1
|
Deng H, Ji L, Han X, Wu T, Han B, Li C, Zhan J, Huang W, You Y. Research progress on the application of different controlling strategies to minimizing ethyl carbamate in grape wine. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1495-1516. [PMID: 36856535 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a probable carcinogenic compound commonly found in fermented foods and alcoholic beverages and has been classified as a category 2A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Alcoholic beverages are one of the main sources of EC intake by humans. Therefore, many countries have introduced a standard EC limit in alcoholic beverages. Wine is the second largest alcoholic beverage in the world after beer and is loved by consumers for its rich taste. However, different survey results showed that the detection rate of EC in wine was almost 100%, while the maximum content was as high as 100 μg/L, necessitating EC content regulation in wine. The existing methods for controlling the EC level in wine mainly include optimizing raw fermentation materials and processes, using genetically engineered strains, and enzymatic methods (urease or urethanase). This review focused on introducing and comparing the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of methods for controlling EC, and proposes two possible new techniques, that is, changing the fermentation strain and exogenously adding phenolic compounds. In the future, it is hoped that the feasibility of this prospect will be verified by pilot-scale or large-scale application to provide new insight into the regulation of EC during wine production. The formation mechanism and influencing factors of EC in wine were also introduced and the analytical methods of EC were summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Deng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ji
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyang Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Xinghua Industrial Research Centre for Food Science and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Xinghua, China
| | - Jicheng Zhan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin You
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abt E, Incorvati V, Robin LP, Redan BW. Occurrence of Ethyl Carbamate in Foods and Beverages: Review of the Formation Mechanisms, Advances in Analytical Methods, and Mitigation Strategies. J Food Prot 2021; 84:2195-2212. [PMID: 34347857 PMCID: PMC9092314 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a process contaminant that can be formed as a by-product during fermentation and processing of foods and beverages. Elevated EC concentrations are primarily associated with distilled spirits, but this compound has also been found at lower concentrations in foods and beverages, including breads, soy sauce, and wine. Evidence from animal studies suggests that EC is a probable human carcinogen. Consequently, several governmental institutions have established allowable limits for EC in the food supply. This review includes EC formation mechanisms, occurrence of EC in the food supply, and EC dietary exposure assessments. Current analytical methods used to detect EC will be covered, in addition to emerging technologies, such as nanosensors and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Various mitigation methods have been used to maintain EC concentrations below allowable limits, including distillation, enzymatic treatments, and genetic engineering of yeast. More research in this field is needed to refine mitigation strategies and develop methods to rapidly detect EC in the food supply. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim S, Jung S, Kim I, Chung M, Shin S, Lee J. Ethyl carbamate in retail market condiments and risk assessment of its dietary exposure for the Korean population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:2026-2035. [PMID: 34407742 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1963491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC), a potential human dietary carcinogen, is found in fermented foods including the fermented soybean-based condiments, the major part of the Korean diet. Therefore, it is expected that their EC contents might pose health risks. Herein, we collected 111 condiments and estimated their EC contents via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Further, dietary intake of EC was evaluated, and the risk levels were assessed via the margin of exposure (MOE) approach and excess cancer risk assessment. EC contents of the condiments ranged from not detectable to 39.47 μg/kg, and the daily EC exposure ranged from 1.4 to 2.0 ng/kg BW per day, depending on gender and age groups in Korea. Of the condiments, soy sauce was the largest contributor to EC exposure. MOE and excess cancer risks for the average consumer were 166,300 and 9.0 × 10-8, respectively, and those for the consumers in the 95th percentiles (P95) were 53,504 and 2.8 × 10-7, respectively, indicating that the risk of exposure to EC is of lower concern in average consumers than heavy consumers. However, the EC exposure from condiments was higher than that in other Asian countries.Abbreviations: EC: ethyl carbamate; GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; MOE: margin of exposure; MRL: maximum residue level; IDL: instrumental detection level; IQL: instrumental quantification level; MDL: method detection level; MQL: method quantification level; EDI: estimated daily intakes; BMDL10: benchmark dose lower confidence limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyeon Jung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhwan Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - MyungSub Chung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangah Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jung S, Kim S, Kim I, Chung MS, Moon B, Shin S, Lee J. Risk assessment of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages in Korea using the margin of exposure approach and cancer risk assessment. