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Ponz-Perelló P, Esteve-Turrillas FA, Cortés MÁ, Herranz J, Pardo O. Development and validation of an analytical method for determination of citrinin in red rice and red yeast rice-based food supplements by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2024; 455:139941. [PMID: 38843711 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Citrinin is a hepato-nephrotoxic mycotoxin produced by fungal species. The Monascus purpureus fungus plays a crucial role in the fermentation of red rice to produce red yeast rice-based food supplements, which represent the primary source of human exposure to citrinin. In this study, a simple and sensitive analytical method was successfully developed and validated for the citrinin determination in these products. The extraction process involved a QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) step and citrinin determination by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The proposed method provided satisfactory linearity, percentage of recovery from 82 to 104% with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 14%, and limits of detection and quantification of 0.07 μg/Kg and 0.24 μg/kg, respectively. Among the 14 samples analyzed, citrinin was found in two red rice samples (0.24 and 0.46 μg/kg) and in six food supplements (from 0.44 to 87 μg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ponz-Perelló
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Valencia, 50(th) Dr. Moliner St, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Cortés
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Avenida Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Herranz
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Avenida Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Pardo
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Valencia, 50(th) Dr. Moliner St, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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2
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Yang J, Ye L, Cui R, Zheng K, Qiao X, Wang M, Su M, Li X, Ge RS, Wang Y. Deoxynivalenol Inhibits Progenitor Leydig Cell Development by Stimulating Mitochondrial Fission in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10616-10626. [PMID: 38656193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common food contaminant that can impair male reproductive function. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of DON exposure on progenitor Leydig cell (PLC) development in prepubertal male rats. Rats were orally administrated DON (0-4 mg/kg) from postnatal days 21-28. DON increased PLC proliferation but inhibited PLC maturation and function, including reducing testosterone levels and downregulating biomarkers like HSD11B1 and INSL3 at ≥2 mg/kg. DON also stimulated mitochondrial fission via upregulating DRP1 and FIS1 protein levels and increased oxidative stress by reducing antioxidant capacity (including NRF2, SOD1, SOD2, and CAT) in PLCs in vivo. In vitro, DON (2-4 μM) inhibited PLC androgen biosynthesis, increased reactive oxygen species production and protein levels of DRP1, FIS1, MFF, and pAMPK, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and MFN1 protein levels, and caused mitochondrial fragmentation. The mitochondrial fission inhibitor mdivi-1 attenuated DON-induced impairments in PLCs. DON inhibited PLC steroidogenesis, increased oxidative stress, perturbed mitochondrial homeostasis, and impaired maturation. In conclusion, DON disrupts PLC development in prepubertal rats by stimulating mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Rong Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xinyi Qiao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Mengyun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ming Su
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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3
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Vitiello A, Izzo L, Castaldo L, d'Angelo I, Ungaro F, Miro A, Ritieni A, Quaglia F. The Questionable Quality Profile of Food Supplements: The Case of Red Yeast Rice Marketed Products. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112142. [PMID: 37297387 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Food supplements (FS) containing red yeast rice (RYR) are largely employed to reduce lipid levels in the blood. The main ingredient responsible for biological activity is monacolin K (MoK), a natural compound with the same chemical structure as lovastatin. Concentrated sources of substances with a nutritional or physiological effect are marketed in "dose" form as food supplements (FS). The quality profile of the "dosage form" of FS is not defined in Europe, whereas some quality criteria are provided in the United States. Here, we evaluate the quality profile of FS containing RYR marketed in Italy as tablets or capsules running two tests reported in The European Pharmacopoeia 11 Ed. and very close to those reported in the USP. The results highlighted variations in dosage form uniformity (mass and MoK content) compliant with The European Pharmacopoeia 11 Ed. specifications, whereas the time needed for disintegrating tablets was longer for 44% of the tested samples. The bioaccessibility of MoK was also investigated to obtain valuable data on the biological behaviour of the tested FS. In addition, a method for citrinin (CIT) determination was optimized and applied to real samples. None of the analyzed samples demonstrated CIT contamination (LOQ set at 6.25 ng/mL). Considering the widespread use of FS, our data suggest that greater attention should be paid by fabricants and regulatory authorities to ensure the quality profile and the safe consumption of marketed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Vitiello
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luana Izzo
- FoodLab Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Castaldo
- FoodLab Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ivana d'Angelo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Antonio Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesca Ungaro
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Miro
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- FoodLab Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Quaglia
