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Kim BH, Ashrafudoulla M, Shaila S, Park HJ, Sul JD, Park SH, Ha SD. Isolation, characterization, and application of bacteriophage on Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilm to control seafood contamination. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 64:107194. [PMID: 38723695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study intended to isolate a Vibrio-particular phage from the natural environment, analyse its characteristics and genome sequence, and investigate its reduction effect on V. parahaemolyticus biofilm as a biocontrol agent in squid and mackerel. METHODS Among 21 phages, phage CAU_VPP01, isolated from beach mud, was chosen for further experiments based on host range and EOP tests. When examining the reduction effect of phage CAU_VPP01 against Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilms on surfaces (stainless steel [SS] and polyethylene terephthalate [PET]) and food surfaces (squid and mackerel). RESULTS The phage showed the most excellent reduction effect at a multiplicity-of-infection (MOI) 10. Three-dimensional images acquired with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis were quantified using COMSTAT, which showed that biomass, average thickness, and roughness coefficient decreased when treated with the phage. Colour and texture analysis confirmed that the quality of squid and mackerel was maintained after the phage treatment. Finally, a comparison of gene expression levels determined by qRT-PCR analysis showed that the phage treatment induced a decrease in the gene expression of flaA, vp0962, andluxS, as examples. CONCLUSION This study indicated that Vibrio-specific phage CAU_VPP01 effectively controlled V. parahaemolyticus biofilms under various conditions and confirmed that the isolated phage could possibly be used as an effective biocontrol weapon in the seafood manufacturing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Hu Kim
- Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Republic of Korea; Food Quality Technology Center, Food Safety division, Pulmuone Co. Ltd., Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Ashrafudoulla
- Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Republic of Korea; National Institute of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shanjida Shaila
- Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Park
- College of Sport Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Dug Sul
- College of Sport Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hong Park
- Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Republic of Korea.
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Zhou G, Dong P, Luo X, Zhu L, Mao Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Combined effects of cold and acid on dual-species biofilms of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Listeria monocytogenes under simulated chilled beef processing conditions. Food Microbiol 2024; 117:104394. [PMID: 37919003 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Interactions across bacterial species boundaries are usually influenced by environmental stresses, yet little has been evaluated regarding multifactorial stresses on the fate of dual-species biofilm formation in food industry. In this study, the processing conditions of chilled beef were established as a combination of cold and acid stresses (4 °C and pH 5.4), with pH 7.0 or 25 °C serving as the controls, to investigate the interaction of dual-species biofilm between Pseudomonas fluorescens and Listeria monocytogenes. Dual-species biofilms significantly increased biofilm formation at 72 h under the condition of 25°C-pH7.0 and 25°C-pH5.4 (P < 0.05). Compared with mono-species biofilms, the cell numbers of L. monocytogenes in dual-species biofilms were lower at 25 °C (P < 0.05), however, the adherent cells of L. monocytogenes was higher in dual-species biofilms at 4 °C (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the amount of extracellular polysaccharides and proteins secreted by single P. fluorescens biofilms at 4 °C was more than three times than those at 25 °C. The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy further profiled the variability of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) composition. Additionally, RT-qPCR results revealed an upregulation of biofilm-related and genes in co-culture species. It provides valuable insights into the strategies for removing mixed biofilms under diverse stressful conditions in practical food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China; National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Pengcheng Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China; National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xin Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China; National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Lixian Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China; National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yanwei Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China; National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yunge Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China; National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Yimin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China; National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
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Naz F, Ahmad A, Sarwar Y, Khan MM, Schierack P, Rauf W, Ali A. Characterization of Salmonella enterica Biofilms and Antibiofilm Effect of Carvacrol and 2-Aminobenzimidazole. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:52-60. [PMID: 37819687 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-associated foodborne Salmonella infections in poultry have become increasingly challenging for veterinarians, particularly in developing countries, and warrant thorough investigation. We assessed the biofilm-forming tendency of poultry isolates of Salmonella enterica, namely Salmonella Typhimurium (n = 23), Salmonella Infantis (n = 28), and Salmonella Heidelberg (n = 18), in nutrient-rich Rappaport-Vassiliadis Soya (RVS) peptone broth and nutrient-deficient diluted Tryptone Soya Broth (TSB). Seven of the tested isolates exhibited moderate biofilm formation in diluted TSB, whereas two showed such formation in RVS. In addition, the Congo red agar assay revealed curli and cellulose production in seven isolates. Fourteen specific biofilm-associated genes were analyzed identifying sdiA and seqA to be the most prevalent (100%), and glyA the least prevalent (69.5%). The prevalence of the genes bcsA and csgA was significantly lower in moderate and weak biofilm formers, respectively, as compared with nonbiofilm formers in RVS peptone broth. Furthermore, the compounds carvacrol and 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-ABI) effectively inhibited biofilm formation by Salmonella serovars in RVS peptone and TSB media, respectively. Whereas the antibiofilm activity of 2-ABI against Salmonella has not been reported previously, we determined its most effective concentration at 1.5 mM among tested antibiofilm treatments. These findings indicate that Salmonella strains prevalent in poultry farms have the potential to form biofilms, and the tested compounds should be further explored as supportive or alternative antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fizza Naz
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abrar Ahmad
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasra Sarwar
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Moman Khan
- Faculty Environment and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schierack
- Faculty Environment and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Waqar Rauf
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Ali
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Basiri N, Zarei M, Kargar M, Kafilzadeh F. Effect of plasma-activated water on the biofilm-forming ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and expression of the related genes. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 406:110419. [PMID: 37776833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, microbial decontamination with plasma-activated water (PAW) has attracted a lot of research attention in the field of food industry. Despite several studies showing that PAW effectively inactivates planktonic bacteria, few studies have been conducted on biofilms. The present study was, therefore, designed to evaluate the effect of PAW on the biofilm formation characteristics of Salmonella Enteritidis. Comparing the expression patterns of biofilm-related genes in PAW-treated and non-treated planktonic and biofilm cells provided insight into how PAW regulates this process. The results showed that a 30-minute exposure to PAW at room temperature significantly reduced S. enteritidis planktonic cells. This exposure resulted in a decreased expression of the genes involved in the early stages of biofilm formation (csgD, agfA, fimA, lpfE, and rpoS), and an increased expression of the csrA gene in S. enteritidis planktonic cells. These results indicated the inhibitory effect of PAW on the biofilm formation process in S. enteritidis. Results of the initial attachment assay confirmed these findings, where, after 6 h, the number of PAW-treated cells attached to the stainless steel surfaces were significantly lower than non-treated ones. Furthermore, biofilm development assay revealed that the number of PAW-treated biofilm cells were significantly lower than non-treated ones after 24 h incubation at 37 °C. These findings were confirmed by measurements of the major components of biofilm i.e., extracellular DNA (eDNA), protein and carbohydrate. The amount of these components in 24-hour biofilms produced by PAW-treated S. enteritidis cells was significantly lower than that of non-treated cells. PAW's treatment on preformed 24-hour biofilms for 30 min led to a decrease in the expression of genes involved in quorum sensing and cellulose synthesis (csgD, bapA, adrA, luxS and sdiA) and an increase in the expression of the csrA gene. This treatment also reduced the number and metabolic activity of biofilm cells compared to non-treated biofilm cells. In total, the present study demonstrated that PAW has an inhibitory effect on the process of biofilm formation in S. enteritidis and hence, the food industry should pay special attention to PAW as a promising treatment to eliminate bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Basiri
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zarei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Farshid Kafilzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
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5
