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Elafify M, Liao X, Feng J, Ahn J, Ding T. Biofilm formation in food industries: Challenges and control strategies for food safety. Food Res Int 2024; 190:114650. [PMID: 38945629 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Various pathogens have the ability to grow on food matrices and instruments. This grow may reach to form biofilms. Bacterial biofilms are community of microorganisms embedded in extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) containing lipids, DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides. These EPSs provide a tolerance and favorable living condition for microorganisms. Biofilm formations could not only contribute a risk for food safety but also have negative impacts on healthcare sector. Once biofilms form, they reveal resistances to traditional detergents and disinfectants, leading to cross-contamination. Inhibition of biofilms formation and abolition of mature biofilms is the main target for controlling of biofilm hazards in the food industry. Some novel eco-friendly technologies such as ultrasound, ultraviolet, cold plasma, magnetic nanoparticles, different chemicals additives as vitamins, D-amino acids, enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, and many other inhibitors provide a significant value on biofilm inhibition. These anti-biofilm agents represent promising tools for food industries and researchers to interfere with different phases of biofilms including adherence, quorum sensing molecules, and cell-to-cell communication. This perspective review highlights the biofilm formation mechanisms, issues associated with biofilms, environmental factors influencing bacterial biofilm development, and recent strategies employed to control biofilm-forming bacteria in the food industry. Further studies are still needed to explore the effects of biofilm regulation in food industries and exploit more regulation strategies for improving the quality and decreasing economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elafify
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovative Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China; Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Xinyu Liao
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovative Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China
| | - Jinsong Feng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovative Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China; Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tian Ding
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovative Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Teixeira-Santos R, Azevedo A, Romeu MJ, Amador CI, Gomes LC, Whitehead KA, Sjollema J, Burmølle M, Mergulhão FJ. The use of biomimetic surfaces to reduce single- and dual-species biofilms of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida. Biofilm 2024; 7:100185. [PMID: 38444517 PMCID: PMC10912049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to adhere to and form biofilms on food contact surfaces poses serious challenges, as these may lead to the cross-contamination of food products. Biomimetic topographic surface modifications have been explored to enhance the antifouling performance of materials. In this study, the topography of two plant leaves, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower, CF) and Brassica oleracea capitate (white cabbage, WC), was replicated through wax moulding, and their antibiofilm potential was tested against single- and dual-species biofilms of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida. Biomimetic surfaces exhibited higher roughness values (SaWC = 4.0 ± 1.0 μm and SaCF = 3.3 ± 1.0 μm) than the flat control (SaF = 0.6 ± 0.2 μm), whilst the CF surface demonstrated a lower interfacial free energy (ΔGiwi) than the WC surface (-100.08 mJ m-2 and -71.98 mJ m-2, respectively). The CF and WC surfaces had similar antibiofilm effects against single-species biofilms, achieving cell reductions of approximately 50% and 60% for E. coli and P. putida, respectively, compared to the control. Additionally, the biomimetic surfaces led to reductions of up to 60% in biovolume, 45% in thickness, and 60% in the surface coverage of single-species biofilms. For dual-species biofilms, only the E. coli strain growing on the WC surface exhibited a significant decrease in the cell count. However, confocal microscopy analysis revealed a 60% reduction in the total biovolume and surface coverage of mixed biofilms developed on both biomimetic surfaces. Furthermore, dual-species biofilms were mainly composed of P. putida, which reduced E. coli growth. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the surface properties of CF and WC biomimetic surfaces have the potential for reducing biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Teixeira-Santos
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Azevedo
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Romeu
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina I. Amador
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luciana C. Gomes
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kathryn A. Whitehead
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15GD, UK
| | - Jelmer Sjollema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filipe J. Mergulhão
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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Zhang W, Mi X, Zhang C, Cheng Y, Wang S, Ji J, Yuan Y, Wang L, Liu W, Jiang Y. Meat-derived Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fragi manage to co-exist in dual-species biofilms by adjusting gene-regulated competitive strength. Food Microbiol 2022; 109:104122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Zhu J, Liu J, Hong X, Sun Y. Synergism With ε-Polylysine Hydrochloride and Cinnamon Essential Oil Against Dual-Species Biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas lundensis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:885502. [PMID: 35756071 PMCID: PMC9226771 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.885502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various pathogenic and spoilage bacteria frequently coexist in meat processing environments and can form multispecies biofilms, causing significant health and economic issues. Despite the prevalence and coexistence, only less is known about possible interactions between Listeria monocytogenes (LM) and spoilers like Pseudomonas species, and their community-wide resistance against natural preservatives. This study evaluates the interactions between mono- or dual-species biofilms formed by LM and Pseudomonas lundensis (PL), as well as the sensitivity of these bacteria in dual-species biofilms to ε-polylysine hydrochloride (ε-PLH) alone or combined with cinnamon essential oil (CEO). The results showed that the biofilm cell density of P. lundensis in dual species was higher (p < 0.05) than LM, constituting about 85% of the total population. More biofilms and exopolysaccharide both in mono- or dual species of the two psychrotrophic strains were greatly produced at 15°C than at 30°C. The biomass, biovolume, and thickness of dual-species biofilms were significantly lower than single PL biofilm when tested using crystal violet staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, indicating the competitive interactions between them prevail. Additionally, ε-PLH significantly reduced the biofilm development as mono- and dual species in a concentration-dependent manner, especially single LM biofilm, which was consistent with the decrease in autoinducer-2 (AI-2) activity. LM as dual-species biofilms exhibited lower sensitivity to ε-PLH than its mono-biofilm probably due to protective effect conferred by PL. ε-PLH in combination with CEO, at the maximum sublethal concentrations (MSCs), showed enhanced inhibitory activity against dual-species biofilm formation, as evidenced by thin spare spatial structures and reduced AI-2 activity. In addition, the preformed dual biofilms were dramatically eradicated following treatment with ε-PLH combined with CEO at higher than minimum inhibitory concentration in comparison with either of the compounds used alone, indicating the synergistic antibiofilm of the two preservatives. This study reveals the competitive interactions between the two strains in dual-species biofilms, in which the dominant PL significantly contributed toward the tolerance of LM to ε-PLH, and the use of combined preservatives shows it is an effective strategy to control the multispecies biofilms in meat processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Zhu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingcong Liu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Hong
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Sun
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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