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Li X, Tian L, Oiao X, Ye L, Wang H, Wang M, Sang J, Tian F, Ge RS, Wang Y. Citrinin inhibits the function of Leydig cells in male rats in prepuberty. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114568. [PMID: 36696728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Citrinin, a mycotoxin existing in fruits, has nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and embryotoxicity. The effects of citrinin on Leydig cell development in prepuberty remains unclear. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with 0, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg citrinin from postnatal days 21-28. Citrinin at 5 mg/kg significantly decreased serum testosterone levels, while increasing serum LH and FSH levels. Citrinin at 1-5 mg/kg markedly downregulated Hsd17b3 and HSD17B3 expression, while upregulating Srd5a1 (SRD5A1) and Akr1c14 (AKR1C14) expression at 2.5 and/or 5 mg/kg. Citrinin at 5 mg/kg also significantly increased PCNA-labeling index in Leydig cells. Citrinin at 5 mg/kg significantly raised testicular MDA amount, whiling at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg downregulating SOD1 and SOD2 expression. Citrinin at 5 mg/kg markedly decreased the ratio of Bcl2 to Bax, in consistent with the increased apoptosis in Leydig cells judged by TUNEL assay. Enzymatic assay revealed that citrinin inhibited rat testicular HSD3B1 activity at 100 µM and HSD17B3 activity at 10-100 μM. Citrinin at 50 μM and higher also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis of R2C cell line. In conclusion, citrinin inhibits Leydig cell development at multiple levels via different mechanisms and oxidative stress partially plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Lili Tian
- Department of Pain management, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, No. 473, Hanzheng Street, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, China
| | - Xinyi Oiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Mengyun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jianmin Sang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Fuhong Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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Owolabi IO, Kolawole O, Jantarabut P, Elliott CT, Petchkongkaew A. The importance and mitigation of mycotoxins and plant toxins in Southeast Asian fermented foods. NPJ Sci Food 2022; 6:39. [PMID: 36045143 PMCID: PMC9433409 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-022-00152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented foods (ffs) and beverages are widely consumed in Southeast Asia (SEA) for their nutritional balance, flavor, and food security. They serve as vehicles for beneficial microorganisms performing a significant role in human health. However, there are still major challenges concerning the safety of ffs and beverages due to the presence of natural toxins. In this review, the common toxins found in traditional ffs in SEA are discussed with special reference to mycotoxins and plant toxins. Also, mitigation measures for preventing risks associated with their consumption are outlined. Ochratoxin, citrinin, aflatoxins were reported to be major mycotoxins present in SEA ffs. In addition, soybean-based ff food products were more vulnerable to mycotoxin contaminations. Common plant toxins recorded in ffs include cyanogenic glycosides, oxalates, phytates and saponins. Combined management strategies such as pre-harvest, harvest and post-harvest control and decontamination, through the integration of different control methods such as the use of clean seeds, biological control methods, fermentation, appropriate packaging systems, and controlled processing conditions are needed for the safe consumption of indigenous ffs in SEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyiola O Owolabi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Phahonyothin Road, Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.,International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Science, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens Belfast, BT9 5DL, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Phantakan Jantarabut
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Phahonyothin Road, Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.,International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Science, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens Belfast, BT9 5DL, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Awanwee Petchkongkaew
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Phahonyothin Road, Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand. .,International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand. .,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Science, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens Belfast, BT9 5DL, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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Farawahida AH, Palmer J, Flint S. Monascus spp. and citrinin: Identification, selection of Monascus spp. isolates, occurrence, detection and reduction of citrinin during the fermentation of red fermented rice. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 379:109829. [PMID: 35863149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Red fermented rice (RFR) is rice fermented using Monascus spp. This product contains monacolin K, providing health benefits including mitigation of diarrhoea and improving blood circulation. RFR can produce pigments that can act as natural colour and flavouring agents. However, Monascus spp. (a fungal starter to ferment RFR) can also produce the mycotoxin, citrinin (CIT) which is believed to have adverse effects on human health. CIT in RFR has been reported worldwide by using different methods of detection. This review focuses on the production of RFR by solid-state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF), the occurrence of CIT in RFR, CIT quantification, the factors affecting the growth of Monascus spp., pigments and CIT production in RFR, and possible methods to reduce CIT in RFR. This review will help the food industries, researchers, and consumers understand the risk of consuming RFR, and the possibility of controlling CIT in RFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Halim Farawahida
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Jon Palmer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Farawahida AH, Palmer J, Flint S. Coconut Cream Agar as a simple and rapid semiquantitative method to screen citrinin-producing Monascus spp. isolates isolated from red fermented rice. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 199:106523. [PMID: 35716844 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Red fermented rice (RFR) is produced using Monascus spp. This product has some health benefits. However, RFR can also contain the mycotoxin, citrinin (CIT) and that has adverse effects on human health. The objective of the study was to develop a simple and rapid screening method for the detection of Monascus spp. isolates that can produce CIT by using Coconut Cream Agar (CCA). RFR was spread onto CCA and other media and incubated at 30 °C for 7 days. All the media were observed daily under ultraviolet (UV) light and any Monascus spp. colony that produced light blue fluorescence was recorded as a CIT-producer. Two different isolates (MF1 and MS1) isolated from CCA were selected for further analysis. All (100%; 10/10 plates) of CCA inoculated with MF1 produced light blue fluorescence after incubation for 4 days, meanwhile 30% (3/10 plates) of MS1 produced weak fluorescence on CCA after incubation for 7 days. Isolates MF1 and MS1 were identified as M. purpureus with the ability to produce CIT by having polyketide synthase (pksCT) and transcriptional regulator (ctnA) genes. CIT was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). CCA is a simple and rapid method to detect CIT-producers of Monascus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Halim Farawahida