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
5
|
Development of Cu(II)/Cu(I)-induced quantum dot-mediated fluorescence immunoassay for the sensitive determination of ethyl carbamate. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:533. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
6
|
Lee Y, Hwang I, Kim H, Youn H, Kim CI, Lee JY, Park HM. Validation of analytical methods for heterocyclic amines in seven food matrices using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:408-420. [PMID: 31825750 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1697829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are potent mutagens generated by the high temperatures of the cooking process. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate analytical methods for HCAs determination using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in seven food matrices: corn oil, milk, 20% ethanol, pork, flat fish, sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida), and radish. Six isotopically labelled internal standards were used for quantitation, and Chem Elut and Oasis hydrphilic-liphophilic balance cartridges were applied for sample preparation to remove interferences. Calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99) in all matrices. The ranges of the method detection limit and method quantitation limit were 0.009-2.35 ng g-1 and 0.025-7.13 ng g-1, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 67.5% to 119.6%. The coefficients of variation ranged from 0.3% to 15.1% for intra-day and ranged from 0.8% to 19.1% for inter-day. The methods were applied to 24 total diet study samples for HCAs quantitation. These results indicate that the established methods are reliable for determining HCAs in various foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun Lee
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inju Hwang
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesol Kim
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeock Youn
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Il Kim
- Nutrition Policy & Promotion Team, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yeon Lee
- Nutrition Policy & Promotion Team, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mee Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Automated pre-column derivatization with 9-xanthydrol for the determination of ethyl carbamate in food matrices by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Ma L, Tong W, DU L, Huang S, Wei J, Xiao D. Optimization of an Aqueous Two-Phase System for the Determination of Trace Ethyl Carbamate in Red Wine. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1377-1383. [PMID: 31335183 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with ethanol and K2HPO4 aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was established for the quantitative determination of trace ethyl carbamate (EC) in red wine. The parameters that influence EC extraction in an aqueous two-phase system, including extraction temperature, time, pH, and ethanol concentration, were optimized. Method validation results indicated that the regression coefficient of the proposed method was 0.9979 in the linear range of 10 to 100 μg/L, and the limits of detection and quantification were 2.8 and 9.2 μg/L, respectively. Four red wine samples made from different grape varieties were processed by the proposed method for the repeatability verification, and EC concentrations were between 15.8 and 37.3 μg/L, with the relative standard deviations ranging from 3.5 to 6.6%. Results of the precision assay showed the average recovery of EC in red wine at 95.4 to 107.1%, with the relative standard deviations ranging from 1.4 to 6.2%. This method proved to be simple and reliable for quantitative determination of trace EC in red wine and would give guidance for quality monitoring of various red wines in the production process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Ma
- 1 Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,3 State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhe Tong
- 2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping DU
- 1 Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,3 State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyong Huang
- 2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Wei
- 2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongguang Xiao
- 1 Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,4 Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2043-9961 [L.M.])
