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Wang K, Duan F, Sun T, Zhang Y, Lu L. Galactooligosaccharides: Synthesis, metabolism, bioactivities and food applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:6160-6176. [PMID: 36632761 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2164244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prebiotics are non-digestible ingredients that exert significant health-promoting effects on hosts. Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) have remarkable prebiotic effects and structural similarity to human milk oligosaccharides. They generally comprise two to eight sugar units, including galactose and glucose, which are synthesized from substrate lactose by microbial β-galactosidase. Enzyme sources from probiotics have received particular interest because of their safety and potential to synthesize specific structures that are particularly metabolized by intestinal probiotics. Owing to advancements in modern analytical techniques, many GOS structures have been identified, which vary in degree of polymerization, glycosidic linkage, and branch location. After intake, GOS adjust gut microbiota which produce short chain fatty acids, and exhibit excellent biological activities. They selectively stimulate the proliferation of probiotics, inhibit the growth and adhesion of pathogenic bacteria, alleviate gastrointestinal, neurological, metabolic and allergic diseases, modulate metabolites production, and adjust ion storage and absorption. Additionally, GOS are safe and stable, with high solubility and clean taste, and thus are widely used as food additives. GOS can improve the appearance, flavor, taste, texture, viscosity, rheological properties, shelf life, and health benefits of food products. This review systemically covers GOS synthesis, structure identifications, metabolism mechanisms, prebiotic bioactivities and wide applications, focusing on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiyu Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Duan F, Sun T, Zhang J, Wang K, Wen Y, Lu L. Recent innovations in immobilization of β-galactosidases for industrial and therapeutic applications. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Iqbal MW, Riaz T, Mahmood S, Liaqat H, Mushtaq A, Khan S, Amin S, Qi X. Recent Advances in the Production, Analysis, and Application of Galacto-Oligosaccharides. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2097255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tahreem Riaz
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shahid Mahmood
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Humna Liaqat
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Anam Mushtaq
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sonia Khan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sabahat Amin
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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4
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Narisetty V, Parhi P, Mohan B, Hakkim Hazeena S, Naresh Kumar A, Gullón B, Srivastava A, Nair LM, Paul Alphy M, Sindhu R, Kumar V, Castro E, Kumar Awasthi M, Binod P. Valorization of renewable resources to functional oligosaccharides: Recent trends and future prospective. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126590. [PMID: 34953996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic wastes have the ability to be transformed into oligosaccharides and other value-added products. The synthesis of oligosaccharides from renewable sources bestow to growing bioeconomies. Oligosaccharides are synthesized chemically or biologically from agricultural residues. These oligosaccharides are functional food supplements that have a positive impact on humans and livestock. Non-digestible oligosaccharides, refered as prebiotics are beneficial for the colonic microbiota inhabiting the f the digestive system. These microbiota plays a crucial role in stimulating the host immune system and other physiological responses. The commonly known prebiotics, galactooligosaccharides (GOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), mannanooligosaccharides (MOS), and isomaltooligosaccharides (IOS) are synthesized either through enzymatic or whole cell-mediated approaches using natural or agricultural waste substrates. This review focusses on recent advancements in biological processes, for the synthesis of oligosaccharides using renewable resources (lignocellulosic substrates) for sustainable circular bioeconomy. The work also addresses the limitations associated with the processes and commercialization of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Narisetty
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Priyanka Parhi
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Binoop Mohan
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Sulfath Hakkim Hazeena
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - A Naresh Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Beatriz Gullón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Anita Srivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Lakshmi M Nair
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Maria Paul Alphy
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Eulogio Castro
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712 100, China
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India.
