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Chu C, Wang H, Luo X, Fan Y, Nan L, Du C, Gao D, Wen P, Wang D, Yang Z, Yang G, Liu L, Li Y, Hu B, Zunongjiang A, Zhang S. Rapid detection and quantification of melamine, urea, sucrose, water, and milk powder adulteration in pasteurized milk using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with modern statistical machine learning algorithms. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32720. [PMID: 38975113 PMCID: PMC11226831 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an evident requirement for a rapid, efficient, and simple method to screen the authenticity of milk products in the market. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy stands out as a promising solution. This work employed FTIR spectroscopy and modern statistical machine learning algorithms for the identification and quantification of pasteurized milk adulteration. Comparative results demonstrate modern statistical machine learning algorithms will improve the ability of FTIR spectroscopy to predict milk adulteration compared to partial least square (PLS). To discern the types of substances utilized in milk adulteration, a top-performing multiclassification model was established using multi-layer perceptron (MLP) algorithm, delivering an impressive prediction accuracy of 97.4 %. For quantification purposes, bayesian regularized neural networks (BRNN) provided the best results for the determination of both melamine, urea and milk powder adulteration, while extreme gradient boosting (XGB) and projection pursuit regression (PPR) gave better results in predicting sucrose and water adulteration levels, respectively. The regression models provided suitable predictive accuracy with the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) values higher than 3. The proposed methodology proved to be a cost-effective and fast tool for screening the authenticity of pasteurized milk in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haitong Wang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuelu Luo
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yikai Fan
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liangkang Nan
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao Du
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dengying Gao
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Peipei Wen
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dongwei Wang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guochang Yang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongqing Li
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Quality Standards Institue of Animal Husbandry, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830012, China
| | - Abula Zunongjiang
- Quality Standards Institue of Animal Husbandry, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830012, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Tan E, Binti Julmohammad N, Koh WY, Abdullah Sani MS, Rasti B. Application of ATR-FTIR Incorporated with Multivariate Data Analysis for Discrimination and Quantification of Urea as an Adulterant in UHT Milk. Foods 2023; 12:2855. [PMID: 37569123 PMCID: PMC10417858 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Urea is naturally present in milk, yet urea is added intentionally to increase milk's nitrogen content and shelf life. In this study, a total of 50 Ultra heat treatment (UHT) milk samples were spiked with known urea concentrations (0-5 w/v%). Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy with principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis (DA), and multiple linear regression (MLR) were used for the discrimination and quantification of urea. The PCA was built using 387 variables with higher FL > 0.75 from the first PCA with cumulative variability (90.036%). Subsequently, the DA model was built using the same variables from PCA and demonstrated the good distinction between unadulterated and adulterated milk, with a correct classification rate of 98% for cross-validation. The MLR model used 48 variables with p-value < 0.05 from the DA model and gave R2 values greater than 0.90, with RMSE and MSE below 1 for cross-validation and prediction. The DA and MLR models were then validated externally using a test dataset, which shows 100% correct classification, and the t-test result (p > 0.05) indicated that the MLR could determine the percentage of urea in UHT milk within the permission limit (70 mg/mL). In short, the wavenumbers 1626.63, 1601.98, and 1585.5534 cm-1 are suitable as fingerprint regions for detecting urea in UHT milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Tan
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (E.T.); (W.Y.K.); (B.R.)
| | - Norliza Binti Julmohammad
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (E.T.); (W.Y.K.); (B.R.)
| | - Wee Yin Koh
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (E.T.); (W.Y.K.); (B.R.)
| | - Muhamad Shirwan Abdullah Sani
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training, Level 3, KICT Building, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia;
| | - Babak Rasti
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (E.T.); (W.Y.K.); (B.R.)
