment Technology, School of
Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No.
30 Pu Zhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ling
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Process Enhancement and New Energy Equipment Technology, School of
Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No.
30 Pu Zhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hao Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Process Enhancement and New Energy Equipment Technology, School of
Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No.
30 Pu Zhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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13
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Munther D, Sun X, Xiao Y, Tang S, Shimozako H, Wu J, Smith BA, Fazil A. Modeling cross-contamination during poultry processing: Dynamics in the chiller tank. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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