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mahat NA, Muktar NK, Ismail R, Abdul Razak FI, Abdul Wahab R, Abdul Keyon AS. Toxic metals in Perna viridis mussel and surface seawater in Pasir Gudang coastal area, Malaysia, and its health implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30224-30235. [PMID: 30155632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of toxic metals in P. viridis mussels has been prevalently reported; hence, health risk assessment for consuming this aquaculture product as well as the surrounding surface seawater at its harvesting sites appears relevant. Since Kampung Pasir Puteh, Pasir Gudang is the major harvesting site in Malaysia, and because the last heavy metal assessment was done in 2009, its current status remains unclear. Herein, flame atomic absorption spectrometry and flow injection mercury/hydride system were used to determine the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and total Hg in P. viridis mussels and surface seawater (January-March 2015), respectively. Significantly higher concentrations of these metals were found in P. viridis mussels (p < 0.05) than that of surface seawater samples. The concentrations for Pb (4.27-6.55 μg/g) and Cd (1.55-2.21 μg/g) in P. viridis mussels exceeded the maximum permitted proportion prescribed by the Malaysian law. The concentrations of all metals in surface seawater also violated the Malaysia Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standards. Significant (p < 0.05) and high strength of association (r = 0.787) observed between Pb concentration in P. viridis mussel with the surface seawater indicates its possible application for inferring Pb concentrations in the mussel. Since both the calculated target hazard quotient and hazard index for Pb and Cd exceeded 1, the possible detrimental health impacts on human for consuming P. viridis mussels from this rearing site cannot be ignored. Hence, promoting continuous monitoring programmes and developing efficient toxic metal removal techniques prior to entering the market are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naji Arafat Mahat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Kamilah Muktar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Razali Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Fazira Ilyana Abdul Razak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Aemi Syazwani Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Determination of Ethyl Carbamate in Sugar Cane Spirit by Direct Injection Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using 18-Crown-6/Trifluoroacetic Acid Spiking Additives. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
11
|
Microstructured prealloyed Titanium-Nickel powder as a novel nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 530:353-360. [PMID: 29982028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
At present, commercial pure Titanium (Ti) and microstructured pre-alloyed Titanium-Nickel (TiNi) powders are employed as a sensitive electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor. Surface characterization of these materials are performed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical characterization is achieved via cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on Ti and TiNi modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical behavior of H2O2 at the pure Ti/GCE and microstructure pre-alloyed TiNi/GCE are studied by CV in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) containing as the supporting electrolyte. In addition, CA is employed for the determination of H2O2 at the applied potential of 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The sensor has a linear response range of 0.5-17.5 mM with a sensitivity of 280 µA mM-1 cm-2. Moreover, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) are 0.5 µM and 1.7 µM, respectively. The electrochemical sensor exhibits fast and selective responses to H2O2 concentration. The applicability of the sensor is checked using a hair coloring as a real sample with satisfactory results.
Collapse
|
12
|
Quantitative strategies for detecting different levels of ethyl carbamate (EC) in various fermented food matrices: An overview. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
13
|
Guo M, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Huang D. Synthesis of switchable intelligent molecularly imprinted polymers with selective adsorption of ethyl carbamate and their application in electrochemical sensor analysis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:25636-25644. [PMID: 35539791 PMCID: PMC9082584 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04323j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A cyclodextrin aldehyde based molecularly imprinted polymer with thermally responsive Diels–Alder (DA) linkages of grafted furan-type dienes was polymerized. The synthesized DA-MIP has dienophile characteristics and the specific absorption of ethyl carbamate (EC) can be switched on or off simply by thermal adjustment to 130 °C and 60 °C, respectively. The imprinting factors (α) of the MIP and rDA-MIP to EC were 6.2 and 5.0, and the selection factors (β) were 5.2 and 4.0, respectively. The restoration of the molecular target ratio was 88%, as determined by absorption and desorption experiments. The thermal restoration ratio, determined by thermal cycling experiments, was 78%. A new electrochemical sensor was prepared using the DA-MIP and its responsiveness for detecting trace amounts of EC was investigated. The results indicate that the electrode response has good affinity and excellent specific recognition performance for template molecular chemicals. A cyclodextrin aldehyde based molecularly imprinted polymer with thermally responsive Diels–Alder (DA) linkages of grafted furan-type dienes was polymerized. The synthesized DA-MIP has dienophile characteristics and the specific adsorption of ethyl carbamate (EC) can be switched on or off simply by thermal adjustment. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang Agricultural & Forestry University