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Jon Palmer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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8
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Pallarés N, Tolosa J, Ferrer E, Berrada H. Mycotoxins in raw materials, beverages and supplements of botanicals: A review of occurrence, risk assessment and analytical methodologies. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113013. [PMID: 35523385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, consumer interest in natural products, such as botanicals has increased considerably. One of the factors affecting their quality is the presence of mycotoxins. This review focuses on exploring the mycotoxin occurrence in botanicals (raw material and ready-to-eat forms such as infusions or tablets) and the risk assessment due to their ingestion. Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, and Fumonisins are the most commonly studied mycotoxins and data in the literature report levels ranging from traces to 1000 μg/kg in raw materials. In general, the highest contents observed in raw materials decreased to unconcerning levels after the preparation of the infusions, reaching values that generally do not exceed 100 μg/L. Regarding botanical dietary supplements, the levels observed were lower than those reported for other matrices, although higher levels (of up to 1000 μg/kg) have been reported in some cases. Risk assessment studies in botanicals revealed a higher risk when they are consumed as tablets compared to infusions. Analytical methodologies implied in mycotoxin determination have also been contemplated. In this sense, liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection has been the most frequently employed analytical technique, although in recent years tandem mass spectrometry has been widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pallarés
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Tolosa
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - E Ferrer
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - H Berrada
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
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9
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Assessment of Citrinin in Spices and Infant Cereals Using Immunoaffinity Column Clean-Up with HPLC-Fluorescence Detection. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100715. [PMID: 34679008 PMCID: PMC8540576 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the analysis of citrinin has mainly been performed on cereals such as red yeast rice; however, in recent years, more complex and abnormal commodities such as spices and infant foods are becoming more widely assessed. The aim of this study was to develop and validate clean-up methods for spices and cereal-based infant foods using a citrinin immunoaffinity column before HPLC analysis with fluorescence detection. Each method developed was validated with a representative matrix, spiked at various citrinin concentrations, based around European Union (EU) regulations set for ochratoxin A (OTA), with recoveries >80% and % RSD < 9% in all cases. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were established at 1 and 3 µg/kg for spices and 0.1 and 0.25 µg/kg for infant cereals, respectively. These methods were then tested across a variety of spices and infant food products to establish efficacy with high recoveries >75% and % RSD < 5% across all matrices assessed. Therefore, these methods proved suitable for providing effective clean-up of spices and infant cereals, enabling reliable quantification of citrinin detected. Samples such as nutmeg and infant multigrain porridge had higher levels of citrinin contamination than anticipated, indicating that citrinin could be a concern for public health. This highlighted the need for close monitoring of citrinin contamination in these commodities, which may become regulated in the future.
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Rapid Detection and Quantification of Patulin and Citrinin Contamination in Fruits. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154545. [PMID: 34361698 PMCID: PMC8348754 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) and citrinin (CTN) are the most common mycotoxins produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species and are often associated with fruits and fruit by-products. Hence, simple and reliable methods for monitoring these toxins in foodstuffs are required for regular quality assessment. In this study, we aimed to establish a cost-effective method for detection and quantification of PAT and CTN in pome fruits, such as apples and pears, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with spectroscopic detectors without the need for any clean-up steps. The method showed good performance in the analysis of these mycotoxins in apple and pear fruit samples with recovery ranges of 55–97% for PAT and 84–101% for CTN, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) of PAT and CTN in fruits were 0.006 µg/g and 0.001 µg/g, while their limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.018 µg/g and 0.003 µg/g, respectively. The present findings indicate that the newly developed HPLC method provides rapid and accurate detection of PAT and CTN in fruits.
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11
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Twarużek M, Ałtyn I, Kosicki R. Dietary Supplements Based on Red Yeast Rice-A Source of Citrinin? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:497. [PMID: 34357969 PMCID: PMC8310238 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) is secondary metabolite of filamentous molds. This mycotoxin has nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, embryocidal, and fetotoxic properties. It is also produced by several species of the three genera Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Monascus spp., which are used to make red yeast rice (RYR). The material for this study consisted of 15 dietary supplements containing an extract of fermented red rice, available on the Polish market. Samples were extracted using a MeOH-H2O mixture, cleaned-up with an immunoaffinity CitriTest HPLC column, and quantified by HPLC-FLD. None of the analyzed samples contained CIT above the established limit of detection (LOD). Studies on the presence of toxic metabolites in red yeast rice show the importance of regulating this product and of clear information on the label regarding the standardized amounts of monacolin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iwona Ałtyn
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 30 Chodkiewicza Street, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.T.); (R.K.)
