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Dutta SJ, Chakraborty G, Chauhan V, Singh L, Sharanagat VS, Gahlawat VK. Development of a predictive model for determination of urea in milk using silver nanoparticles and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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2
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Ramdani D, Jayanegara A, Chaudhry AS. Biochemical Properties of Black and Green Teas and Their Insoluble Residues as Natural Dietary Additives to Optimize In Vitro Rumen Degradability and Fermentation but Reduce Methane in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030305. [PMID: 35158629 PMCID: PMC8833588 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Black (BTL) or green (GTL) tea and their spent tea (STL) leaves can be used as natural dietary additives for ruminants. Experiment 1 used a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates (n = 4) to test the effects of three different inclusions of tea leaves at 0 (control), 50, and 100 g/kg DM of two different tea types (BTL and GTL) in two different total mixed diets containing either ryegrass hay (RH) or rice straw (RS) on in vitro rumen organic matter degradability (IVOMD), volatile fatty acids (VFA), pH, ammonia (NH3), and methane (CH4) outputs over a 24 h incubation time. Experiment 2 followed a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with eight replicates (n = 8) to study the impacts of three different STL inclusions at 0, 100, and 200 g/kg DM of two different STL types (black and green) into two different total mixed diets containing either RH or RS on the same in vitro measurements. Both types of tea leaves decreased NH3 (p < 0.001) and CH4 (p < 0.01) without affecting (p > 0.05) rumen degradability, but the effect of their STL was less remarkable. Tea leaves and their STL inclusions improved (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively) the acetate to propionate (A:P) ratio. Compared with BTL, GTL containing diets had higher IVOMD (p < 0.05) and A:P ratio (p < 0.05) but lower NH3 (p < 0.001). Reduced rumen NH3 and CH4 outputs can be useful for protein and energy use efficiency while an increased A:P ratio might lead to increased milk fat synthesis and reduced low-fat milk syndrome. The surplus or wasted tea leaf products could be used as sustainable sources of nutrients to optimize rumen function and minimize environmental impacts of feeding ruminant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diky Ramdani
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-85624050413
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Department of Animal Feed Science and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia;
| | - Abdul Shakoor Chaudhry
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
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Bhargava A, Bansal A, Goyal V, Bansal P. A review on tea quality and safety using emerging parameters. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kudłacik-Kramarczyk S, Drabczyk A, Głąb M, Gajda P, Jaromin A, Czopek A, Zagórska A, Tyliszczak B. Synthesis and Physicochemical Evaluation of Bees' Chitosan-Based Hydrogels Modified with Yellow Tea Extract. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3379. [PMID: 34207214 PMCID: PMC8235593 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The novelty of the research involves designing the measurement methodology aimed at determining the structure-property relationships in the chitosan-based hydrogels containing yellow tea extract. Performed investigations allowed us to determine the swelling properties of hydrogels in selected time intervals, evaluate the mutual interactions between the hydrogels and simulated physiological liquids via pH measurements and directly assess the impact of such interactions on the chemical structure of hydrogels using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and their wettability by the measurements of the flatness of the drop on the surface of the tested samples via the static drop method. Next, the surface morphology of hydrogels was characterized by the Scanning Electron Miscorcopy (SEM) and their elasticity under the tension applied was also verified. It was proved that incubation in simulated physiological liquids resulted in a decrease in contact angles of hydrogels, even by 60%. This also caused their certain degradation which was reflected in lower intensities of bands on FT-IR spectra. Further, 23% v/v yellow tea extract in hydrogel matrices caused the decrease of their tensile strength. An increase in the amount of the crosslinker resulted in a decrease in the sorption capacity of hydrogels wherein their modification caused greater swelling ability. In general, the investigations performed provided much information on the tested materials which may be meaningful considering their application, e.g., as dressing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kudłacik-Kramarczyk
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Drabczyk
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Głąb
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Gajda
- Department of Nuclear Energy, Faculty of Energy end Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 14a Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Anna Czopek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (A.C.); (A.Z.)
| | - Agnieszka Zagórska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (A.C.); (A.Z.)
| | - Bożena Tyliszczak
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairaman Saikrithika
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Annamalai Senthil Kumar
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu India
- Carbon dioxide and Green Technology Research Centre Vellore Institute of Technology University Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu India
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Johnson J, Mani J, Ashwath N, Naiker M. Potential for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy toward predicting antioxidant and phenolic contents in powdered plant matrices. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 233:118228. [PMID: 32155578 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared spectroscopy is finding an increasing number of applications; however, many of its potential uses remain unexplored. In this study, mid-infrared spectroscopy is applied to predict total antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents of powdered matrices of 14 diverse plant species. In all instances, the optimum prediction models were found using standard normal variate smoothing as a pre-processing method. The results show high correlation between the FTIR predicted and chemically determined values, namely R2 values of 0.962 for total phenolics, 0.829 for cupric reducing antioxidant potential (CUPRAC) and 0.911 for ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP). The relative RMSE found for validation indicated that total phenolic content could be predicted with higher accuracy than CUPRAC or FRAP. This pilot study highlights the promise of this technology for plant breeders and a range of industries where rapid screening of many samples for antioxidant and/or phenolic content is envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Johnson
- CQUniversity, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, North Rockhampton, Qld 4702, Australia.