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Pang X, Hu X, Du X, Lv C, Yuk HG. Biofilm formation in food processing plants and novel control strategies to combat resistant biofilms: the case of Salmonella spp. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1703-1718. [PMID: 37780596 PMCID: PMC10533767 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the pathogens that cause many foodborne outbreaks throughout the world, representing an important global public health problem. Salmonella strains with biofilm-forming abilities have been frequently isolated from different food processing plants, especially in poultry industry. Biofilm formation of Salmonella on various surfaces can increase their viability, contributing to their persistence in food processing environments and cross-contamination of food products. In recent years, increasing concerns arise about the antimicrobial resistant and disinfectant tolerant Salmonella, while adaptation of Salmonella in biofilms to disinfectants exacerbate this problem. Facing difficulties to inhibit or remove Salmonella biofilms in food industry, eco-friendly and effective strategies based on chemical, biotechnological and physical methods are in urgent need. This review discusses biofilm formation of Salmonella in food industries, with emphasis on the current available knowledge related to antimicrobial resistance, together with an overview of promising antibiofilm strategies for controlling Salmonella in food production environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Pang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Finance and Economics , Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Xin Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Finance and Economics , Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Xueying Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Finance and Economics , Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Chenglong Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Finance and Economics , Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Hyun-Gyun Yuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Transportation, 61 Daehak-ro Jeungpyeong-gun, Chungbuk, 27909 Republic of Korea
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Simoni C, de Campos Ausani T, Laviniki V, Lopes GV, de Itapema Cardoso MR. Salmonella Derby from pig production chain over a 10-year period: antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, and genetic relatedness. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:2185-2194. [PMID: 36279095 PMCID: PMC9679096 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate 140 Salmonella Derby isolates collected over a 10-year period from porcine origins (environment, pig carcass, lymph nodes, intestinal content, and pork) for their phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance, their ability to produce biofilm, and their genetic relatedness. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using microdilution broth method and antimicrobial resistance genes were investigated by PCR. The quantification of biofilm formation was performed in sterile polystyrene microtiter plates. Genetic relatedness was determined by Xba-I macrorestriction analysis. The highest frequencies of non-wildtype (nWT) populations were observed against tetracycline (75.7%), streptomycin (70%), and colistin (11.4%), whereas wildtype populations were observed against ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and gentamicin. The resistance genes found were blaTEM (ampicillin), aadA variant (streptomycin/spectinomycin), tetA (tetracycline), and floR (florfenicol). On 96-well polystyrene microtiter plate, 68.6% of the isolates proved to be biofilm producers. Among 36 S. Derby isolates selected to PFGE analysis, 22 were clustered with 83.6% of similarity. Additionally, 27 isolates were clustered in 11 pulsotypes, which presented more than one strain with 100% of similarity. Most of S. Derby isolates were able to form biofilm and were classified as nWT or resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, and colistin. PFGE allowed the identification of closely related S. Derby isolates that circulated in pig slaughterhouses and pork derived products along a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Simoni
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 9090, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Thais de Campos Ausani
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 9090, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Laviniki
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 9090, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Graciela Volz Lopes
- Agroindustrial Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agronomy Eliseu Maciel, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marisa Ribeiro de Itapema Cardoso
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 9090, 91540-000, Brazil.
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7
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Mazaheri T, Cervantes-Huamán B, Turitich L, Ripolles-Avila C, Rodríguez-Jerez J. Removal of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on stainless steel surfaces through conventional and alternative cleaning solutions. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 381:109888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Pellissery AJ, Vinayamohan PG, Xue J, Wang X, Viju LS, Joseph D, Luo Y, Donoghue AM, Venkitanarayanan K. Efficacy of pectin-based caproic acid, caprylic acid, linalool, and cuminaldehyde coatings in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg on chicken eggs. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.874219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the animal derived food products, contamination of poultry eggs, and egg shell surface is one of the major causes for foodborne salmonellosis in the United States. As a means of reducing the pathogen transfer to the internal egg contents, polysaccharide-based coatings containing antimicrobial phytochemicals could potentially serve as a biocontrol strategy for shelled egg products. The current study investigated the efficacy of four GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe)-status plant-derived compounds, namely, caproic acid (CAO), caprylic acid (CAY), linalool (LIN) and cuminaldehyde (CUM), as pectin-based coating treatments, individually or in combination, for reducing Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) on shell eggs. A three-strain mixture of SH (~8.0 log CFU in 50 μL inoculum) was spot-inoculated on surface sterilized white-shelled eggs. Eggs were evenly coated with either pectin-based treatments of CAO (1%), CAY (1%), LIN (1%) and CUM (1%), individually, or a combination of 4 phytochemicals (COMB- each phytochemical at 0.5% v/v level of inclusion). The treated eggs were stored at 4°C and SH counts were enumerated on days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 of storage. The study was replicated thrice, 3 eggs/treatment/day time point, and the data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with significance tested at p < 0.05. On day 0, pectin-coated control eggs had ~7.6 log CFU of SH/egg. At the end of refrigerated storage (day 21), pectin-based coating of CAO and CAY at 1% level reduced SH by 2.0–2.5 log CFU/egg (P < 0.05) when compared to controls. In addition, the CUM and LIN based coatings produced 3.0 log and 3.9 log reduction, respectively, in SH counts on eggs by day 21 of storage. Among the treatments with phytochemical combinations, COMB1 [pectin (2%) + Caprylic acid, caproic acid and cuminaldehyde (each at 0.5% level)] was found to be most effective, reducing SH counts to 2.5–3.3 log CFU/egg from day 0 through day 14, and by the end of storage period (day 21), a 3.5 log CFU reduction/egg (p < 0.05) compared to untreated controls. Morphological studies of treated eggs using atomic force microscopy (AFM) have shown that the roughness of eggs can be influenced by a combination of various compounds. Results indicate the potential efficacy of the aforesaid phytochemicals in reducing SH on shell eggs; however, further studies investigating their industrial feasibility and effects on sensory attributes of eggs are warranted.
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Xu JG, Hu HX, Chen JY, Xue YS, Kodirkhonov B, Han BZ. Comparative study on inhibitory effects of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid on Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:136. [PMID: 35699787 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm cells exhibit higher resistance than their planktonic counterparts to commonly used disinfectants in food industry. Phenolic acids are promising substitute offering less selective pressure than traditional antibiotics. This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (p-CA) on Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation and explore the underlying inhibitory mechanisms. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FA and p-CA were 1.0 and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. The sub-inhibitory concentration (1/8 MIC) significantly decreased biofilm formation without growth inhibitory effects. The biomass and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of S. Enteritidis biofilm as well as the bacterial swimming and chemotaxis abilities were significantly decreased when exposed to sub-MIC concentrations of FA and p-CA. These two phenolic acids showed high affinity to proteins involved in flagella motility and repressed the S. Enteritidis biofilm formation-related gene expressions. Furthermore, these two phenolic acids maintained high antibiofilm efficiency in simulated food processing conditions. This study provided valuable information of multiple phenotypic and molecular responses of S. Enteritidis to these two phenolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Guo Xu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui-Xue Hu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jing-Yu Chen
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yan-Song Xue
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bekhzod Kodirkhonov
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bei-Zhong Han
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Determination of an effective agent combination using nisin against Salmonella biofilm. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:167. [PMID: 35133506 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02766-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This present study aims to determine the lowest concentration effects of the assayed different antibiotics; antimicrobial agents alone and their combinations with nisin were investigated to prevent the biofilm formation and break down the biofilm structure of Salmonella. While the combination of nisin and EDTA showed a synergistic effect against Salmonella strain, chlorhexidine digluconate and streptomycin with nisin showed a partial synergetic effect; citric acid and sulfonamides with nisin showed an indifferent effect. The use of citric acid and chlorhexidine digluconate alone was very effective in Salmonella inhibition. While the citric acid combined with other agents had not much effect, the use of chlorhexidine digluconate combined with nisin and EDTA inactivated the total initial count within 24 h. Significantly, when citric acid and sulfonamides are used alone, they reduce by 64% and 44%, respectively. When they used nisin + EDTA, this ratio increased to 83% and 84%, respectively. For the prevention of biofilm, the most suitable conditions were determined as 97% biofilm inhibition. The results of this study can be used as a guide for the emergence of new approaches to ensure the food safety and quality of the food industry.