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12
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Zhang H, Ahima J, Yang Q, Zhao L, Zhang X, Zheng X. A review on citrinin: Its occurrence, risk implications, analytical techniques, biosynthesis, physiochemical properties and control. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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He Y, Liu J, Chen Q, Gan S, Sun T, Huo S. Monascus sanguineus May Be a Natural Nothospecies. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:614910. [PMID: 33414778 PMCID: PMC7782312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.614910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Monascus has important economic and ecological values. In 2016, we isolated a strain M. sanguineus. After studying the phylogenetic relationship of Monascus, we believe that M. sanguineus is an independent species and speculate that it is a natural nothospecies. Recently, the morphological characteristics and sequences of seven genes (ITS, LSU, β-tubulin, calmodulin, RNA polymerase II subunit, β-ketoacyl synthase, and mating-type locus 1-1) of 15 Monascus strains were analyzed, including sequencing of multiple clones of five protein genes in four M. sanguineus strains. Two types of haplotypes (A and B) were observed in the five protein genes of M. sanguineus. Haplotype A was closely related to M. ruber, and haplotype B may be derived from an unknown Monascus species. The results demonstrated that M. sanguineus including type strains may be a natural nothospecies. This study laid the foundation for further exploration of the M. sanguineus genome, and the study may be of significant importance for the Monascus fermentation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatao He
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Senning Gan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Sun
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengdong Huo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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14
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Gu S, Chen Z, Wang F, Wang X. Characterization and inhibition of four fungi producing citrinin in various culture media. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:701-710. [PMID: 33386497 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of different fermentation conditions (culture medium, temperature, incubation time, pH value and additive) on citrinin production by four fungi. RESULTS Among the culture media, potato dextrose medium had lowest citrinin production, followed by yeast sucrose medium and monosodium glutamate medium. The lowest citrinin contents were produced by Monascus anka (M. anka) in potato dextrose medium and yeast sucrose medium, Aspergillus oryzae AS3.042 (A. oryzae) produced the lowest citrinin production in monosodium glutamate medium. The optimum fermentation temperatures for citrinin production by Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Penicillium citrinum (P. citrinum) were at 30 °C, whereas those by M. anka and A. oryzae were at 35 °C. Citrinin synthesis by four fungi were completely inhibited with a pH value of less than 5.4. By adding ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or triammonium citrate into monosodium glutamate medium, citrinin production by A. oryzae and A. niger were totally inhibited. Ammonium sulfate completely inhibited citrinin production by A. oryzae, M. anka and P. citrinum, and ammonium nitrate completely inhibited citrinin production by A. oryzae. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that the suitable fermentation conditions could make considerable contributions to the reduction of citrinin production. This study provided an effective way for decreasing the citrinin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouzhou Chen
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Silva LJG, Pereira AMPT, Pena A, Lino CM. Citrinin in Foods and Supplements: A Review of Occurrence and Analytical Methodologies. Foods 2020; 10:E14. [PMID: 33374559 PMCID: PMC7822436 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) deserves attention due to its known toxic effects in mammalian species and its widespread occurrence in food commodities, often along with ochratoxin A, another nephrotoxic mycotoxin. Human exposure, a key element in assessing risk related to food contaminants, depends upon mycotoxin contamination levels in food and on food consumption. Commercial supplements, commonly designated as red rice, usually used in daily diets in Asiatic countries due to their medicinal properties, may pose a health problem as a result of high CIT levels. In addition to the worldwide occurrence of CIT in foods and supplements, a wide range of several analytical and detection techniques with high sensitivity, used for evaluation of CIT, are reviewed and discussed in this manuscript. This review addresses the scientific literature regarding the presence of CIT in foods of either vegetable or animal origin, as well as in supplements. On what concerns analytical methodologies, sample extraction methods, such as shaking extraction and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE), clean-up methods, such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuECHERS), and detection and quantification methods, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), biosensors, and ELISA, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana J. G. Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.M.P.T.P.); (A.P.); (C.M.L.)
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16
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Li Z, Mao Y, Teng J, Xia N, Huang L, Wei B, Chen Q. Evaluation of Mycoflora and Citrinin Occurrence in Chinese Liupao Tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12116-12123. [PMID: 33108873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT), a known nephrotoxic mycotoxin, is mainly produced by Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Monascus species. It is a natural contaminant in cereal grains, foods, and feedstuff. Liupao tea (or Liubao tea) is a typical Chinese dark tea obtained via indigenous tea fermentation facilitated by microorganisms. Certain fungi present in Liupao tea that may produce CIT are a potential threat to consumer health. In the present study, various potential toxigenic mycoflora and the natural occurrence of CIT in Liupao tea were surveyed via the culture-dependent method, high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD), and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Total mold counts ranged from 3.5 × 102 CFU/g to 2.1 × 106 CFU/g tea in 28 tea samples. A total of 218 fungal isolates belonging to five genera and 23 species were identified. Some of these strains, such as Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium citrinum, and Penicillium chrysogenum, may potentially be a CIT-producing species. In addition, 32.7% of 113 Liupao tea samples were contaminated with CIT at concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 206.1 μg/kg. These CIT concentrations in Liupao tea are chiefly attributed to climatic conditions and water activity during storage that favor fungal proliferation and mycotoxin production. However, CIT could not be detected in Liupao tea stored for over 10 years. These results provide the first information about the potential toxigenic mycoflora and natural occurrence of CIT in Liupao tea. Therefore, storage conditions and fungal community must be monitored to ensure the quality of Liupao tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Yan Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530299, China