| | - Janice Mani
- CQUniversity, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, North Rockhampton, Qld 4702, Australia
| | - Nanjappa Ashwath
- CQUniversity, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, North Rockhampton, Qld 4702, Australia
| | - Mani Naiker
- CQUniversity, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, North Rockhampton, Qld 4702, Australia
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Xu J, Wang M, Zhao J, Wang YH, Tang Q, Khan IA. Yellow tea (Camellia sinensis L.), a promising Chinese tea: Processing, chemical constituents and health benefits. Food Res Int 2018; 107:567-577. [PMID: 29580521 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Yellow tea, also known as huángchá in Chinese, is a lightly fermented tea unique to China. As a rare and precious variety of tea, it has gained increasing popularity in recent years because of its pleasant mellow taste and known health benefits such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer properties. Yellow tea is similar to green tea in many ways. The initial production process of both teas is the same, but the production of yellow tea requires additional steps. A unique procedure called "sealed yellowing" is always involved in yellow tea processing to increase the oxidation level and remove the characteristic grassy smell associated with green tea while still preserving its health benefits. Compared to other types of teas, yellow tea is much less well-known and studied. In this review, the history and classification of yellow tea are introduced. The processing procedures, including detailed information about "sealed yellowing", are presented. The bioactive chemical compounds common in various types of teas or unique to yellow tea are discussed. Finally, future needs in research and development of yellow tea are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Xu
- Tea Department, College of Horticulture Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611380, Sichuan, China; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jianping Zhao
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Qian Tang
- Tea Department, College of Horticulture Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611380, Sichuan, China
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.
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Shannon E, Jaiswal A, Abu-Ghannam N. Polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity of white, green, black, and herbal teas: a kinetic study. FOOD RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.26656/fr.2017.2(1).117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Ge Q, Ge P, Jiang D, Du N, Chen J, Yuan L, Yu H, Xu X, Wu M, Zhang W, Zhou G. A novel and simple cell-based electrochemical biosensor for evaluating the antioxidant capacity of Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from Chinese dry-cured ham. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 99:555-563. [PMID: 28825999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of antioxidants in foodstuffs has become an active area of research, leading to the recent development of numerous methods for assessing antioxidant capacity. Here we described the fabrication and validation of a novel and simple cell-based electrochemical biosensor for this purpose. The biosensor is used to assess the antioxidant capacity of cell-free extracts from Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from Chinese dry-cured ham. The biosensor relies on the determination of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (the flux of H2O2 released from RAW 264.7 macrophage cells) to indirectly assess changes in intracellular oxidative stress level as influenced by L. plantarum strains. A one-step acidified manganese dioxide (a-MnO2) modified gold electrode (GE) was used to immobilize RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, which were then encapsulated in a 3D cell culture system consisting of alginate/ graphene oxide (NaAlg/GO). The biosensor exhibited a rapid and sensitive response for the detection of H2O2 released from RAW264.7 cells. The detection limit was 0.02μM with a linear response from 0.05μM to 0.85μM and the biosensor was shown to have good stability and outstanding repeatability. This technique was then used for evaluating the antioxidant ability of extracts from L. plantarum NJAU-01. According to the electrochemical investigations and assays of SEM, TEM, and ROS, these cell-free extracts effectively reduced the oxidative stress levels in RAW264.7 cells under external stimulation. Extracts from L. plantarum strains at a dose of 1010CFU/mL showed the highest antioxidant activities with a relative antioxidant capacity (RAC) rate of 88.94%. Hence, this work provides a simple and efficient electrochemical biosensing platform based on RAW264.7 cells for fast, sensitive and quantitative assessment of antioxidant capacity of L. plantarum strains. The method demonstrates its potential for rapid screening for evaluating antioxidant properties of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Industrial Engineering Center for Huaiyang Cuisin of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, PR China
| | - Panwei Ge
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Industrial Engineering Center for Huaiyang Cuisin of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, PR China
| | - Donglei Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Industrial Engineering Center for Huaiyang Cuisin of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, PR China; Jiangsu key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Nan Du
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Industrial Engineering Center for Huaiyang Cuisin of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, PR China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Industrial Engineering Center for Huaiyang Cuisin of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, PR China
| | - Limin Yuan