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Enhanced inactivation of Salmonella enterica Enteritidis biofilms on the stainless steel surface by proteinase K in the combination with chlorine. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Kim SH, Jyung S, Kang DH. Comparative study of Salmonella Typhimurium biofilms and their resistance depending on cellulose secretion and maturation temperatures. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Xu ZS, Yang X, Gänzle MG. Resistance of biofilm- and pellicle-embedded strains of Escherichia coli encoding the transmissible locus of stress tolerance (tLST) to oxidative sanitation chemicals. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 359:109425. [PMID: 34607035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation in food processing plants reduces the efficacy of sanitation. The presence of transmissible locus of stress tolerance (tLST) also enhances resistance of planktonic cells of Escherichia coli to sanitation chemicals but the role of tLST in resistance of biofilm-embedded cells remains unclear. This study investigated the link of tLST to biofilm formation and its contribution to resistance of biofilm-embedded E. coli to sanitation. Biofilms were formed as single-strain and as dual-strain biofilms in association with E. coli, Aeromonas australensis or Carnobacterium maltaromaticum. Biofilms on stainless steel were compared to floating biofilms formed at the air-liquid interface (pellicles). The resistance of biofilm-embedded tLST positive strains of E. coli to chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxyacetic acid was higher than the resistance of tLST negative strains. Higher biofilm density as measured by crystal violet staining was observed in tLST-positive strains of E. coli when compared to tLST negative strains. Biofilm density positively correlated to resistance to disinfectants. The use of confocal laser scanning microscopy detected more compact structure of pellicles compared to solid surface-attached biofilms, resulting in higher chlorine resistance despite the absence of tLST in strains of E. coli. Collectively, the findings of this study elucidated the impact of tLST in strains of E. coli on biofilm formation and sanitizer resistance. These findings may inform the development of improved sanitization protocols for food facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui S Xu
- University of Alberta, Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe T4L 1W1, AB, Canada
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- University of Alberta, Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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14
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Obe T, Richards AK, Shariat NW. Differences in biofilm formation of Salmonella serovars on two surfaces under two temperature conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2410-2420. [PMID: 34821433 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Salmonella is extremely diverse, with >2500 serovars that are genetically and phenotypically diverse. The aim of this study was to build a collection of Salmonella isolates that are genetically diverse and to evaluate their ability to form biofilm under different conditions relevant to a processing environment. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty Salmonella isolates representative of 10 serovars were subtyped using Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-typing to assess the genetic diversity between isolates of each serovar. Biofilm formation of the isolates on both plastic and stainless-steel surfaces at 25 and 15°C was assessed. At 25°C, 8/20 isolates each produced strong and moderate biofilm on plastic surface compared to stainless-steel (3/20 and 13/20 respectively). At 15°C, 5/20 produced strong biofilm on plastic surface and none on stainless-steel. Several isolates produced weak biofilm on plastic (11/20) and stainless-steel (16/20) surfaces. Serovar Schwarzengrund consistently produced strong biofilm while serovars Heidelberg and Newport produced weak biofilm. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Salmonellae differ in their attachment depending on the surface and temperature conditions encountered, which may influence persistence in the processing environment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY These differences in biofilm formation could provide useful information for mitigation of Salmonella in processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amber K Richards
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Nikki W Shariat
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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15
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Formation and development of biofilm- an alarming concern in food safety perspectives. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Olszewska MA, Diez-Gonzalez F. Characterization of Binary Biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes and Lactobacillus and Their Response to Chlorine Treatment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:638933. [PMID: 34335486 PMCID: PMC8317434 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.638933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, Listeria may interact competitively and cooperatively with other organisms, resulting in unique spatial organization and functions for cells within the community. This study was undertaken to characterize the biofilm architecture of binary biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes and Lactobacillus species and to assess their effect on the survival of Listeria during exposure to hypochlorite. Three L. monocytogenes strains, ATCC 19115 (Lm5), ATCC 19117 (Lm7), and Coleslaw (LmC), were selected and combined individually with three Lactobacillus strains: L. fermentum (Lf), L. bavaricus (Lb), and L. plantarum (Lp). In binary Lm-Lp biofilms, the Lm cell counts were similar to single-species biofilms (8.5 log CFU/well), and the Lp cell numbers declined by 1.0 log CFU/well. In the presence of Lb, the Lm cell counts were reduced by 1.5 log CFU/well (p < 0.05), whereas the Lf cell counts increased at least by 3.5 log CFU/well. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) determined that interspecies interactions significantly affected the spatial organization of three binary biofilms. Biofilm surface-to-volume ratio increased from 0.8 μm2/μm3 for Lm5 in the monoculture to 2.1 μm2/μm3 for Lm5-Lp in the dual-species model (p < 0.05), and was characterized by a thicker structure with a largely increased surface area. Biofilm roughness increased from 0.2 for Lm7 to 1.0 for Lm7-Lb biofilms (p < 0.05), which appeared as interspecific segregation. Biofilm thickness increased from 34.2 μm for LmC to 46.3 μm for LmC–Lf (p < 0.05), which produced flat and compact structures that covered the entire surface available. The biomass of the extracellular matrix was higher in the case of some binary biofilms (p < 0.05); however, this effect was dependent upon the species pair. When treated with hypochlorite, Lm5 in binary biofilms had an approximately 1.5 log CFU/well greater survival than individually. The unique spatial organization and greater protein production may explain the protective effect of Lp after hypochlorite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Olszewska
- Center for Food Safety, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States.,Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Francisco Diez-Gonzalez
- Center for Food Safety, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
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17
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Badie F, Saffari M, Moniri R, Alani B, Atoof F, Khorshidi A, Shayestehpour M. The combined effect of stressful factors (temperature and pH) on the expression of biofilm, stress, and virulence genes in Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis and Typhimurium. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4475-4484. [PMID: 34137898 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a major food borne pathogen that creates biofilm. Salmonella biofilm formation under different environmental conditions is a public health problem. The present study was aimed to evaluate the combined effects of stressful factors (temperature and pH) on the expression of biofilm, stress, and virulence genes in Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. In this study, the effect of temperature (2, 8, 22.5, 37, 43 °C) and pH (2.4, 3, 4.5, 6, 6.6) on the expression of biofilm production genes (adr A, bap A), virulence genes (hil A, inv A) and the stress gene (RpoS) of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium was evaluated. The response surface methodology (RSM) approach was used to evaluate the combined effect of the above factors. The highest expression of adr A, bap A, hil A, and RpoS gene for S. Typhimurium was at 22 °C-pH 4.5 (6.39-fold increase), 37 °C-pH 6 (3.92-fold increase), 37 °C-pH 6 (183-fold increase), and 37 °C-pH 3 (43.8-fold increase), respectively. The inv A gene of S. Typhimurium was decreased in all conditions. The adr A, bap A, hil A, inv A, and RpoS gene of S. Enteritidis had the highest expression level at 8 °C-pH 3 (4.09-fold increase), 22 °C-pH 6 (2.71-fold increase), 8 °C pH 3 (190-fold increase), 22 °C-pH 4.5 (9.21-fold increase), and 8 °C-pH 3 (16.6-fold), respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) indicated that the temperature and pH had no significant effect on the expression level of adr A, bap A, hil A, Inv A, and RpoS gene in S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. The expression of biofilm production genes (adr A, bap A), virulence genes (hil A, inv A) and the stress gene (RpoS) of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium is not directly and exclusively associated with temperature and pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Badie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Saffari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Moniri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Anatomical Science Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Behrang Alani
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atoof
