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Boukid F, Ganeshan S, Wang Y, Tülbek MÇ, Nickerson MT. Bioengineered Enzymes and Precision Fermentation in the Food Industry. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10156. [PMID: 37373305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes have been used in the food processing industry for many years. However, the use of native enzymes is not conducive to high activity, efficiency, range of substrates, and adaptability to harsh food processing conditions. The advent of enzyme engineering approaches such as rational design, directed evolution, and semi-rational design provided much-needed impetus for tailor-made enzymes with improved or novel catalytic properties. Production of designer enzymes became further refined with the emergence of synthetic biology and gene editing techniques and a plethora of other tools such as artificial intelligence, and computational and bioinformatics analyses which have paved the way for what is referred to as precision fermentation for the production of these designer enzymes more efficiently. With all the technologies available, the bottleneck is now in the scale-up production of these enzymes. There is generally a lack of accessibility thereof of large-scale capabilities and know-how. This review is aimed at highlighting these various enzyme-engineering strategies and the associated scale-up challenges, including safety concerns surrounding genetically modified microorganisms and the use of cell-free systems to circumvent this issue. The use of solid-state fermentation (SSF) is also addressed as a potentially low-cost production system, amenable to customization and employing inexpensive feedstocks as substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Boukid
- ClonBio Group Ltd., 6 Fitzwilliam Pl, D02 XE61 Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Yingxin Wang
- Saskatchewan Food Industry Development Centre, Saskatoon, SK S7M 5V1, Canada
| | | | - Michael T Nickerson
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Zaitsev SY, Savina AA, Zaitsev IS. Biochemical aspects of lipase immobilization at polysaccharides for biotechnology. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 272:102016. [PMID: 31421454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The design of immobilized enzyme preparations is an important and relevant area of modern sciences and technologies. Immobilization of enzymes from animal sources (component I) on natural carriers (component II) increases the system stability by protecting the active site of the enzyme from deactivation; facilitates the separation and accelerates the recovery of the enzyme. This makes reuse possible and provides a significant reduction in operating costs. Hydrolytic enzymes (such as lipases) and polysaccharides (such as chitosan) are the most promising of such pairs of components. The main attention here is devoted to the discussion on lipase immobilization on polysaccharide (mainly - chitin and chitosan). Based on the analysis of the available literature, the most adequate method is the immobilization of lipase from porcine pancreas (LPP) on polysaccharide particles (such as chitin or chitosan) pre-treated with ultrasound (to increase the particle surface area) and glutaraldehyde (for particle activation) that shows reasonably high LPP activity and stability. In order to increase further the activity of the lipase, some authors proposed to incorporate a spacer in the form of 1,3-diaminopropane (or 1,3-diaminobutane) prior to activation of the surface of the chitosan particles. In particular cases, the use of chitin (instead of chitosan) may be an alternative solution for biotechnological applications. Recently the idea of constructing "supramolecular enzyme systems" realized in the so-called "coimmobilized multienzymatic systems" strategy. The most fascinating example is the combined assay of a mixture of native LPP, glycerol kinase (from Cellulomonas) and glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase (from Aerococcus viridans) linked by glutaraldehyde to chitosan (as shell for inorganic nanoparticle core). This material was placed on a Pt-electrode as biosensor and was successfully applied for amperometric determination of the triglyceride level in the serum of healthy and diseased person. Thus, the whole innovative research-production sequence is described by Aggarwal V. and Pundir C.S.: from simple components to advanced material and further biomedical application. Thus, the following approach of lipase immobilization appears the most promising for future applications: a few types of lipases or the combination of LPP with some other enzymes immobilized simultaneously on multifunctional carriers (as nanohybrids of inorganic core and polysaccharide shell).
