Optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction method for phytochemical compounds and in-vitro antioxidant activity of New Zealand and China Asparagus cultivars (officinalis L.) roots extracts

Integration of glutathione disulfide-mediated extraction and capillary electrophoresis for determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in edible oils

A novel method is introduced for extracting and enriching Cd(II) and Pb(II) from edible oils using glutathione disulfide (GSSG) as both an extractant and a phase-separation agent. The ions in the oils were initially extracted into an aqueous solution containing GSSG. After mixing the solution with acetonitrile at the appropriate volume ratio, a new phase formed, resulting in enrichment of the analytes. The experimental conditions were optimized using response surface methodology with a central composite design. Under optimal conditions, the method offered a combined enrichment factor of >660, with combined extraction efficiencies of 84.31% and 83.35% for Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively. Finally, the method was conjugated to capillary electrophoresis to determine Cd(II) and Pb(II) in edible oil samples, with detection limits of 0.45 and 1.24 ppb, respectively. In comparison to traditional approaches, the GSSG-based method demonstrates rapidity, efficiency, and recyclability in extracting heavy metal ions from complex matrices.

A Comprehensive Review on Advanced Extraction Techniques for Retrieving Bioactive Components from Natural Sources

The extraction of bioactive components from natural sources has gained significant attention in recent years due to increasing demand for natural and functional constituents in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the studies on extracting bioactive components from natural sources using different advanced extraction techniques. It highlights the need for efficient extraction methods to preserve these components' integrity and bioactivity. Various extraction techniques as supercritical-fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, subcritical solvent extraction, and solid-phase microextraction are explored in detail, highlighting their principles, advantages, and limitations. The review further examines the impact of different factors on the extraction process, including solvent selection, extraction time, temperature, ultrasonication-amplitude, etc. Additionally, emerging techniques, such as green extraction methods and nanotechnology-based approaches, are discussed, emphasizing their potential to enhance the extraction efficiency and sustainability of the process. Furthermore, the review presents case studies and experimental results from recent research articles, providing insights into applying different extraction techniques for specific bioactive components, such as phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils. It discusses the extraction yield, bioactivity, and potential utilization of the extracted components in various industries. Overall, this review paper is valuable for researchers, scientists, and industry professionals interested in extracting bioactive components from natural sources. It consolidates the current knowledge on different advanced extraction techniques, their optimization parameters, and their potential applications, facilitating further advancements in the field and the development of innovative extraction methods for bioactive component extraction from natural sources.

Renal-protective effect of Asparagus officinalis aqueous extract against lead-induced nephrotoxicity mouse model

Lead is one of the cursed substances that threaten all human life. Lead poisoning can occur through food or water contaminations and it is hard to be detected. This incognito metal accumulates over time and resides in the liver, kidneys, and brain tissues leading to serious medical conditions, affecting organ functions, causing failure, kidney tubule degeneration, and destroying neuronal development. However, known metal chelators have bad negative effects. Asparagus officinalis (AO) is a promising herb; its root extract exhibited antioxidant, antiapoptotic, protective, and immunomodulatory activities. Inspired by those reasons, this study investigated to which extent Asparagus extract affected male mice's renal toxicity caused by lead acetate (LA) and antioxidant defense system. This work screened for its nephroprotective activity in four mouse groups: negative and positive control, LA group with renal injury, and diseased but pretreated mice with AO extract (AOE). Kidney index and kidney function biomarkers were evaluated. Antioxidant activities, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), nitric oxide (NO), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also tested. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), and the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), renal pro-apoptotic protein (Bax), antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-2), and caspase-3 levels were evaluated. The results showed that LA administration induced oxidative stress, renal inflammation, apoptosis, and renal histopathological alteration. However, due to its antioxidant activities, AOE was found to restrain oxidative stress, therefore preventing inflammation and apoptosis. Collectively, AOE perfectly clogged lead poisoning sneaking, stopped the bad deterioration, and succeeded to protect kidney tissues from toxicity, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Updating the status quo on the extraction of bioactive compounds in agro-products using a two-pot multivariate design. A comprehensive review

Extraction is regarded as the most crucial stage in analyzing bioactive compounds. Nonetheless, due to the intricacy of the matrix, numerous aspects must be optimized during the extraction of bioactive components. Although one variable at a time (OVAT) is mainly used, this is time-consuming and laborious. As a result, using an experimental design in the optimization process is beneficial with few experiments and low costs. This article critically reviewed two-pot multivariate techniques employed in extracting bioactive compounds in food in the last decade. First, a comparison of the parametric screening methods (factorial design, Taguchi, and Plackett-Burman design) was delved into, and its advantages and limitations in helping to select the critical extraction parameters were discussed. This was followed by a discussion of the response surface methodologies (central composite (CCD), Doehlert (DD), orthogonal array (OAD), mixture, D-optimal, and Box-Behnken designs (BBD), etc.), which are used to optimize the most critical variables in the extraction of bioactive compounds in food, providing a sequential comprehension of the linear and complex interactions and multiple responses and robustness tests. Next, the benefits, drawbacks, and possibilities of various response surface methodologies (RSM) and some of their usages were discussed, with food chemistry, analysis, and processing from the literature. Finally, extraction of food bioactive compounds using RSM was compared to artificial neural network modeling with their drawbacks discussed. We recommended that future experiments could compare these designs (BBD vs. CCD vs. DD, etc.) in the extraction of food-bioactive compounds. Besides, more research should be done comparing response surface methodologies and artificial neural networks regarding their practicality and limitations in extracting food-bioactive compounds.