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khorshidi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Shayestehpour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. .,Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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18
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Roy PK, Ha AJW, Mizan MFR, Hossain MI, Ashrafudoulla M, Toushik SH, Nahar S, Kim YK, Ha SD. Effects of environmental conditions (temperature, pH, and glucose) on biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky and virulence gene expression. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101209. [PMID: 34089933 PMCID: PMC8182266 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen and an emerging zoonotic bacterial threat in the food industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biofilm formation by a cocktail culture of 3 wild isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky on plastic (PLA), silicon rubber (SR), and chicken skin surfaces under various temperatures (4, 10, 25, 37, and 42°C) and pH values (4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0). Then, at the optimum temperature and pH, the effects of supplementation with glucose (0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.4% w/v) on biofilm formation were assessed on each of the surfaces. The results indicated that higher temperatures (25 to 42°C) and pH values (7.0 and 8.0) led to more robust biofilm formation than lower temperatures (4 and 10°C) and lower pH levels (4.0 to 6.0). Moreover, biofilm formation was induced by 0.025% glucose during incubation at the optimum temperature (37°C) and pH (7.0) but inhibited by 0.4% glucose. Consistent with this finding, virulence related gene (rpoS, rpoH, hilA, and avrA) expression was increased at 0.025% glucose and significantly reduced at 0.4% glucose. This results also confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscope, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and autoinducer-2 determination. This study concluded that optimum environmental conditions (temperature 37°C, pH 7.0, and 0.25% glucose) exhibited strong biofilm formation on food and food contract surfaces as well as increased the virulence gene expression levels, indicating that these environmental conditions might be threating conditions for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantu Kumar Roy
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Angela Ji-Won Ha
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Furkanur Rahaman Mizan
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Iqbal Hossain
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Ashrafudoulla
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sazzad Hossen Toushik
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Shamsun Nahar
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyung Kim
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Wu L, Liu Y, Dong P, Zhang Y, Mao Y, Liang R, Yang X, Zhu L, Luo X. Beef-Based Medium Influences Biofilm Formation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolated from Beef Processing Plants. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1060-1068. [PMID: 33508090 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Beef-based medium beef extract (BE) and standard medium tryptic soy broth (TSB) are used as minimally processed food models to study the effects on Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilm formation. The effects of temperatures (4, 10, 25, 37, and 42°C), pH values (4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0), strain characteristics, and the expression of functional genes on the biofilm formation ability of the bacteria were determined. The three tested E. coli O157:H7 strains produced biofilm in both media. Biofilm formation was greater in BE than in TSB (P < 0.05). The strongest biofilm formation capacity of E. coli O157:H7 was achieved at 37°C and pH 7.0. Biofilm formation was significantly inhibited for three tested strains incubated at 4°C. Biofilm formation ability was correlated with swarming in TSB. Biofilm formation was significantly and positively correlated with autoaggregation or hydrophobicity in BE (P < 0.05). At the initial stage of biofilm formation, the expressions of luxS, sdiA, csgD, csgA, flhC, adrA, and rpoS were significantly higher in BE than in TSB (P < 0.05). At the maturity stage, the expressions of luxS, sdiA, csgD, csgA, flhC, csrA, adrB, adrA, iraM, and rpoS were significantly higher in TSB than in BE (P < 0.05). Such information could help in the development of effective biofilm removal technologies to deal with risks of E. coli O157:H7 biofilms in the beef industry. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wu
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunge Liu
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Dong
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Mao
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Liang
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyin Yang
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixian Zhu
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Luo
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
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20
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AKINOLA STEPHENABIOLA, TSHIMPAMBA MPINDAEDOAURD, MWANZA MULUNDA, ATEBA COLLINSNJIE. Biofilm Production Potential of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Chickens in North West Province, South Africa. Pol J Microbiol 2020; 69:427-439. [PMID: 33574871 PMCID: PMC7812364 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms have recently gained considerable interest in the food production and medical industries due to their ability to resist destruction by disinfectants and other antimicrobials. Biofilms are extracellular polymer matrices that may enhance the survival of pathogens even when exposed to environmental stress. The effect of incubation temperatures (25°C, 37°C, and 40°C) and Salmonella serotype on biofilm-forming potentials was evaluated. Previously typed Salmonella serotypes (55) isolated from the gut of chickens were accessed for biofilms formation using a standard assay. Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028TM and Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076TM (positive controls), Escherichia coli (internal control) and un-inoculated Luria Bertani (LB) broth (negative control) were used. The isolates formed no biofilm (11.86-13.56%), weak (11.86-45.76%), moderate (18.64-20.34%), strong biofilms (23.73-54.24%) across the various temperatures investigated. Serotypes, Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Weltevreden were the strongest biofilm formers at temperatures (25°C, 37°C, and 40°C, respectively). The potential of a large proportion (80%) of Salmonella serotypes to form biofilms increased with increasing incubation temperatures but decreased at 40°C. Findings indicate that average temperature favours biofilm formation by Salmonella serotypes. However, the influence of incubation temperature on biofilm formation was greater when compared to serotype. A positive correlation exists between Salmonella biofilm formed at 25°C, 37°C and 40°C (p ≥ 0.01). The ability of Salmonella species to form biofilms at 25°C and 37°C suggests that these serotypes may present severe challenges to food-processing and hospital facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- STEPHEN ABIOLA AKINOLA
- Department of Microbiology, Bacteriophage Therapy and Phage Bio-Control Laboratory, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Phytochemical Food Network Research Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - MPINDA EDOAURD TSHIMPAMBA
- Center for Animal Health Studies, Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - MULUNDA MWANZA
- Center for Animal Health Studies, Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - COLLINS NJIE ATEBA
- Department of Microbiology, Bacteriophage Therapy and Phage Bio-Control Laboratory, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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21
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Castro VS, Mutz YDS, Rosario DKA, Cunha-Neto A, Figueiredo EEDS, Conte-Junior CA. Inactivation of Multi-Drug Resistant Non-Typhoidal Salmonella and Wild-Type Escherichia coli STEC Using Organic Acids: A Potential Alternative to the Food Industry. Pathogens 2020; 9:E849. [PMID: 33081230 PMCID: PMC7602699 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella and Escherichia coli are the main bacterial species involved in food outbreaks worldwide. Recent reports showed that chemical sanitizers commonly used to control these pathogens could induce antibiotic resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the efficiency of chemical sanitizers and organic acids when inactivating wild and clinical strains of Salmonella and E. coli, targeting a 4-log reduction. To achieve this goal, three methods were applied. (i) Disk-diffusion challenge for organic acids. (ii) Determination of MIC for two acids (acetic and lactic), as well as two sanitizers (quaternary compound and sodium hypochlorite). (iii) The development of inactivation models from the previously defined concentrations. In disk-diffusion, the results indicated that wild strains have higher resistance potential when compared to clinical strains. Regarding the models, quaternary ammonium and lactic acid showed a linear pattern of inactivation, while sodium hypochlorite had a linear pattern with tail dispersion, and acetic acid has Weibull dispersion to E. coli. The concentration to 4-log reduction differed from Salmonella and E. coli in acetic acid and sodium hypochlorite. The use of organic acids is an alternative method for antimicrobial control. Our study indicates the levels of organic acids and sanitizers to be used in the inactivation of emerging foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Silva Castro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (V.S.C.); (Y.d.S.M.); (D.K.A.R.)
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil;
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil;
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro 24230-340, Brazil
| | - Yhan da Silva Mutz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (V.S.C.); (Y.d.S.M.); (D.K.A.R.)
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro 24230-340, Brazil
| | - Denes Kaic Alves Rosario
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (V.S.C.); (Y.d.S.M.); (D.K.A.R.)
