Lipase-catalysed esters synthesis of cafestol and kahweol

Trends in the Use of Lipases: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis

Scientific mapping using bibliometric data network analysis was applied to analyze research works related to lipases and their industrial applications, evaluating the current state of research, challenges, and opportunities in the use of these biocatalysts, based on the evaluation of a large number of publications on the topic, allowing a comprehensive systematic data analysis, which had not yet been conducted in relation to studies specifically covering lipases and their industrial applications. Thus, studies involving lipase enzymes published from 2018 to 2022 were accessed from the Web of Science database. The extracted records result in the analysis of terms of bibliographic compatibility among the articles, co-occurrence of keywords, and co-citation of journals using the VOSviewer algorithm in the construction of bibliometric maps. This systematic review analysis of 357 documents, including original and review articles, revealed studies inspired by lipase enzymes in the research period, showing that the development of research, together with different areas of knowledge, presents good results related to the applications of lipases, due to information synchronization. Furthermore, this review showed the main challenges in lipase applications regarding increased production and operational stability; establishing well-defined evaluation criteria, such as cultivation conditions, activity, biocatalyst stability, type of support and reactor; thermodynamic studies; reuse cycles; and it can assist in defining goals for the development of successful large-scale applications, showing several points for improvement of future studies on lipase enzymes.

Lipase-catalysed changes in essential oils revealed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Candida antarctica lipase A (CALA) was applied for the chemo-selective enzymatic transesterification of terpene and phenyl alcohols in 35 different essential oil samples. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC×GC‒MS) analysis enabled the separation and tentative identification of a cohort of 125 compounds, allowing the instant visualisation of the reaction process changes, amid the complex chemical background of the samples. The results indicate that 42 out of 79 alcohols so-identified were fully or partially esterified within 48 h of reaction, with primary alcohols being the substrates of preference of the enzyme (90-100% conversion), followed by secondary alcohols (mostly ~ 80-100% conversion). No significant conversion of tertiary alcohols and phenols was observed using the tested conditions. Overall, the enzyme's performance was consistent for primary alcohol substrates identified in multiple samples of different compositions. The observed selectivity, efficiency, robustness, scalability (enzyme/substrate working concentration ratio > 1:160), potential reusability, mild reaction conditions, and other factors make this process a greener and more sustainable alternative for industry applications, particularly for the manufacture of novel flavours and fragrances.

Extraction of Diterpene-Phytochemicals in Raw and Roasted Coffee Beans and Beverage Preparations and Their Relationship

Cafestol and kahweol are expressive furane-diterpenoids from the lipid fraction of coffee beans with relevant pharmacological properties for human health. Due to their thermolability, they suffer degradation during roasting, whose products are poorly studied regarding their identity and content in the roasted coffee beans and beverages. This article describes the extraction of these diterpenes, from the raw bean to coffee beverages, identifying them and understanding the kinetics of formation and degradation in roasting (light, medium and dark roasts) as the extraction rate for different beverages of coffee (filtered, Moka, French press, Turkish and boiled). Sixteen compounds were identified as degradation products, ten derived from kahweol and six from cafestol, produced by oxidation and inter and intramolecular elimination reactions, with the roasting degree (relationship between time and temperature) being the main factor for thermodegradation and the way of preparing the beverage responsible for the content of these substances in them.

Recent Updates on the Functional Impact of Kahweol and Cafestol on Cancer

Kahweol and cafestol are two diterpenes extracted from Coffea arabica beans that have distinct biological activities. Recent research describes their potential activities, which include anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer properties, among others. The two diterpenes have been shown to have anticancer effects in various in vitro and in vivo cancer models. This review aims to shed light on the recent developments regarding the potential effects of kahweol and cafestol on various cancers. A systematic literature search through Google Scholar and PubMed was performed between February and May 2022 to collect updates about the potential effects of cafestol and kahweol on different cancers in in vitro and in vivo models. The search terms “Kahweol and Cancer” and “Cafestol and Cancer” were used in this literature review as keywords; the findings demonstrated that kahweol and cafestol exhibit diverse effects on different cancers in in vitro and in vivo models, showing pro-apoptotic, cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory properties. In conclusion, the diterpenes kahweol and cafestol display significant anticancer effects, while remarkably unaffecting normal cells. Our results show that both kahweol and cafestol exert their actions on various cancers via inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell growth. Additionally, kahweol acts by inhibiting cell migration.