| | - Jianwen Teng
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ning Xia
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Baoyao Wei
- Institute of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Qingjin Chen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise College, Baise 533000, China
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17
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Li Y, Wang N, Jiao X, Tu Z, He Q, Fu J. The ctnF gene is involved in citrinin and pigment synthesis in Monascus aurantiacus. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:873-881. [PMID: 32812258 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of Monascus is restricted by citrinin. So, it is important to explore the synthetic pathway of citrinin to completely inhibit the production of citrinin. In our previous study, we found that the protein encoded by the ctnF gene has a significant similarity to fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (F26BPase). It is generally known that the bifunctional enzyme F26BPase regulates the glycolytic flux. So, we speculated that the CtnF protein strengthens carbon flux towards acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA which are precursor compounds in citrinin and pigment synthesis. In this study, the ctnF gene-targeting vector pctnF-HPH was constructed and transformed into Monascus aurantiacus. A ctnF-deficient strain was selected by four sets of primers and polymerase chain reaction amplification. Compared with the wild-type strain, citrinin content in the deficient strain was reduced by 34%, and the pigment production was decreased by 72%. These results indicate that the ctnF gene is involved in the common synthesis of citrinin and pigment, which is consistent with previous speculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuexue Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhui Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qinghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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18
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Atapattu SN, Poole CF. Recent advances in analytical methods for the determination of citrinin in food matrices. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461399. [PMID: 32823104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Citrinin is a toxic small organic molecule produced as a secondary metabolite by fungi types Penicillium, Monascus and Aspergillus and is known to contaminate various food commodities during postharvest stages of food production. During the last 10 years, most reported methods for citrinin analysis employed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or high-performance liquid chromatography. Over this same time period, liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and QuEChERS were the most cited sample preparation and clean-up methods. In this review the advantages and disadvantages of the various sample preparation, separation and detection methods for citrinin analysis over the last decade are evaluated. Furthermore, current trends, emerging technologies and the future prospects of these methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin F Poole
- Department of chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
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19
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Sun M, Li S, Xu J, Zhou Y, Fu R. Simple and Accurate Spectrofluorimetric Method for Detecting Citrinin in Red Fermented Rice. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1709076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun
- School of Tea and Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Suwen Li
- School of Tea and Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiahao Xu
- School of Tea and Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yibin Zhou
- School of Tea and Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruiyan Fu
- School of Tea and Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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20
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Borba VSD, Paiva Rodrigues MH, Badiale-Furlong E. Impact of Biological Contamination of Rice on Food Safety. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1683745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Simões De Borba
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Marcy Heli Paiva Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
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21
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Chen E, Xu Y, Ma B, Cui H, Sun C, Zhang M. Carboxyl-Functionalized, Europium Nanoparticle-Based Fluorescent Immunochromatographic Assay for Sensitive Detection of Citrinin in Monascus Fermented Food. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100605. [PMID: 31627364 PMCID: PMC6832703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A fluorescent immunochromatographic test strip (FICTS) based on the use of europium nanoparticles (EuNPs) was developed and applied to detect citrinin (CIT) in Monascus fermented food. The sensitivity of the immunoassay to detect CIT was greatly improved by the use of a specific monoclonal antibody to attach EuNPs to form a probe. Under optimum conditions, the visual detection limit was 2.5 ng/mL, and the detection limit of the instrument was 0.05 ng/mL. According to the results, the IC50 was 0.4 ng/mL. Matrix interference from various Monascus fermented foods was investigated in food sample detection. The immunosensor also demonstrated high recoveries (86.8-113.0%) and low relative standard deviations (RSDs) (1.8-15.3%) when testing spiked Monascus fermented food. The detection results of this method showed a good correlation (R2 > 0.98) with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the FICTS method could be used as a rapid, sensitive method to detect CIT in Monascus fermented food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjing Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Biao Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Haifeng Cui
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Chuanxin Sun
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), P.O. Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mingzhou Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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22
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Davoudi Moghadam H, Shahidi F, Tabatabaei Yazdi F, Sarabi Jamab M, Eshaghi Z. Biological detoxification of Monascus purpureus pigments by heat-treated Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4439-4444. [PMID: 30866050 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, there is an increasing concern about the consumption of synthetic colorants in food because of their possible health hazards. Monascus purpureus has attracted a great deal of attention as it produces various coloured pigments with high chemical stability, but it also produces citrinin, a secondary toxic metabolite, along with the pigments. This study aims to investigate the amount of pigment and citrinin reduction by different treatments with Saccharomyces cerevisiae such as heat treatment and suspension concentration. RESULTS The results indicated that the ability of S. cerevisiae regarding citrinin adsorption increased with increase of temperature and yeast concentration. The maximum extent of citrinin adsorption was related to heat treatment at 121 °C and a yeast concentration of 105 cells mL-1 , for which citrinin reduced from 4.43 mg L-1 in control to 0.1 mg L-1 . Heat treatment of 103 cells mL-1 suspension of S. cerevisiae cells at 50 °C, with 0.56 mg L-1 citrinin remaining in the medium, showed the lowest ability for citrinin binding. The optimum absorbance of all red, orange and yellow pigments was observed for the heat treatment at 50 °C and yeast concentrations of 103 and 104 cells mL-1 which was greater than that for the control. CONCLUSIONS We can conclude from this study that heat treatment with S. cerevisiae can be a useful way to reduce citrinin to below the standard limits. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fakhri Shahidi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahboobe Sarabi Jamab