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro 24230-340, Brazil
| | - Adelino Cunha-Neto
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil;
| | - Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil;
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (V.S.C.); (Y.d.S.M.); (D.K.A.R.)
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro 24230-340, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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22
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Pu H, Xu Y, Sun DW, Wei Q, Li X. Optical nanosensors for biofilm detection in the food industry: principles, applications and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2107-2124. [PMID: 32880470 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1808877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are the universal lifestyle of bacteria enclosed in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the contact surfaces of food processing facilities. The EPS-encapsulated foodborne bacterial pathogens are the main food contaminant sources, posing a serious threat to human health. The microcrystalline, sophisticated and dynamic biofilms necessitate the development of conventional microscopic imaging and spectral technology. Nanosensors, which can transfer the biochemical information into optical signals, have recently emerged for biofilm optical detection with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution at nanoscale scopes. Therefore, the aim of this review is to clarify the main detection scope in biofilms and the detection principles of optical nanosensors arousing Raman enhancement, fluoresce conversion and color change. The difficulties and challenges of biofilm characterization including the secretion and variation of main biochemical components are first discussed, the details about the principles and application examples of bioassays targeting foodborne pathogens based on optical nanosensors are then summarized. Finally, the challenges and future trends in developing optical nanosensors are also highlighted. The current review indicates that optical nanosensors have taken the challenges of detecting biofilm in complex food samples, including the characterization of biofilm formation mechanism, identification of microbial metabolic activities, diagnosis of potential food pathogens and sanitation monitoring of food processing equipment. Numerous in-depth explorations and various trials have proven that the bioassays based on multifunctional optical nanosensors are promising to ensure and promote food safety and quality. However, there still remains a daunting challenge to structure reproducible, biocompatible and applicable nano-sensors for biofilm characterization, identification, and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Pu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Qingyi Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Yuan L, Sadiq FA, Wang N, Yang Z, He G. Recent advances in understanding the control of disinfectant-resistant biofilms by hurdle technology in the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3876-3891. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1809345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Faizan A. Sadiq
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ni Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenquan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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24
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The Effects of Eugenol, Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Citronellol, and Terpineol on Escherichia coli Biofilm Control as Assessed by Culture-Dependent and -Independent Methods. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112641. [PMID: 32517201 PMCID: PMC7321256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms contribute to problems with preserving food hygiene, jeopardizing any conventional intervention method used by the food industry. Hence, the approach of using essential oil (EO) compounds effective in biofilm control has considerable merit and deserves in-depth research. In this study, the effect of selected EO compounds (eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, citronellol, and terpineol) was assessed on Escherichia coli biofilm control by plate count, resazurin assay, and Syto® 9/PI (-/propidium iodide) staining coupled with flow cytometry (FCM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The selected EO compounds effectively inhibited the growth of planktonic E. coli at low concentrations of 3–5 mM, revealing a high antimicrobial activity. EO compounds markedly interfered with biofilms too, with trans-cinnamaldehyde causing the most prominent effects. Its antibiofilm activity was manifested by a high reduction of cell metabolic activity (>60%) and almost complete reduction in biofilm cell culturability. In addition, almost 90% of the total cells had perturbed cell membranes. Trans-cinnamaldehyde further impacted the cell morphology resulting in the filamentation and, thus, in the creation of a mesh network of cells. Citronellol scored the second in terms of the severity of the observed effects. However, most of all, it strongly prevented native microcolony formation. Eugenol and terpineol also affected the formation of a typical biofilm structure; however, small cell aggregates were still repeatedly found. Overall, eugenol caused the mildest impairment of cell membranes where 50% of the total cells showed the Syto® 9+/PI– pattern coupled with healthy cells and another 48% with injured cells (the Syto® 9+/PI+). For terpineol, despite a similar percentage of healthy cells, another 45% was shared between moderately (Syto® 9+PI+) and heavily (Syto® 9–PI+) damaged cells. The results highlight the importance of a multi-method approach for an accurate assessment of EO compounds’ action against biofilms and may help develop better strategies for their effective use in the food industry.
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25
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Ripolles‐Avila C, Ríos‐Castillo AG, Fontecha‐Umaña F, Rodríguez‐Jerez JJ. Removal of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium and
Cronobacter sakazakii
biofilms from food contact surfaces through enzymatic catalysis. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ripolles‐Avila
- Area of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de VeterinariaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), CP 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Abel G. Ríos‐Castillo
- Area of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de VeterinariaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), CP 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Fabio Fontecha‐Umaña
- Area of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de VeterinariaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), CP 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - José J. Rodríguez‐Jerez
- Area of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de VeterinariaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), CP 08193 Barcelona Spain
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26
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Lira MC, Rodrigues JB, Almeida ETC, Ritter AC, Tondo E, Torres SM, Schaffner D, de Souza EL, Magnani M. Efficacy of oregano and rosemary essential oils to affect morphology and membrane functions of noncultivable sessile cells of Salmonella Enteritidis 86 in biofilms formed on stainless steel. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:376-386. [PMID: 31448524 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated the efficacy of essential oil from Origanum vulgare L. (oregano; OVEO) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary; ROEO) to inactivate sessile cells of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis 86 (SE86) in young and mature biofilms formed on stainless steel. METHODS AND RESULTS Ultrastructural alterations and damage in different physiological functions caused by OVEO and ROEO in noncultivable sessile cells of SE86 were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry. OVEO (2·5 μl ml-1 ) and ROEO (40 μl ml-1 ) were effective to eradicate young and mature biofilms formed by SE86 sessile cells on stainless steel surfaces; however, the efficacy varied with exposure time. OVEO and ROEO caused alterations in morphology of SE86 sessile cells, inducing the occurrence of bubbles or spots on cell surface. OVEO and ROEO compromised membrane polarization, permeability and efflux activity in noncultivable SE86 sessile cells. These findings show that OVEO and ROEO act by a multitarget mechanism on SE86 membrane functions. CONCLUSIONS ROEO and OVEO showed efficacy to eradicate SE86 sessile cells in preformed biofilms on stainless steel, displaying a time-dependent effect and multitarget action mode on bacterial cell membrane. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study provides for the first time the effects of OVEO and ROEO on morphology and physiological functions of noncultivable sessile cells of S. Enteritidis biofilms preformed on stainless steel surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lira
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - J B Rodrigues
- Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Laboratory of Microbial Process in Foods, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - E T C Almeida
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - A C Ritter
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - E Tondo
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - S M Torres
- Department of Materials Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - D Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - E L de Souza
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - M Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Laboratory of Microbial Process in Foods, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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27
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Bio-enzymes for inhibition and elimination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilm and their synergistic effect with sodium hypochlorite. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9920. [PMID: 31289312 PMCID: PMC6616338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46363-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the most important pathogens worldwide. In this study, three different kinds of enzymes, DNase I, proteinase K and cellulase were evaluated for inhibitory or degrading activity against E. coli O157:H7 biofilm by targeting extracellular DNA, proteins, and cellulose, respectively. The cell number of biofilms formed under proteinase K resulted in a 2.43 log CFU/cm2 reduction with an additional synergistic 3.72 log CFU/cm2 reduction after NaClO post-treatment, while no significant reduction occurred with NaClO treatment alone. It suggests that protein degradation could be a good way to control the biofilm effectively. In preformed biofilms, all enzymes showed a significant reduction of 16.4–36.7% in biofilm matrix in 10-fold diluted media (p < 0.05). The sequential treatment with proteinase K, cellulase, and NaClO showed a significantly higher synergistic inactivation of 2.83 log CFU/cm2 compared to 1.58 log CFU/cm2 in the sequence of cellulase, proteinase K, and NaClO (p < 0.05). It suggests that the sequence of multiple enzymes can make a significant difference in the susceptibility of biofilms to NaClO. This study indicates that the combination of extracellular polymeric substance-degrading enzymes with NaClO could be useful for the efficient control of E. coli O157:H7 biofilms.