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Application of 2D-COS-FTIR spectroscopic analysis to milk powder adulteration: Detection of melamine. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hosseini E, Ghasemi JB, Daraei B, Asadi G, Adib N. Near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning-based classification and calibration methods in detection and measurement of anionic surfactant in milk. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Potential of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in adulteration detection and quality assessment in buffalo and goat milks. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Anomaly detection during milk processing by autoencoder neural network based on near-infrared spectroscopy. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hosseini E, Ghasemi JB, Daraei B, Asadi G, Adib N. Application of genetic algorithm and multivariate methods for the detection and measurement of milk-surfactant adulteration by attenuated total reflection and near-infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2696-2703. [PMID: 33073373 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adulteration of milk by hazardous chemicals like surfactants has recently increased. It conceals the quality of the product to gain profit. As milk and milk-based products are consumed by many people, novel analytical procedures are needed to detect these adulterants. This study focused on Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy equipped with an attenuated total reflection (ATR) accessory, and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the determination of milk-surfactant adulteration using a genetic algorithm (GA) coupled with multivariate methods. The model surfactant was sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and its concentration varied from 1.94-19.4 gkg-1 in adulterated samples. RESULTS Prominent peaks in the spectral range of 5500-6400 cm-1 , 1160-1260 cm-1 and 1049-1080 cm-1 may correspond to the sulfonate group in SDS. A genetic algorithm could significantly reduce the number of variables to almost one third by selecting the specific wavenumber region. Principal component analysis (PCA) for ATR and NIR data indicated separate clusters of samples in terms of the concentration level of SDS (P ≤ 0.05). Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to determine the maximum R2 value for ATR and NIR data for calibration, cross-validation and prediction, which were 0.980, 0.972, 0.980, and 0.970, 0.937, and 0.956 respectively. The results showed apparent differences between unadulterated and adulterated samples using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), which was validated by the permutation test. CONCLUSION The results clearly show the successful application of the proposed methods with multivariate analysis in the selection of variables, classification, clustering, and identification of the adulterant in amounts as low as 1.94 gkg-1 in milk. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahesadat Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jahan B Ghasemi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamhassan Asadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Adib
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Tehran, Iran
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de Freitas AG, de Magalhães BE, Minho LA, Leão DJ, Santos LS, Augusto de Albuquerque Fernandes S. FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics for determination of tylosin residues in milk. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1854-1860. [PMID: 32901945 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contamination of milk by antibiotic residues represents risks to the health of consumers; therefore they should be monitored. The objective of this study was to propose a methodology for the determination of tylosin residues directly in fluid milk based on mid-infrared spectroscopy associated with chemometrics, using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy associated with multilayer perceptron network (MLP) and partial least squares (PLS). RESULTS MLP was shown to be adequate for the discrimination of milk samples contaminated with tylosin below or equal to or above the maximum residue limit (MRL), with an accuracy greater than 99%, using FTIR spectra data. PLS was shown to be appropriate for the prediction of the very low concentrations (0-100 μg L-1 ) of tylosin residues in milk using FTIR spectra data. PLS models with high correlation coefficients (R > 0.99) were generated. CONCLUSION FTIR with chemometrics proved to be a non-destructive, efficient and low-cost method for the investigation and quantification of tylosin residues directly in fluid milk. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Gm de Freitas
- Centro de Estudos em Leite, Departamento de Tecnologia Rural e Animal, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Itapetinga, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Ac Minho
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danilo J Leão
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Itapetinga, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Santos
- Departamento de Tecnologia Rural e Animal, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Itapetinga, Brazil
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Balan B, Dhaulaniya AS, Jamwal R, Yadav A, Kelly S, Cannavan A, Singh DK. Rapid detection and quantification of sucrose adulteration in cow milk using Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 240:118628. [PMID: 32599485 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adulteration of milk to gain economic benefit has become a common practice in recent years. Sucrose is illegally added in milk to reconstitute its compositional requirement by improving the total solid contents. The present study is aimed to use FTIR spectroscopy in combination with multivariate chemometric modelling for the differentiation and quantification of sucrose in cow milk. Pure milk and adulterated milk spectra (0.5-7.5% w/v) were observed in the spectral region 4000-400 cm-1. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the discrimination of pure milk and adulterated milk. Soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) was able to classify test samples with a classification efficiency of 100%. Partial least square regression (PLS-R) and principle component regression (PCR) models were established for normal spectra, 1st derivative and 2nd derivative for the quantification of sucrose in milk. PLS-R model (normal spectra) in the combined wavenumber range of 1070-980 cm-1 showed the best prediction based on parameters like coefficient of determination (R2) (Cal: 0.996; Val: 0.993), RMSE (Cal: 0.15% w/v; Val: 0.20% w/v), RE% (Cal: 4.9% w/v; Val: 5.1% w/v) and RPD (13.40). This method has a detection level of 0.5% w/v sucrose adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biji Balan