Discovery of novel coffee diterpenoids with inhibitions on Cav3.1 low voltage-gated Ca2+ channel

Seven new (1-4, 6-8) diterpenoids with rare skeletons and seven known ones (9, 12, 17, 18 and 23-25) were isolated from roasted beans of Coffea arabica L. Together with previously obtained diterpenoids, a total of 26 molecules (1-25, 4a) were evaluated their activities on Cav3.1 low voltage-gated Ca2+ channel. Compounds 1, 3, 6, 7, 12, 13, 17, 19 and 24 exhibited noticeable Cav3.1 inhibitions (41.2%-96.1%) at 10 μM. The IC50 values of 1, 6, 7, 12, 13, 17 and 24 are 2.9, 2.3, 0.68, 14.8, 11.6, 6.1 and 6.8 μM, respectively. The ring moiety at C-18 and C-19, and esterification of OH-17 with long-chain fatty acids seem important for their activities. Further studies indicated that 1 and cafestol may act on different binding sits with the Cav3.1 blocker Z944, which is in clinical trial. Significantly, the present study initially shows that coffee diterpenoids are potential natural resources for Cav3.1 inhibitors.

Metabolic study of cafestol using in silico approach, zebrafish water tank experiments and liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide. Cafestol is an endogenous coffee diterpene present in raw coffee beans and also found in hot beverages, with several biological activities. However, there is still little information on this molecule after ingestion of coffee infusion. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a promising in vivo model for metabolic studies due to the annotation of mammalian orthologs to encode enzymes related to drug metabolism. Experiments using Zebrafish Water Tank (ZWT) model produce more significant number of metabolites for molecular investigation in a cleaner matrix than other classical models, such as purified hepatocytes. This work aimed to investigate the biotransformation of cafestol by the ZWT model using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry equipped with electrospray ionization (UPLC-HRMS) supported by in silico approach using SMARTCyp, Way2Drug and XenoSite Softwares. Twenty-five metabolites of cafestol were proposed by in silico analysis, in which 5 phase I metabolites were confirmed in the ZWT by UPLC and MS/HRMS investigation: 6-hydroxy-cafestol, 6,12-dihydroxy-cafestol, 2-oxo-cafestol, 6-oxo-cafestol and one isomer whose position in the carboxyl group was not determined. These metabolites were observed during 9 h of the experiment, whose contents were associated with the behavioral responses of the fish.

Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on hydrophobic support Accurel MP 1000 in the synthesis of emollient esters

OBJECTIVES

To immobilize Candida rugosa lipase in Accurel MP 1000 (CRL-AMP) by physical adsorption in organic medium and apply in the synthesis of wax esters dodecanoyl octadecanoate 1 and hexadecanoyl octadecanoate 2 in a heptane medium, as well as evaluating the stability and recyclability of CRL-AMP in six reaction cycles.

RESULTS

The specific activity (A_sp) for CRL-AMP was 200 ± 20 U mg^-1. Its catalytic activity was 1300 ± 100 U g^-1. CRL-AMP was used in the synthesis of esters in heptane medium with a 1:1 acid:alcohol molar ratio at 45 °C and 200 rpm. In synthesis 1, conversion was 62.5 ± 3.9% in 30 min at 10% m v^-1 and 56.9 ± 2.8% in 54 min at 5% m v^-1; while in synthesis 2, conversion was 79.0 ± 3.9% in 24 min at 10% m v^-1, and 46.0 ± 2.4% in 54 min at 5% m v^-1. Reuse tests after six consecutive cycles of reaction showed that the biocatalyst retained approximately 50% of its original activity for both reaction systems.

CONCLUSIONS

CRL-AMP showed a high potential in the production of wax esters, since it started from low enzymatic load and high specific activities and conversions were obtained, in addition to allowing an increase in stability and recyclability of the prepared biocatalyst.

Umbelliferone esters with antibacterial activity produced by lipase-mediated biocatalytic pathway

OBJECTIVE

The present report describes the enzymatic acylation of umbelliferone with different vinyl esters as acyl donors biocatalyzed by the commercial lipase Novozym® 435, and the investigation for their antibacterial activity against ATCC and clinical strains isolated from hospital infection sites.

RESULTS

The umbelliferone esters (1-5) were synthesized through the acylation reaction of 7-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one with different long chain vinyl esters catalyzed by the lipase Novozym 435. The reaction conditions were: 10% Novozym 435; tetrahydrofuran:acetone (3:1) for the reactions with acetate, propionate and butyrate vinyl esters 50-90% conversion, and (9:1) for decanoate and laurate vinyl esters 10-15% conversion; acyl donor/umbelliferone molar ratio of 10:1 and 60 °C. All the umbelliferone esters were characterized NMR and (HRMS). The antibacterial activity of the products were tested using the broth microdilution method in order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The results displayed by 7-laurate and 7-decanoate-umbelliferone esters showed the highest antibacterial potential, with 1 mM inhibitory activity for ATCC 33591, a methicillin and oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. They were also able to inhibit gram-negative bacterial strains, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 0.5 mM) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC 1 mM). In addition, 7-laurate- and 7-decanoate-umbelliferone esters were able to inhibit all clinical strains (MIC 1 mM; except 7-laurate-umbelliferone in which MIC 0.5 mM against 55a).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study performing the biocatalysis of umbelliferone followed by the purification of the products and the antibacterial evaluation.