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28
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Ma Z, Zhang R, Hai D, Lu Z, Lv F, Zhao H, Zhang C, McAllister TA, Stanford K, Bie X. Antibiofilm activity and modes of action of a novel β-sheet peptide against multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108520. [PMID: 31554137 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
S. enterica is an important foodborne pathogen worldwide. As some strains can form biofilms which may offer protection against antimicrobials, it is of interest to explore ways to prevent biofilm formation by S. enterica. In this study, we engineered a short β-sheet peptide WK2 (WKWKCTKSGCKWKW-NH2) and examined its antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities against various S. enterica strains, including the multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium DT104. WK2 displayed bacteriostatic activity with a geometric mean (GM) minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4.17 μg/mL, and bactericidal activity, with a GM lethal concentration (LC) of 7.51 μg/mL. Crystal violet staining and fluorescence measurements demonstrated that WK2 inhibited S. Typhimurium DT104 biofilm formation at 0.5 μg/mL and killed the sessile cells in biofilms at 8 μg/mL. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and microscopic observation revealed that the anti-biofilm activity of WK2 likely arises through the formation of complexes with bacterial DNA, inhibition of surface organelle biosynthesis and interference with autoinducer-2 (AI-2)-mediated quorum sensing (QS). Therefore, WK2 is a promising antimicrobial agent for the prevention and control of biofilms produced by multidrug-resistant S. enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Rujing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Dan Hai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Fengxia Lv
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Haizhen Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge T1J 4B1, AB, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge T1J 4V6, AB, Canada
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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29
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An ordinal logistic regression approach to predict the variability on biofilm formation stages by five Salmonella enterica strains on polypropylene and glass surfaces as affected by pH, temperature and NaCl. Food Microbiol 2019; 83:95-103. [PMID: 31202424 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the adhesion and formation of biofilm by five Salmonella enterica strains (S. Enteritidis 132, S. Infantis 176, S. Typhimurium 177, S. Heidelberg 281 and S. Corvallis 297) on polypropylene (PP) and glass (G) surfaces as affected by pH (4-7), NaCl concentration (0-10% w/v) and temperature (8-35 °C). Sessile counts <3 log CFU/cm2 were considered lack of adhesion (category 1), while counts ≥ 3 and < 5 log CFU/cm2 corresponded to adhesion (category 2) and counts ≥ 5 log CFU/cm2 corresponded biofilm formation (category 3). The obtained results categorized in these three responses were used to develop ordinal regression models to predict the probability of biofilm stages on PP- and G-surfaces. The experimental outcomes for lack of adhesion were >90% on PP- and G-surfaces. Generally, adhesion outcomes corresponded to approximately 36% of the total, whereas biofilm outcomes were close to 65% in both PP- and G-surfaces. The biofilm stages varied among the strains studied and with the material surface under the same experimental conditions. According to the generated ordinal models, the probability of adhesion and biofilm formation on PP-surface by the five S. enterica strains tested decreased at pH 4 or 5 in NaCl concentrations >4% and at a temperature <20 °C. On G-surface, the probability of adhesion increased pH 6 or 7, in the absence of NaCl and temperatures <20 °C, while, the probability of biofilm formation increased in the same pH, NaCl concentration up to 4% and temperatures ≥20 °C. This is the first study assessing the biofilm formation through categorical, ordinal responses and it shows that ordinal regression models can be useful to predict biofilm stages of S. enterica as a function of pH, NaCl, and temperature or their interactions.
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30
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Kim MJ, Lim ES, Kim JS. Enzymatic Inactivation of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Bacteria in Biofilms in Combination with Chlorine. J Food Prot 2019; 82:605-614. [PMID: 30907667 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of enzyme application on biofilms of bacterial isolates from a cafeteria kitchen and foodborne pathogens and the susceptibility of Salmonella biofilms to proteinase K combined with chlorine treatment. For four isolates from a cafeteria kitchen ( Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, and Kocuria) and six strains of foodborne pathogens ( Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus), the inhibitory effect of enzymes on biofilm formation at 25°C for 24 h or the degradative efficacy of enzymes on 24-h mature biofilm at 37°C for 1 h in tryptic soy broth (TSB) was examined in a polystyrene microtiter plate. The effect of enzymes was also evaluated on a subset of these strains in 20 times diluted TSB (1/20 TSB) at 25°C. The working concentrations of five enzymes were 1 U/100 μL for α-amylase, amyloglucosidase, cellulase, and DNase and 1 milli-Anson unit/100 μL for proteinase K. In addition, 24-h mature Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm on a stainless steel coupon was treated with proteinase K for 1 h at 25°C followed by 20 ppm of chlorine for 1 min at 25°C. The results showed that certain enzymes inhibited biofilm formation by the kitchen-originated bacteria; however, the enzymatic effect was diminished on the mature biofilms. Biofilm formation of V. parahaemolyticus was suppressed by all tested enzymes, whereas the mature biofilm was degraded by α-amylase, DNase I, and proteinase K. Proteinase K was effective in controlling Salmonella biofilms, whereas a strain-dependent variation was observed in S. aureus biofilms. In 1/20 TSB, Enterobacter cancerogenus and Kocuria varians were more susceptible to certain enzymes during biofilm formation than those in TSB, whereas the enzymatic effect was much decreased on 24-h mature biofilms, regardless of nutrient conditions. Furthermore, synergistic inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium in biofilms was observed in the combined treatment of proteinase K followed by chlorine. Live/Dead assays also revealed a decrease in density and loss of membrane integrity in Salmonella Typhimurium biofilms exposed to the combined treatment. Therefore, certain enzymes can control biofilms of isolates residing in a cafeteria kitchen and foodborne pathogens. This study demonstrates the potential of enzymes for the sanitation of food processing environments and of proteinase K combined with chlorine to control Salmonella biofilms on food contact surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Kim
- 1 Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seob Lim
- 2 Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Sung Kim
- 1 Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea.,2 Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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31
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Čabarkapa I, Čolović R, Đuragić O, Popović S, Kokić B, Milanov D, Pezo L. Anti-biofilm activities of essential oils rich in carvacrol and thymol against Salmonella Enteritidis. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:361-375. [PMID: 31088182 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1610169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the bioactive compounds in four essential oils (EO's) from Origanum heracleoticum, Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris and Thymus serpyllum and to assess their antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against Salmonella Enteritidis. Strains were previously characterized depending on the expression of the extracellular matrix components cellulose and curli fimbriae as rdar (red, dry and rough) and bdar morphotype (brown, dry and rough). This study revealed that the EO's and EOC's (carvacrol and thymol) investigated showed inhibition of biofilm formation at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration. Comparing the efficacy of EO's and EOC's in the inhibition of biofilm formation between the strains with different morphotype (rdar and bdar) did not show a statistically significant difference. Results related to the effectiveness of EO's and EOC's (the essential oil components, carvacrol and thymol) on eradication of preformed 48 h old biofilms indicated that biofilm reduction occurred in a dose-dependent manner over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Čabarkapa
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Radmilo Čolović
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Olivera Đuragić
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Sanja Popović
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Bojana Kokić
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Dubravka Milanov
- b Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenački put bb , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Lato Pezo
- c University of Belgrade, Institute of General and Physical Chemistry , Belgrade , Serbia
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32
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Olszewska M, Nynca A, Białobrzewski I, Kocot A, Łaguna J. Assessment of the bacterial viability of chlorine‐ and quaternary ammonium compounds‐treated
Lactobacillus
cells via a multi‐method approach. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1070-1080. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Olszewska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology Faculty of Food Science University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Olsztyn Poland
| | - A. Nynca
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Olsztyn Poland
| | - I. Białobrzewski
- Chair of Systems Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Olsztyn Poland
| | - A.M. Kocot
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology Faculty of Food Science University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Olsztyn Poland
| | - J. Łaguna
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences Olsztyn Poland
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33