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Rahmayetty, Whulanza Y, Sukirno, Rahman SF, Suyono EA, Yohda M, Gozan M. Use of Candida rugosa lipase as a biocatalyst for L-lactide ring-opening polymerization and polylactic acid production. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Younes M, Aggett P, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Dusemund B, Filipič M, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Kuhnle GG, Leblanc JC, Lillegaard IT, Moldeus P, Mortensen A, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, Boon P, Chrysafidis D, Gürtler R, Mosesso P, Tobback P, Rincon AM, Horvath Z, Lambré C. Re-evaluation of mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids (E 471) as food additives. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05045. [PMID: 32625340 PMCID: PMC7010209 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids (E 471) when used as a food additive. The Panel considered that it is very likely that hydrolysis of mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids by lipases in the gastrointestinal tract would occur, resulting in the release of glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol (E 422) and fatty acids (E 570) have been re-evaluated and the Panel concluded that there was no safety concern regarding their use as food additives. Toxicological studies with mono- and di-glycerides rich in unsaturated fatty acids were considered for the re-evaluation of E 471. No evidence for adverse effects was reported in short-term, subchronic studies, chronic, reproductive and developmental toxicity studies. Neither carcinogenic potential nor a promotion effect in initiation/promotion was reported. The available studies did not raise any concern with regard to genotoxicity. The refined estimates were based on 31 out of 84 food categories in which E 471 is authorised. The Panel noted that the contribution of E 471 represented at the mean only 0.8-3.5% of the recommended daily fat intake. Based on the approach described in the conceptual framework for the risk assessment of certain food additives re-evaluated under Commission Regulation (EU) No 257/2010 and taking into account the considerations mentioned above, the Panel concluded that there was no need for a numerical acceptable daily intake (ADI) and that the food additive mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids (E 471) was of no safety concern at the reported uses and use levels. The Panel recommended some modifications of the EU specifications for E 471.
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Andrade TA, Errico M, Christensen KV. Influence of the reaction conditions on the enzyme catalyzed transesterification of castor oil: A possible step in biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 243:366-374. [PMID: 28683390 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the influence of the reaction parameters is of paramount importance when defining a process design. In this work, non-edible castor oil was reacted with methanol to produce a possible component for biodiesel blends, using liquid enzymes as the catalyst. Temperature, alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, enzyme and added water contents were the reaction parameters evaluated in the transesterification reactions. The optimal conditions, giving the optimal final FAME yield and FFA content in the methyl ester-phase was identified. At 35°C, 6.0 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 5wt% of enzyme and 5wt% of water contents, 94% of FAME yield and 6.1% of FFA in the final composition were obtained. The investigation was completed with the analysis of the component profiles, showing that at least 8h are necessary to reach a satisfactory FAME yield together with a minor FFA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles A Andrade
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Massimiliano Errico
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Knud V Christensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Trbojević Ivić J, Milosavić N, Dimitrijević A, Gavrović Jankulović M, Bezbradica D, Kolarski D, Veličković D. Synthesis of medium-chain length capsinoids from coconut oil catalyzed by Candida rugosa lipases. Food Chem 2017; 218:505-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Chen G, Liu J, Qi Y, Yao J, Yan B. Biodiesel production using magnetic whole-cell biocatalysts by immobilization of Pseudomonas mendocina on Fe3O4-chitosan microspheres. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Marzuki NHC, Huyop F, Aboul-Enein HY, Mahat NA, Wahab RA. Modelling and optimization ofCandida rugosananobioconjugates catalysed synthesis of methyl oleate by response surface methodology. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1078744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Kuo TC, Shaw JF, Lee GC. Conversion of crude Jatropha curcas seed oil into biodiesel using liquid recombinant Candida rugosa lipase isozymes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 192:54-9. [PMID: 26011691 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The versatile Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) has been widely used in biotechnological applications. However, there have not been feasibility reports on the transesterification of non-edible oils to produce biodiesel using the commercial CRL preparations, mixtures of isozymes. In the present study, four liquid recombinant CRL isozymes (CRL1-CRL4) were investigated to convert various non-edible oils into biodiesel. The results showed that recombinant CRL2 and CRL4 exhibited superior catalytic efficiencies for producing fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from Jatropha curcas seed oil. A maximum 95.3% FAME yield was achieved using CRL2 under the optimal conditions (50 wt% water, an initial 1 equivalent of methanol feeding, and an additional 0.5 equivalents of methanol feeding at 24h for a total reaction time of 48 h at 37 °C). We concluded that specific recombinant CRL isozymes could be excellent biocatalysts for the biodiesel production from low-cost crude Jatropha oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chun Kuo
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Chiun Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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