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zarrin Eshaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Mashhad, Iran
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23
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Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in China: Occurrence, detection techniques, toxicological effects and advances in mitigation technologies. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Liu Y, Wang H, Yao S, Zhu P. Detection of trace amounts of citrinin in dried orange peel by using an optimized extraction method coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Zhaoqing University; Zhaoqing China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Zhaoqing University; Zhaoqing China
| | - Su Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Zhaoqing University; Zhaoqing China
| | - Peijie Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Zhaoqing University; Zhaoqing China
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25
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Zhang L, Dou XW, Zhang C, Logrieco AF, Yang MH. A Review of Current Methods for Analysis of Mycotoxins in Herbal Medicines. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E65. [PMID: 29393905 PMCID: PMC5848166 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in herbal medicines is an established problem throughout the entire world. The sensitive and accurate analysis of mycotoxin in complicated matrices (e.g., herbs) typically involves challenging sample pretreatment procedures and an efficient detection instrument. However, although numerous reviews have been published regarding the occurrence of mycotoxins in herbal medicines, few of them provided a detailed summary of related analytical methods for mycotoxin determination. This review focuses on analytical techniques including sampling, extraction, cleanup, and detection for mycotoxin determination in herbal medicines established within the past ten years. Dedicated sections of this article address the significant developments in sample preparation, and highlight the importance of this procedure in the analytical technology. This review also summarizes conventional chromatographic techniques for mycotoxin qualification or quantitation, as well as recent studies regarding the development and application of screening assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, lateral flow immunoassays, aptamer-based lateral flow assays, and cytometric bead arrays. The present work provides a good insight regarding the advanced research that has been done and closes with an indication of future demand for the emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiao-Wen Dou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- National Research Council of Italy, CNR-ISPA, Via G. Amendola, 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Mei-Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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26
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Kong D, Xie Z, Liu L, Song S, Kuang H. Development of ic-ELISA and lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay strip for the detection of citrinin in cereals. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1312293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dezhao Kong
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengjun Xie
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Song
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Abstract
The genus Monascus was described by van Tieghem (1884) to accommodate M. ruber and M. mucoroides, two species with non-ostiolate ascomata. Species delimitation in the genus is still mainly based on phenotypic characters, and taxonomic studies that include sequence data are limited. The genus is of economic importance. Species are used in fermented Asian foods as food colourants (e.g. ‘red rice’ (ang-kak, angka)) and found as spoilage organisms, and recently Monascus was found to be essential in the lifecycle of stingless bees. In this study, a polyphasic approach was applied combining morphological characters, ITS, LSU, β-tubulin, calmodulin and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit sequences and extrolite data, to delimit species and to study phylogenetic relationships in Monascus. Furthermore, 30 Monascus isolates from honey, pollen and nests of stingless bees in Brazil were included. Based on this polyphasic approach, the genus Monascus is resolved in nine species, including three new species associated with stingless bees (M. flavipigmentosus sp. nov., M. mellicola sp. nov., M. recifensis sp. nov., M. argentinensis, M. floridanus, M. lunisporas, M. pallens, M. purpureus, M. ruber), and split in two new sections (section Floridani sect. nov., section Rubri sect. nov.). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the xerophile Monascus eremophilus does not belong in Monascus and monophyly in Monascus is restored with the transfer of M. eremophilus to Penicillium (P. eremophilum comb. nov.). A list of accepted and excluded Monascus and Basipetospora species is given, together with information on (ex-)types cultures and barcode sequence data.
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The Preparation and Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody against Citrinin and the Development of Detection via Indirect Competitive ELISA. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030110. [PMID: 28304351 PMCID: PMC5371865 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CTN) is a hepato-nephrotoxic mycotoxin produced by fungi genera of Aspergillus, Monauscus, and Penicillium. CTN contaminates grains, fruits, juices and vegetables, and causes various toxic effects to humans and animals. It has small molecular weight, which is non-immunogenic to animals. Thus, CTN was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA), respectively, by amide bonds using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). Mice were immunized with CTN-BSA conjugates, and spleen cells of the immunized mice were fused with Sp2/0 myeloma cells to obtain 21H27 hybriodoma cell. Ascitic fluid of hybridoma cell was produced in mice abdomen, and purified using caprylic/ammonium sulfate precipitation method. The 21H27 anti-CTN mcAb was the IgG2a antibody subclass, and cross-reactivity results indicated that anti-CTN mcAb is specific to CTN with high affinity (2.0 × 108 L/mol). Indirect competitive ELISA (ic-ELISA) results showed that the linear range of detection was 0.01–5.96 ng/mL and the IC50 was 0.28 ng/mL with a lower detection limit (LOD) of 0.01 ng/mL. The average recovery was 93.8% ± 1.6% with a coefficient variation of 1.0%–4.3%. Hence, anti-CTN mcAb secreted by 21H27 hybridoma cell was successfully produced and can be used to detect CTN contaminated feed and foodstuffs.