- Soil Microbial Ecology and Environment Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Amit S Dhaulaniya
- Soil Microbial Ecology and Environment Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rahul Jamwal
- Soil Microbial Ecology and Environment Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Amit Yadav
- Soil Microbial Ecology and Environment Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Simon Kelly
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew Cannavan
- Seibersdorf Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dileep K Singh
- Soil Microbial Ecology and Environment Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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Classification of Milk Samples Using CART. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Identification of tea varieties by mid‐infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy coupled with a possibilistic fuzzy c‐means clustering with a fuzzy covariance matrix. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Quantification of aflatoxin B1 in vegetable oils using low temperature clean-up followed by immuno-magnetic solid phase extraction. Food Chem 2019; 275:390-396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Liu Z, Chen M, Xin Z, Dai W, Han X, Zhang X, Wang H, Xie C. Research on a Dual-Mode Infrared Liquid-Crystal Device for Simultaneous Electrically Adjusted Filtering and Zooming. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020137. [PMID: 30791375 PMCID: PMC6412868 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new dual-mode liquid-crystal (LC) micro-device constructed by incorporating a Fabry⁻Perot (FP) cavity and an arrayed LC micro-lens for performing simultaneous electrically adjusted filtering and zooming in infrared wavelength range is presented in this paper. The main micro-structure is a micro-cavity consisting of two parallel zinc selenide (ZnSe) substrates that are pre-coated with ~20-nm aluminum (Al) layers which served as their high-reflection films and electrodes. In particular, the top electrode of the device is patterned by 44 × 38 circular micro-holes of 120 μm diameter, which also means a 44 × 38 micro-lens array. The micro-cavity with a typical depth of ~12 μm is fully filled by LC materials. The experimental results show that the spectral component with needed frequency or wavelength can be selected effectively from incident micro-beams, and both the transmission spectrum and the point spread function can be adjusted simultaneously by simply varying the root-mean-square value of the signal voltage applied, so as to demonstrate a closely correlated feature of filtering and zooming. In addition, the maximum transmittance is already up to ~20% according the peak-to-valley value of the spectral transmittance curves, which exhibits nearly twice the increment compared with that of the ordinary LC-FP filtering without micro-lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglun Liu
- China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Mingce Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Zhaowei Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Wanwan Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xinjie Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Haiwei Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Changsheng Xie
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Acevedo MSM, Lima MJ, Nascimento CF, Rocha FR. A green and cost-effective procedure for determination of anionic surfactants in milk with liquid-liquid microextraction and smartphone-based photometric detection. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Schwaighofer A, Kuligowski J, Quintás G, Mayer HK, Lendl B. Fast quantification of bovine milk proteins employing external cavity-quantum cascade laser spectroscopy. Food Chem 2018; 252:22-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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What are the scientific challenges in moving from targeted to non-targeted methods for food fraud testing and how can they be addressed? – Spectroscopy case study. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Chen L, Tian Y, Sun B, Cai C, Ma R, Jin Z. Measurement and characterization of external oil in the fried waxy maize starch granules using ATR-FTIR and XRD. Food Chem 2018; 242:131-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Identification of Possible Milk Adulteration Using Physicochemical Data and Multivariate Analysis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Jaiswal P, Jha SN, Kaur J, Hg R. Rapid detection and quantification of soya bean oil and common sugar in bovine milk using attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranita Jaiswal
- Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division; ICAR-Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology; Ludhiana 141004 Punjab India
| | - Shyam Narayan Jha
- Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division; ICAR-Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology; Ludhiana 141004 Punjab India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Punjab Agricultural University; Ludhiana 141004 Punjab India
| | - Ramya Hg
- Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division; ICAR-Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology; Ludhiana 141004 Punjab India
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