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Hai Yu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Industrial Engineering Center for Huaiyang Cuisin of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, PR China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Industrial Engineering Center for Huaiyang Cuisin of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, PR China
| | - Mangang Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Industrial Engineering Center for Huaiyang Cuisin of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, PR China
| | - Wangang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Ziyatdinova GK, Kozlova EV, Budnikov HC. Chronoamperometric evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of tea on a polyquercetin-modified electrode. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nagatani N, Inoue Y, Araki A, Ushijima H, Hattori G, Sakurai Y, Ogidou Y, Saito M, Tamiya E. Rapid sensing of antioxidant capacity based on electrochemiluminescence induced by electrochemically generated reactive oxygen species. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Dahham SS, Al-Rawi SS, Ibrahim AH, Abdul Majid AS, Abdul Majid AMS. Antioxidant, anticancer, apoptosis properties and chemical composition of black truffle Terfezia claveryi. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 25:1524-1534. [PMID: 30591773 PMCID: PMC6302927 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Desert truffles are seasonal and important edible fungi that grow wild in many countries around the world. Truffles are natural food sources that have significant compositions. In this work, the antioxidant, chemical composition, anticancer, and antiangiogenesis properties of the Terfezia claveryi truffle were investigated. Solvent extractions of the T. claveryi were evaluated for antioxidant activities using (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods). The extracts cytotoxicity on the cancer cell lines (HT29, MCF-7, PC3 and U-87 MG) was determined by MTT assay, while the anti-angiogenic efficacy was tested using ex-vivo assay. All extracts showed moderate anticancer activities against all cancer cells (p < 0.05). The hexane extract inhibited the brain cell line (U-87 MG) with an IC50 of 50 μg/ml and significantly promoted cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and DNA fragmentation p < 0.001. The ethanol extract demonstrated potent antioxidants; DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS with an IC50 value of 52, 48.5 and 64.7 μg/ml, respectively. In addition, the hexane and ethyl acetate extract significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited the sprouting of microvessels by 100% and 81.2%, at 100 μg/ml, respectively. The GC analysis of the most active extract (hexane) showed the presence of several potent phytochemicals such as stigmasterol, beta-Sitosterol, squalene, lupeol, octadecadienoic acid, and oleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Sabbar Dahham
- EMAN Testing and Research Laboratories, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Sawsan S. Al-Rawi
- EMAN Testing and Research Laboratories, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
- Biology Department, University of Zakho, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Ahmad H. Ibrahim
- EMAN Testing and Research Laboratories, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
- Integrative Medicine, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
- Biology Department, University of Zakho, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Aman Shah Abdul Majid
- Integrative Medicine, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid
- EMAN Testing and Research Laboratories, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +60 124430527; fax: +60 46534582.
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Janet TC, John WK, Thomas K, Kelvin MO, Francis WN. Effect of Seasons on Theanine Levels in Different Kenyan Commercially Released Tea Cultivars and Its Variation in Different Parts of the Tea Shoot. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2015.615149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Large scale inkjet-printing of carbon nanotubes electrodes for antioxidant assays in blood bags. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ramdani D, Chaudhry AS, Seal CJ. Chemical composition, plant secondary metabolites, and minerals of green and black teas and the effect of different tea-to-water ratios during their extraction on the composition of their spent leaves as potential additives for ruminants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4961-4967. [PMID: 23621359 DOI: 10.1021/jf4002439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized the chemical composition of green and black teas as well as their spent tea leaves (STL) following boiling in water with different tea-to-water ratios. The green and black tea leaves had statistically similar (g/kg dry matter (DM), unless stated otherwise) DM (937 vs 942 g/kg sample), crude protein (240 vs 242), and ash (61.8 vs 61.4), but green tea had significantly higher (g/kg DM) total phenols (231 vs 151), total tannins (204 vs 133), condensed tannins (176 vs 101), and total saponins (276 vs 86.1) and lower neutral detergent fiber (254 vs 323) and acid detergent fiber (211 vs 309) than the black tea leaves. There was no significant difference between the green and black tea leaves for most mineral components except Mn, which was significantly higher in green tea leaves, and Na and Cu, which were significantly higher in black tea leaves. A higher tea-to-water ratio during extraction significantly reduced the loss of soluble compounds into water and hence yielded more nutrient-rich STL. On the basis of these analyses it appears that the green and black tea leaves alongside their STL have the potential for use as sources of protein, fiber, secondary metabolites, and minerals in ruminant diets. The presence of high levels of plant secondary metabolites in either tea leaves or their STL suggests that they may have potential for use as natural additives in ruminant diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diky Ramdani
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom NE1 7RU
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