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Dhakal J, Sharma CS, Nannapaneni R, McDANIEL CD, Kim T, Kiess A. Effect of Chlorine-Induced Sublethal Oxidative Stress on the Biofilm-Forming Ability of Salmonella at Different Temperatures, Nutrient Conditions, and Substrates. J Food Prot 2019; 82:78-92. [PMID: 30586327 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chlorine-induced oxidative stress on biofilm formation by various Salmonella strains on polystyrene and stainless steel (SS) surfaces at three temperatures (30, 25 [room temperature], and 4°C) in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and 1/10 TSB. Fifteen Salmonella strains (six serotypes) were exposed to a sublethal chlorine concentration (150 ppm of total chlorine) in TSB for 2 h at the predetermined temperatures. The biofilm-forming ability of the Salmonella strains was determined in 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates by using a crystal violet staining method and on SS coupons in 24-well tissue culture plates. All tested strains of Salmonella produced biofilms on both surfaces tested at room temperature and at 30°C. Of the 15 strains tested, none (chlorine stressed and nonstressed) formed biofilm at 4°C. At 30°C, Salmonella Heidelberg (ID 72), Salmonella Newport (ID 107), and Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) formed more biofilm than did their respective nonstressed controls on polystyrene ( P ≤ 0.05). At room temperature, only stressed Salmonella Reading (ID 115) in 1/10 TSB had significantly more biofilm formation than did the nonstressed control cells ( P ≤ 0.05). Salmonella strains formed more biofilm in nutrient-deficient medium (1/10 TSB) than in full-strength TSB. At 25°C, chlorine-stressed Salmonella Heidelberg (ATCC 8326) and Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 4931) formed stronger biofilms on SS coupons ( P ≤ 0.05) than did the nonstressed cells. These findings suggest that certain strains of Salmonella can produce significantly stronger biofilms on plastic and SS upon exposure to sublethal chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janak Dhakal
- 1 Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Chander S Sharma
- 2 Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi 39762
| | - Ramakrishna Nannapaneni
- 3 Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi 39762
| | - Christopher D McDANIEL
- 2 Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi 39762
| | - Taejo Kim
- 4 Food and Nutrition Department, University of Wisconsin, Menomonie, Wisconsin 54751, USA
| | - Aaron Kiess
- 2 Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi 39762
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34
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Kathayat D, Helmy YA, Deblais L, Rajashekara G. Novel small molecules affecting cell membrane as potential therapeutics for avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15329. [PMID: 30333507 PMCID: PMC6193035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), a most common bacterial pathogen of poultry, causes multiple extra-intestinal diseases in poultry which results in significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. In addition, APEC are a subgroup of extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), and APEC contaminated poultry products are a potential source of foodborne ExPEC infections to humans and transfer of antimicrobial resistant genes. The emergence of multi-drug resistant APEC strains and the limited efficacy of vaccines necessitate novel APEC control approaches. Here, we screened a small molecule (SM) library and identified 11 SMs bactericidal to APEC. The identified SMs were effective against multiple APEC serotypes, biofilm embedded APEC, antimicrobials resistant APECs, and other pathogenic E. coli strains. Microscopy revealed that these SMs affect the APEC cell membrane. Exposure of SMs to APEC revealed no resistance. Most SMs showed low toxicity towards chicken and human cells and reduced the intracellular APEC load. Treatment with most SMs extended the wax moth larval survival and reduced the intra-larval APEC load. Our studies could facilitate the development of antimicrobial therapeutics for the effective management of APEC infections in poultry as well as other E. coli related foodborne zoonosis, including APEC related ExPEC infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kathayat
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Yosra A Helmy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Loic Deblais
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
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Silva AF, Borges A, Giaouris E, Graton Mikcha JM, Simões M. Photodynamic inactivation as an emergent strategy against foodborne pathogenic bacteria in planktonic and sessile states. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:667-684. [PMID: 30318945 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1491528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne microbial diseases are still considered a growing public health problem worldwide despite the global continuous efforts to ensure food safety. The traditional chemical and thermal-based procedures applied for microbial growth control in the food industry can change the food matrix and lead to antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, currently applied disinfectants have limited efficiency against biofilms. Therefore, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a novel alternative for controlling foodborne pathogenic bacteria in both planktonic and sessile states. The use of aPDT in the food sector is attractive as it is less likely to cause antimicrobial resistance and it does not promote undesirable nutritional and sensory changes in the food matrix. In this review, aspects on the antimicrobial photodynamic technology applied against foodborne pathogenic bacteria and studied in recent years are presented. The application of photodynamic inactivation as an antibiofilm strategy is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fiori Silva
- a Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Paraná , Brazil.,b LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Anabela Borges
- b LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- c Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment , University of the Aegean , Lemnos , Greece
| | | | - Manuel Simões
- b LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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36
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Yin B, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Dong P, Mao Y, Liang R, Niu L, Luo X. The Characterization of Biofilm Formation and Detection of Biofilm-Related Genes in Salmonella Isolated from Beef Processing Plants. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:660-667. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Binru Yin
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Lixian Zhu
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Pengcheng Dong
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yanwei Mao
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Rongrong Liang
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Lebao Niu
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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37
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Ponomareva AL, Buzoleva LS, Bogatyrenko EA. Abiotic Environmental Factors Affecting the Formation of Microbial Biofilms. BIOL BULL+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s106235901805014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Biofilm formation by meat-borne Pseudomonas fluorescens on stainless steel and its resistance to disinfectants. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Lamas A, Regal P, Vázquez B, Miranda JM, Cepeda A, Franco CM. Salmonella and Campylobacter biofilm formation: a comparative assessment from farm to fork. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:4014-4032. [PMID: 29424050 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It takes several steps to bring food from the farm to the fork (dining table), and contamination with food-borne pathogens can occur at any point in the process. Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are the main microorganisms responsible for foodborne disease in the EU. These two pathogens are able to persist throughout the food supply chain thanks to their ability to form biofilms. Owing to the high prevalence of Salmonella and especially of Campylobacter in the food supply chain and the huge efforts of food authorities to reduce these levels, it is of great importance to fully understand their mechanisms of persistence. Diverse studies have evaluated the biofilm-forming capacity of foodborne pathogens isolated at different steps of food production. Nonetheless, the principal obstacle of these studies is to reproduce the real conditions that microorganisms encounter in the food supply chain. While there are a wide number of Salmonella biofilm studies, information on Campylobacter biofilms is still limited. A comparison between the two microorganisms could help to develop new research in the field of Campylobacter biofilms. Therefore, this review evaluates relevant work in the field of Salmonella and Campylobacter biofilms and the applicability of the data obtained from these studies to real working conditions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lamas
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Patricia Regal
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - José M Miranda
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Carlos M Franco
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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40
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Rodrigues JBDS, Souza NTD, Scarano JOA, Sousa JMD, Lira MC, Figueiredo RCBQD, de Souza EL, Magnani M. Efficacy of using oregano essential oil and carvacrol to remove young and mature Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on food-contact surfaces of stainless steel. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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41