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5
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β-Galactosidases: A great tool for synthesizing galactose-containing carbohydrates. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 39:107465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Evaluation of β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus acidophilus as biocatalyst for galacto-oligosaccharides synthesis: Product structural characterization and enzyme immobilization. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:697-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Li N, Mao W, Liu X, Wang S, Xia Z, Cao S, Li L, Zhang Q, Liu S. Sequence analysis of the pyruvylated galactan sulfate-derived oligosaccharides by negative-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 2016; 433:80-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhang J, Lu L, Lu L, Zhao Y, Kang L, Pang X, Liu J, Jiang T, Xiao M, Ma B. Galactosylation of steroidal saponins by β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus bulgaricus L3. Glycoconj J 2015; 33:53-62. [PMID: 26547747 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The galactosylation of furostanosides and spirostanosides were investigated by using β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus bulgaricus L3 as a catalyst and lactose as a sugar donor. Four novel galactosylated furostanoside products (compounds 1-4) from compound F, compound G, compound I, and compound H were obtained and their structures were identified by HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The result showed that galactosyl moiety was found to be added to the 6-OH of the 26-O-glucosyl in these four furostanoside substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27# Tai-ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
- Ovation Health Science and Technology Co. Ltd., ENN Group, Langfang, 065001, China
| | - Lili Lu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Li Lu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27# Tai-ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27# Tai-ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Liping Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16# Nanxiaojie, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xu Pang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27# Tai-ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27# Tai-ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tengchuan Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27# Tai-ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Min Xiao
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Baiping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27# Tai-ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
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9
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Lu L, Xu L, Guo Y, Zhang D, Qi T, Jin L, Gu G, Xu L, Xiao M. Glycosylation of phenolic compounds by the site-mutated β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus bulgaricus L3. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121445. [PMID: 25803778 PMCID: PMC4372403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidases can transfer the galactosyl from lactose or galactoside donors to various acceptors and thus are especially useful for the synthesis of important glycosides. However, these enzymes have limitations in the glycosylation of phenolic compounds that have many physiological functions. In this work, the β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus bulgaricus L3 was subjected to site-saturation mutagenesis at the W980 residue. The recombinant pET-21b plasmid carrying the enzyme gene was used as the template for mutation. The mutant plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli cells for screening. One recombinant mutant, W980F, exhibited increased yield of glycoside when using hydroquinone as the screening acceptor. The enzyme was purified and the effects of the mutation on enzyme properties were determined in detail. It showed improved transglycosylation activity on novel phenolic acceptors besides hydroquinone. The yields of the glycosides produced from phenol, hydroquinone, and catechol were increased by 7.6% to 53.1%. Moreover, it generated 32.3% glycosides from the pyrogallol that could not be glycosylated by the wild-type enzyme. Chemical structures of these glycoside products were further determined by MS and NMR analysis. Thus, a series of novel phenolic galactosides were achieved by β-galactosidase for the first time. This was a breakthrough in the enzymatic galactosylation of the challenging phenolic compounds of great values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Yuchuan Guo
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Dayu Zhang
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Tingting Qi
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Lan Jin
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Guofeng Gu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Min Xiao
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
- * E-mail:
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10
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Lu L, Guo Y, Xu L, Qi T, Jin L, Xu L, Xiao M. Galactosylation of caffeic acid by an engineered β-galactosidase. Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:123-8. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University
| | - Yuchuan Guo
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University
| | - Lijuan Xu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University
| | - Tingting Qi
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University
| | - Lan Jin
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University
| | - Min Xiao
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University
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Moreno FJ, Montilla A, Villamiel M, Corzo N, Olano A. Analysis, structural characterization, and bioactivity of oligosaccharides derived from lactose. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1519-34. [PMID: 24446419 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest for prebiotic carbohydrates as functional food ingredients has promoted the synthesis of galactooligosaccharides and new lactose derivatives. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the chromatographic analysis, structural characterization, and bioactivity studies of lactose-derived oligosaccharides. The most common chromatographic techniques used for the separation and structural characterization of this type of oligosaccharides, including GC and HPLC in different operational modes, coupled to various detectors are discussed. Insights on oligosaccharide MS fragmentation patterns, using different ionization sources and mass analyzers, as well as data on structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy are also described. Finally, this article deals with the bioactive effects of galacto oligosaccharides and oligosaccharides derived from lactulose on the gastrointestinal and immune systems, which support their consumption to provide significant health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Lu L, Xu S, Jin L, Zhang D, Li Y, Xiao M. Synthesis of galactosyl sucralose by β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus bulgaricus L3. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Lu L, Xu S, Zhao R, Zhang D, Li Z, Li Y, Xiao M. Synthesis of galactooligosaccharides by CBD fusion β-galactosidase immobilized on cellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 116:327-333. [PMID: 22525263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The β-galactosidase gene (bgaL3) was cloned from Lactobacillus bulgaricus L3 and fused with cellulose binding domain (CBD) using pET-35b (+) vector in Escherichia coli. The resulting fusion protein (CBD-BgaL3) was directly adsorbed onto microcrystalline cellulose with a high immobilization efficiency of 61%. A gram of cellulose was found to absorb 97.6 U of enzyme in the solution containing 100mM NaCl (pH 5.8) at room temperature for 20 min. The enzymatic and transglycosylation characteristics of the immobilized CBD-BgaL3 were similar to the free form. Using the immobilized enzyme as the catalyst, the yield of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) reached a maximum of 49% (w/w) from 400 g/L lactose (pH 7.6) at 45 °C for 75 min, with a high productivity of 156.8 g/L/h. Reusability assay was subsequently performed under the same reaction conditions. The immobilized enzyme could retain over 85% activity after twenty batches with the GOS yields all above 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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Hernández-Hernández O, Calvillo I, Lebrón-Aguilar R, Moreno F, Sanz M. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for the characterization of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1220:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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