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Development of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction: determination of citrinin in rice samples by liquid chromatography with UV diode array detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3033-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chen MT, Hsu YH, Wang TS, Chien SW. Mycotoxin monitoring for commercial foodstuffs in Taiwan. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:147-156. [PMID: 28911397 PMCID: PMC9345431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic food contaminants that are naturally produced by certain fungi. They induce negative effects on human health by making food unsafe for consumption. In this study, analyses were performed to determine the levels and incidence of aflatoxins (AFs) in peanut products, tree nuts, spices, and Coix seeds; ochratoxin A (OTA) in wheat and roasted coffee, as well as OTA and AFs in rice; and citrinin (CIT) in red yeast rice (RYR) products. A total of 712 samples from nine different food categories were collected between 2012 and 2013. The samples were analyzed over 2 years for AFs, OTA, and CIT by methods recommended by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. These official analytical methods were extensively validated in-house and through interlaboratory trials. The analytical values of suspected contaminated specimens were confirmed by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry analysis to identify the specific mycotoxin present in the sample. We show that 689 samples (96.8%) complied with the regulations set by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. AFs were found in four peanut-candy products, one peanut-flour product, one pistachio product, one Sichuan-pepper product, and one Coix seed product. All had exceeded the maximum levels of 15 parts per billion for peanut and 10 parts per billion for other food products. Furthermore, 14 RYR samples contained CIT above 5 parts per million, and one RYR tablet exceeded the maximum amount allowed. Instances of AFs in substandard Sichuan pepper and Coix seeds were first detected in Taiwan. Measures were taken by the relevant authorities to remove substandard products from the market in order to decrease consumer exposure to mycotoxin. Border control measures were applied to importing food commodities with a higher risk of mycotoxin contamination, such as peanut, Sichuan pepper, and RYR products. Declining trends were observed in the noncompliance rate of AFs in peanut products, as well as that of CIT in RYR raw materials monitored from 2010 to 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tzai Chen
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare,
Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsin Hsu
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare,
Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Sui Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare,
Taiwan
| | - Shi-Wern Chien
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare,
Taiwan
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31
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A molecular imprinted SPR biosensor for sensitive determination of citrinin in red yeast rice. Food Chem 2015; 184:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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32
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Veprikova Z, Zachariasova M, Dzuman Z, Zachariasova A, Fenclova M, Slavikova P, Vaclavikova M, Mastovska K, Hengst D, Hajslova J. Mycotoxins in Plant-Based Dietary Supplements: Hidden Health Risk for Consumers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6633-6643. [PMID: 26168136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of dietary supplements represents a possible risk for human health, especially in the case of products intended for people suffering from certain health conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of this problem based on analyses of a wide set of herbal-based dietary supplements intended for various purposes: (i) treatment of liver diseases (milk thistle); (ii) reduction of menopause effects (red clover, flax seed, and soy); and (iii) preparations for general health support (green barley, nettle, goji berries, yucca, etc.) The analytical method including 57 mycotoxins was based on a QuEChERS-like (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) approach and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The main mycotoxins determined were Fusarium trichothecenes, zearalenone and enniatins, and Alternaria mycotoxins. Co-occurrence of enniatins, HT-2/T-2 toxins, and Alternaria toxins was observed in many cases. The highest mycotoxin concentrations were found in milk thistle-based supplements (up to 37 mg/kg in the sum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Veprikova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Zachariasova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Dzuman
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zachariasova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Fenclova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Slavikova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Vaclavikova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Mastovska
- ‡Covance Laboratories, Nutritional Chemistry and Food Safety, 3301 Kinsman Blvd., Madison, Wisconsin 53704, United States
| | - Daniel Hengst
- ‡Covance Laboratories, Nutritional Chemistry and Food Safety, 3301 Kinsman Blvd., Madison, Wisconsin 53704, United States
| | - Jana Hajslova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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33
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Huertas-Pérez JF, Arroyo-Manzanares N, García-Campaña AM, Gámiz-Gracia L. High-throughput determination of citrinin in rice by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection (UHPLC-FL). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1352-7. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1055522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Ji X, Xu J, Wang X, Qi P, Wei W, Chen X, Li R, Zhou Y. Citrinin Determination in Red Fermented Rice Products by Optimized Extraction Method Coupled to Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Food Sci 2015; 80:T1438-44. [PMID: 25943499 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method was developed and validated for citrinin determination in red fermented rice products by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) under the selected reaction monitoring mode. Sample preparation was especially focused, and the quantitative methods of LC-MS/MS and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) were compared. In red fermented rice samples, the limit of detection was 1.0 μg/kg for LC-MS/MS compared to 250 μg/kg for HPLC-FLD, the limit of quantification was 3.0 μg/kg for LC-MS/MS compared to 825 μg/kg for HPLC-FLD. High correlation coefficient was obtained (R(2) = 0.999) within the linear range (0.1 to 100 μg/L) in the MS method. The recoveries ranging from 80.9% to 106.5% were obtained in different spiking concentrations. The average intra- and inter-day accuracy ranged from 75.4% to 103.1%, and the intra- and inter-day precisions were from 3.3% to 7.9%. The developed method was applied to 12 commercial red fermented rice products, and citrinin was found in 10 samples ranging from 0.14 to 44.24 mg/kg. Compared to traditional qualitative and quantitative methods, the newly developed LC-MS/MS method for citrinin determination includes the merits of using a small amount of extraction solvent, simple preparation steps, and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Junfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Xiaofu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural Univ., Hefei, 230036, P.R. China
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35