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Moraes JO, Cruz EA, Souza EGF, Oliveira TCM, Alvarenga VO, Peña WEL, Sant'Ana AS, Magnani M. Predicting adhesion and biofilm formation boundaries on stainless steel surfaces by five Salmonella enterica strains belonging to different serovars as a function of pH, temperature and NaCl concentration. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 281:90-100. [PMID: 29843904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the capability of 97 epidemic S. enterica strains belonging to 18 serovars to form biofilm. Five strains characterized as strong biofilm-producers, belonging to distinct serovars (S. Enteritidis 132, S. Infantis 176, S. Typhimurium 177, S. Heidelberg 281 and S. Corvallis 297) were assayed for adhesion/biofilm formation on stainless steel surfaces. The experiments were conducted in different combinations of NaCl (0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10% w/v), pH (4, 5, 6 and 7) and temperatures (8 °C, 12 °C, 20 °C and 35 °C). Only adhesion was assumed to occur when S. enterica counts were ≥3 and <5 log CFU/cm2, whereas biofilm formation was defined as when the counts were ≥5 log CFU/cm2. The binary responses were used to develop models to predict the probability of adhesion/biofilm formation on stainless steel surfaces by five strains belonging to different S. enterica serovars. A total of 99% (96/97) of the tested S. enterica strains were characterized as biofilm-producers in the microtiter plate assays. The ability to form biofilm varied (P < 0.05) within and among the different serovars. Among the biofilm-producers, 21% (20/96), 45% (43/96), and 35% (34/96) were weak, moderate and strong biofilm-producers, respectively. The capability for adhesion/biofilm formation on stainless steel surfaces under the experimental conditions studied varied among the strains studied, and distinct secondary models were obtained to describe the behavior of the five S. enterica tested. All strains showed adhesion at pH 4 up to 4% of NaCl and at 20 °C and 35 °C. The probability of adhesion decreased when NaCl concentrations were >8% and at 8 °C, as well as in pH values ≤ 5 and NaCl concentrations > 6%, for all tested strains. At pH 7 and 6, biofilm formation for S. Enteritidis, S. Infantis, S. Typhimurium, S. Heidelberg was observed up to 6% of NaCl at 35 °C and 20 °C. The predicted boundaries for adhesion were pH values < 5 and NaCl ≥ 4% and at temperatures <20 °C. For biofilm formation, the predicted boundaries were pH values < 5 and NaCl concentrations ≥ 2% and at temperatures <20 °C for all strains. The secondary models obtained describe the variability in boundaries of adhesion and biofilm formation on stainless steel by five strains belonging to different S. enterica serovars. The boundary models can be used to predict adhesion and biofilm formation ability on stainless steel by S. enterica as affected by pH, NaCl and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana O Moraes
- Department of Agroindustry, Federal Institute of Alagoas, Piranhas, State of Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Ellen A Cruz
- Department of Agroindustry, Federal Institute of Alagoas, Piranhas, State of Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Enio G F Souza
- Department of Agroecology, Federal Institute of Alagoas, Piranhas, State of Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Tereza C M Oliveira
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Verônica O Alvarenga
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilmer E L Peña
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes in Foods, Department of Food Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
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42
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Galié S, García-Gutiérrez C, Miguélez EM, Villar CJ, Lombó F. Biofilms in the Food Industry: Health Aspects and Control Methods. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:898. [PMID: 29867809 PMCID: PMC5949339 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse microorganisms are able to grow on food matrixes and along food industry infrastructures. This growth may give rise to biofilms. This review summarizes, on the one hand, the current knowledge regarding the main bacterial species responsible for initial colonization, maturation and dispersal of food industry biofilms, as well as their associated health issues in dairy products, ready-to-eat foods and other food matrixes. These human pathogens include Bacillus cereus (which secretes toxins that can cause diarrhea and vomiting symptoms), Escherichia coli (which may include enterotoxigenic and even enterohemorrhagic strains), Listeria monocytogenes (a ubiquitous species in soil and water that can lead to abortion in pregnant women and other serious complications in children and the elderly), Salmonella enterica (which, when contaminating a food pipeline biofilm, may induce massive outbreaks and even death in children and elderly), and Staphylococcus aureus (known for its numerous enteric toxins). On the other hand, this review describes the currently available biofilm prevention and disruption methods in food factories, including steel surface modifications (such as nanoparticles with different metal oxides, nanocomposites, antimicrobial polymers, hydrogels or liposomes), cell-signaling inhibition strategies (such as lactic and citric acids), chemical treatments (such as ozone, quaternary ammonium compounds, NaOCl and other sanitizers), enzymatic disruption strategies (such as cellulases, proteases, glycosidases and DNAses), non-thermal plasma treatments, the use of bacteriophages (such as P100), bacteriocins (such us nisin), biosurfactants (such as lichenysin or surfactin) and plant essential oils (such as citral- or carvacrol-containing oils).
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Galié
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Coral García-Gutiérrez
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Elisa M. Miguélez
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Claudio J. Villar
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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43
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Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the sanitizer sensitivity of Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm cells in chicken juice. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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44
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Obe T, Nannapaneni R, Sharma CS, Kiess A. Homologous stress adaptation, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm forming ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg ATCC8326 on different food-contact surfaces following exposure to sublethal chlorine concentrations. Poult Sci 2018; 97:951-961. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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45
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Iliadis I, Daskalopoulou A, Simões M, Giaouris E. Integrated combined effects of temperature, pH and sodium chloride concentration on biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis and Typhimurium under low nutrient food-related conditions. Food Res Int 2018; 107:10-18. [PMID: 29580466 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a major foodborne bacterial pathogen. This forms biofilms on surfaces and persists, depending on the strain and the environment. The integrative interaction of temperature (T; 13-39 °C), pH (5-8) and sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration (0.5-8.5%) on biofilm formation by two S. enterica strains (ser. Enteritidis and Typhimurium) was here evaluated under low nutrient conditions. This was achieved using response surface methodology to model the combined effect of each factor on the response, through mathematical quadratic fitting of the outcomes of a sequence of designed experiments. These last were executed by incubating stainless steel coupons carrying sessile bacteria, for 24 h, in 1:10 diluted tryptone soya broth, under 15 different combinations of three independent factors (T, pH and NaCl). For each strain, a second order polynomial model, describing the relationship between biofilm formation (log CFU/cm2) and the factors (T, pH and NaCl), was developed using least square regression analysis. Both derived models predicted the combined influences of these factors on biofilm formation, with agreement between predictions and experimental observations (R2 ≥ 0.96, P ≤ 0.0001). For both strains, the increase of NaCl content restricted their sessile growth, while under low salinity conditions (NaCl < 4%) biofilm formation was favored as pH increased, regardless of T. Interestingly, under low salt content, and depending on the strain, biofilm formation was either favored or hindered by increasing T. Thus, 34.5 and 13 °C were the T predicted to maximize biofilm formation by strains Enteritidis and Typhimurium, respectively, something which was also experimentally verified. To sum, these models can predict the interactive influences of crucial food-related factors on biofilm growth of a significant foodborne pathogen towards the efforts to limit its persistence in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Iliadis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Mitropoliti Ioakeim 2, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Daskalopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Mitropoliti Ioakeim 2, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Mitropoliti Ioakeim 2, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece.
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46
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Pang X, Yang Y, Yuk H. Biofilm formation and disinfectant resistance ofSalmonellasp. in mono- and dual-species withPseudomonas aeruginosa. J Appl Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X.Y. Pang
- Food Science & Technology Programme; Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Y.S. Yang
- Food Science & Technology Programme; Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - H.G. Yuk
- Food Science & Technology Programme; Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Korea National University of Transportation; Chungbuk Korea
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47
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Yang Y, Hoe YW, Zheng Q, Chung HJ, Yuk HG. Biofilm formation by Salmonella Enteritidis in a simulated liquid egg processing environment and its sensitivity to chlorine and hot water treatment. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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48
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Song X, Ma Y, Fu J, Zhao A, Guo Z, Malakar PK, Pan Y, Zhao Y. Effect of temperature on pathogenic and non-pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilm formation. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Inactivation and induction of sublethal injury of Listeria monocytogenes in biofilm treated with various sanitizers. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Wang H, Wu N, Jiang Y, Ye K, Xu X, Zhou G. Response of long-term acid stress to biofilm formation of meat-related Salmonella Enteritidis. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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