- Hangzhou
- China
- National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Wood-based Resources Comprehensive Utilization
| | - Xinge Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang Agricultural & Forestry University
- Hangzhou
- China
- National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Wood-based Resources Comprehensive Utilization
| | - Yilu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang Agricultural & Forestry University
- Hangzhou
- China
- National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Wood-based Resources Comprehensive Utilization
| | - Dinghai Huang
- Department of Polymer Material Science and Engineering
- Institute of Advanced Polymer Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ethyl carbamate: An emerging food and environmental toxicant. Food Chem 2017; 248:312-321. [PMID: 29329860 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC), a chemical substance widely present in fermented food products and alcoholic beverages, has been classified as a Group 2A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). New evidence indicates that long-term exposure to EC may cause neurological disorders. Formation of EC in food and its metabolism have therefore been studied extensively and analytical methods for EC in various food matrices have been established. Due to the potential threat of EC to human health, mitigation strategies for EC in food products by physical, chemical, enzymatic, and genetic engineering methods have been developed. Natural products are suggested to provide protection against EC-induced toxicity through the modulation of oxidative stress. This review summarizes knowledge on the formation and metabolism of EC, detection of EC in food products, toxic effects of EC on various organs, and mitigation strategies including prevention of EC-induced tumorigenesis and genotoxicity by natural products.
Collapse
|
15
|
Choi B, Ryu D, Kim CI, Lee JY, Choi A, Koh E. Probabilistic dietary exposure to ethyl carbamate from fermented foods and alcoholic beverages in the Korean population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1885-1892. [PMID: 28783003 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1364433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of ethyl carbamate was investigated in fermented foods and alcoholic beverages of the Korean total diet study. The concentrations of ethyl carbamate ranged from not detected to 166.5 μg kg-1. Dietary exposure to ethyl carbamate was estimated by the probabilistic method. Estimated intakes of ethyl carbamate from foods and alcoholic beverages were 4.12 ng kg-1 body weight (bw) per day for average consumers and 12.37 ng kg-1 bw/day for 95th percentile high consumers. The major foods contributing to ethyl carbamate exposure were soy sauce (63%), followed by maesilju (plum liqueur, 30%), whisky (5%), and bokbunjaju (black raspberry wine, 2%). On the basis of the benchmark dose lower confidence limit 10% (BMDL10) of 0.3 mg kg-1 bw/day, margins of exposure were 128,000 for mean exposure and 40,000 for 95th percentile exposure. This indicates that the exposure of the Korean general population for ethyl carbamate is of low concern. However, careful vigilance should be continued for high consumers of fermented foods and alcoholic beverages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Choi
- a Major of Food & Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System , Seoul Women's University , Seoul , Korea
| | - D Ryu
- a Major of Food & Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System , Seoul Women's University , Seoul , Korea
| | - C-I Kim
- b Bureau of Health Industry Promotion , Korea Health Industry Development Institute , Osong , Chungcheongbuk-do , Korea
| | - J-Y Lee
- b Bureau of Health Industry Promotion , Korea Health Industry Development Institute , Osong , Chungcheongbuk-do , Korea
| | - A Choi
- b Bureau of Health Industry Promotion , Korea Health Industry Development Institute , Osong , Chungcheongbuk-do , Korea
| | - E Koh
- a Major of Food & Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System , Seoul Women's University , Seoul , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang HF, Zeng XA, Wang LH, Yu SJ, Brennan MA. Ethyl carbamate control by genomic regulation of arginase in Saccharomyces cerevisiaeEC1118 in sugarcane juice fermentation. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Feng Yang
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Research Center of Guangdong Province; China
| | - Lang-Hong Wang
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Research Center of Guangdong Province; China
| | - Shu-Juan Yu
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Research Center of Guangdong Province; China
| | - Margaret A. Brennan
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Centre for Food Research and Innovation, Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences; Lincoln University; Lincoln 85084 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|