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Metformin alleviates long-term high-fructose diet-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance in rats by regulating purine nucleotide cycle. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 933:175234. [PMID: 36058289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient excess caused by excessive fructose intake can lead to insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, which further causes the development of metabolic syndrome. Metformin is a well-known AMPK activator widely used for the treatment of metabolic syndrome, while the mechanism of AMPK activation remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effects of metformin on fructose-induced insulin resistance rat, and the potential mechanism underlying AMPK activation in skeletal muscle tissue. Results indicated that metformin significantly ameliorated features of insulin resistance, including body weight, Lee's index, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, insulin intolerance and pancreatic damage. Moreover, treatment with metformin attenuated the inflammatory response in serum and enhanced the antioxidant capacity in skeletal muscle tissue. The therapeutic effects of metformin on fructose-induced insulin resistance may be related to the activation of AMPK to regulate Nrf2 pathway and mitochondrial abnormality. Additionally, metformin suppressed the expression of adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 (AMPD1) and up-regulated the expression of adenylosuccinate synthetase (ADSS) in the purine nucleotide cycle (PNC), which facilitated the increase of AMP level and the ratio of AMP/ATP. Therefore, we proposed a novel mechanism that metformin activated AMPK via increasing AMP by regulating the expression of AMPD1 and ADSS in PNC pathway.
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Park HJ, Hong YB, Choi YC, Lee J, Kim EJ, Lee JS, Mo WM, Ki SM, Kim HI, Kim HJ, Hyun YS, Hong HD, Nam K, Jung SC, Kim SB, Kim SH, Kim DH, Oh KW, Kim SH, Yoo JH, Lee JE, Chung KW, Choi BO. ADSSL1 mutation relevant to autosomal recessive adolescent onset distal myopathy. Ann Neurol 2015; 79:231-43. [PMID: 26506222 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Distal myopathy is a heterogeneous group of muscle diseases characterized by predominant distal muscle weakness. A study was done to identify the underlying cause of autosomal recessive adolescent onset distal myopathy. METHODS Four patients from 2 unrelated Korean families were evaluated. To isolate the genetic cause, exome sequencing was performed. In vitro and in vivo assays using myoblast cells and zebrafish models were performed to examine the ADSSL1 mutation causing myopathy pathogenesis. RESULTS Patients had an adolescent onset distal myopathy phenotype that included distal dominant weakness, facial muscle weakness, rimmed vacuoles, and mild elevation of serum creatine kinase. Exome sequencing identified completely cosegregating compound heterozygous mutations (p.D304N and p.I350fs) in ADSSL1, which encodes a muscle-specific adenylosuccinate synthase in both families. None of the controls had both mutations, and the mutation sites were located in well-conserved regions. Both the D304N and I350fs mutations in ADSSL1 led to decreased enzymatic activity. The knockdown of the Adssl1 gene significantly inhibited the proliferation of mouse myoblast cells, and the addition of human wild-type ADSSL1 reversed the reduced viability. In an adssl1 knockdown zebrafish model, muscle fibers were severely disrupted, which was evaluated by myosin expression and birefringence. In these conditions, supplementing wild-type ADSSL1 protein reversed the muscle defect. INTERPRETATION We suggest that mutations in ADSSL1 are the novel genetic cause of the autosomal recessive adolescent onset distal myopathy. This study broadens the genetic and clinical spectrum of distal myopathy and will be useful for exact molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jun Park
- Department of Neurology, Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Bin Hong
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Chul Choi
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ja Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Su Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Min Mo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Mi Ki
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo In Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Young Se Hyun
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Dae Hong
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Kisoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Sung Chul Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Beom Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kangdong Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ki-Wook Oh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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