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Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for maximal recovery of active monacolins and removal of toxic citrinin from red yeast rice by a full factorial design coupled with response surface methodology. Food Chem 2015; 170:186-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Ali N, Blaszkewicz M, Mohanto NC, Rahman M, Alim A, Hossain K, Degen GH. First results on citrinin biomarkers in urines from rural and urban cohorts in Bangladesh. Mycotoxin Res 2014; 31:9-16. [PMID: 25488509 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-014-0217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin contaminant in food commodities and can co-occur with ochratoxin A (OTA), another nephrotoxic contaminant in food and feed. Presence of OTA in maize from Bangladesh has been reported, but no data exist on CIT occurrence in food or feed in Bangladesh. Since biomonitoring provides the best approach to assess human exposure to contaminants from various sources and by all routes, a validated method for biomarker analysis has been used to investigate the presence of CIT and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone (HO-CIT) in urines from two Bangladeshi cohorts: Both analytes were determined in urine samples collected from inhabitants of a rural (n=32) and an urban (n=37) area in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. After cleanup by immunoaffinity columns, extracts were analyzed by LC-MS/MS; the limits of detection for CIT and HO-CIT in urine were 0.02 and 0.05 ng/mL, respectively. CIT and HO-CIT were detectable in 94 and 71% of all urine samples. Urinary biomarker levels did not show significant correlations with age, gender, and body mass index of the donors. However, excretion of CIT together with its metabolite HO-CIT was significantly higher (p<0.01) in the rural cohort (mean 1.1±1.9 ng/mL) than in the urban cohort (mean 0.14±0.14 ng/mL). This clearly indicates differences in mycotoxin exposure. As food habits differ between rural and urban people and also their main areas of occupation, further research is needed with regard to the major contributors of CIT exposure in the two cohorts. In conclusion, this first biomarker analysis indicates widespread and variable exposure to CIT in Bangladeshi adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, D-44139, Dortmund, Germany
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37
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Jiménez-López J, Llorent-Martínez E, Ortega-Barrales P, Ruiz-Medina A. Multi-commutated fluorometric optosensor for the determination of citrinin in rice and red yeast rice supplements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1744-50. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.949874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Savi GD, Piacentini KC, Scussel VM. Ozone Treatment Efficiency in Aspergillus
and Penicillium
Growth Inhibition and Mycotoxin Degradation of Stored Wheat Grains (Triticum aestivum
L.). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geovana D. Savi
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants; Food Science and Technology Department; Center of Agricultural Sciences; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Karim C. Piacentini
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants; Food Science and Technology Department; Center of Agricultural Sciences; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Vildes M. Scussel
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants; Food Science and Technology Department; Center of Agricultural Sciences; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Santa Catarina Brazil
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39
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Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stroka J, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2012-2013. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2012 and mid-2013. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. A wide range of analytical methods for mycotoxin determination in food and feed were developed last year, in particular immunochemical methods and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based methods. After a section on sampling and sample preparation, due to the rapid spread and developments in the field of LC-MS/MS multimycotoxin methods, a separate section has been devoted to this area of research. It is followed by a section on mycotoxins in botanicals and spices, before continuing with the format of previous reviews in this series with dedicated sections on method developments for the individual mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P.A. Burdaspal
- National Centre for Food, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Carretera de Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 5, 228220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M.H. Iha
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Laboratrio I de Ribeiro Preto, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, CEP 14085-410, Ribeiro Preto SP, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 700126, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 700126, Italy
| | - J. Stroka
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), European Commission Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - T.B. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
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40
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Aiko V, Mehta A. Inhibitory Effect of Clove (S
yzygium aromaticum
) on the Growth of P
enicillium citrinum
and Citrinin Production. J Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Visenuo Aiko
- School of Biosciences and Technology; VIT University; Vellore 632014 India
| | - Alka Mehta
- School of Biosciences and Technology; VIT University; Vellore 632014 India
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41
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Pimentel M, Araújo A, Figueiredo Z, Silva R, Cavalcanti M, Moreira K, Filho J, Porto A. Aqueous two-phase system for citrinin extraction from fermentation broth. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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YANG XH, KONG WJ, YANG MH, ZHAO M, OUYANG Z. Application of Aptamer Identification Technology in Rapid Analysis of Mycotoxins. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(13)60630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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43
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Xu F, Weijun K, Meihua Y, Zhen O. Latest Advancement for Detection Methods of Mycotoxins in Traditional Chinese Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1876-3553(13)60011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Kačániová M, Kňazovická V, Felšöciová S, Rovná K. Microscopic fungi recovered from honey and their toxinogenity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2012; 47:1659-1664. [PMID: 22702826 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.687242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to contribute towards the knowledge of microbiology of honey, more than 50 samples of honey from Slovakia and other countries were mycologically investigated in terms of the overall fungal diversity and toxicological potential of isolated fungi from Penicillium genera. The study revealed that out of 13 genera recovered, Penicillium was the most frequent and diverse genus, followed by Aspergillus and Cladosporium being found in 65.91 % (29 samples), 34.1 % (15 samples) and 29.55 % (13 samples), respectively. The most frequently encountered taxa from Penicillium genera were Penicillium chrysogenum (found in 22.73 %), Penicillium brevicompactum (13.64 %), Penicillium crustosum (11.36 %) and Penicillium griseofulvum (11.36 %). In addition, the following genera were recorded (in descending order) Mycelia (18.18 %), Fusarium (11.36 %), Mucor (9.09 %), Acremonium (6.82 %), Alternaria (4.55 %), Epicoccum (4.55 %), and finally Botrytis, Eurotium Trichoderma and Phoma all were encountered in 2.27 % of the samples being represented. The mean value counts of total fungi ranged from 0.00 to 2 × 10(2) cfu.g(-1). Outcomes from mycotoxin screening within the appropriate potentially toxinogenic species from Penicillium genera showed a number of mycotoxin producers, namely those forming citrinin (n = 1), cyclopiazonic acid (n = 5), griseofulvin (n = 5), patulin (n = 5), penitrem A (n = 2) and roquefortin C (n = 13).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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