Optimization of the Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Technology of Steroidal Saponins from Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl and Evaluating Its Quality Planted in Different Areas

Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl is one of the famous traditional Chinese herbs with satisfactory therapeutic effects on invigorating Qi, nourishing Yin and moistening lungs, in which steroidal saponins are one class of important active substances. The main purpose is to determine the optimal extraction technology of steroidal saponins and evaluate the quality of P. kingianum planted in five different areas. The optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) technology was established by using single-factor experiments and the response surface methodology (RSM), and the determination method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for dioscin and diosgenin, two primary types of acid-hydrolyzed steroidal saponins, was constructed with good linear range and precision. The results showed that UAE was an efficient extraction method for steroidal saponins, and the extraction yield was significantly affected by the liquid-solid ratio. The optimal extraction technology was generated following a liquid-solid ratio of 10:1 (mL/g), an ethanol concentration of 85% (v/v), an extraction time of 75 min, an extraction temperature of 50 °C and three extractions, of which these parameters were in line with the predicted values calculated by RSM. Considering only dioscin and diosgenin, the quality of P. kingianum planted at five sample plots presented non-significant difference. However, the content of diosgenin in Pingbian Prefecture (PB) was higher than that of the other four areas with a value of 0.46 mg/g. Taken together, the optimal UAE technology for P. kingianum steroidal saponins was determined via RSM. The quality evaluation revealed that there was a non-significant difference among P. kingianum planted in different areas based on the contents of the sum of dioscin and diosgenin. This work has important reference value for the exploitation and utilization of P. kingianum.

Medium optimization and subsequent fermentative regulation enabled the scaled-up production of anti-tuberculosis drug leads ilamycin-E1/E2

BACKGROUND

Tuberculosis (TB) and its evolving drug resistance have exerted severe threats on the global health, hence it is still essential to develop novel anti-TB antibiotics. Ilamycin-E1/E2 is a pair of cycloheptapeptide enantiomers obtained from a marine Streptomyces atratus SCSIO ZH16-ΔilaR mutant, and have presented significant anti-TB activities as promising drug lead compounds, but their clinical development has been hampered by low fermentation titers.

MAIN METHODS AND MAJOR RESULTS

By applying the statistical Plackett-Burman design (PBD) model, bacterial peptone was first screened out as the only significant but negative factor to affect the ilamycin-E1/E2 production. Subsequent single factor optimization in shaking flasks revealed that the replacement of bacterial peptone with malt extract could not only eliminate the accumulation of porphyrin-type competitive byproducts, but also improve the titer of ilamycin-E1/E2 from original 13.6±0.8 to 142.7±5.7 mg/L, about 10.5-fold increase. Next, a pH coordinated feeding strategy was adopted in 30L fermentor and obtained 169.8±2.5 mg/L ilamycin-E1/E2, but further scaled-up production in 300L fermentor only gave a titer of 131.5±7.5 mg/L due to the unsynchronization of feeding response and pH change. Consequently, a continuous pulse feeding strategy was utilized in 300L fermentor to solve the above problem and finally achieved 415.7±29.2 mg/L ilamycin-E1/E2, representing a 30.5-fold improvement.

IMPLICATION

Our work has provided a solid basis to acquire sufficient ilamycin-E1/E2 lead compounds and then support their potential anti-TB drug development. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Improving the bioactive ingredients and functions of asparagus from efficient to emerging processing technologies: A review

Historically, asparagus is a vegetable with abundant phytochemicals (polyphenols, saponins, asparagusic acid, and alkaloids) and crucial bioactivities (neuroprotective, antianxiety, antityrosinase, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiasthma effects). Numerous investigations indicated that processing technologies have a significant influence on the physicochemical, functional, and microstructural characteristics of asparagus. This review presents an updated overview of novel applications of processing technologies, including ultrasound treatments (in terms of extraction, purification, and preservation), heating treatments (hydrothermal treatments, thermal treatments, and combination heating treatments), high-pressure processing, representative shelf-life extension technologies, and green extraction technologies. These physical technologies enhance the yields of bioactive substances, bioactivities and product quality. In addition, utilizing the novel technologies (ohmic heating, cold plasma, pulsed electric fields, membrane processing) and conventional technologies with novel effects to fully develop the potential of asparagus should also be taken into consideration in the future.

A novel process for asparagus polyphenols utilization by ultrasound assisted adsorption and desorption using resins

The ultrasound assisted purification of asparagus polyphenols by adsorption and desorption on the macroporous resins was investigated. The ultrasound within the selected intensities (12-120 W) and temperatures (25-35 °C) increased the adsorption and desorption capacities of asparagus polyphenols on D101 resins. Higher ultrasound intensity (120 W) and lower temperature (25 °C) benefited the adsorption process and the adsorption capacity of total polyphenols after ultrasound was 3.95 mg/g, which was 2 times than that obtained after shaking at 120 rpm. Meanwhile, ultrasound can significantly shorten the equilibrium time and the adsorption process of asparagus polyphenols could be well described by Pseudo-second order model and Freundlich model. Stereoscopic microscope was first used to investigate the microstructure characterization of resins, indicating that ultrasound mainly enhanced the surface roughness of resins. Interestingly, rutin possessed the highest adsorption capacities and ferulic acid had the highest the desorption capacities among the studied individual polyphenols. The obtained results evidenced on a progressive insight of application of ultrasound assisted resins for purification of asparagus polyphenols.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive alkaloids from Phellodendri amurensis cortex using deep eutectic solvent aqueous solutions

ChCl/citric acid-based DESs are demonstrated to be effective green solvents for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive alkaloids from herbs.

Effect of Seasonal and Regional Variations on Phenolic Compounds of Deverra scoparia (Flowers/Seeds) Methanolic Extract and the Evaluation of Its in Vitro Antioxidant Activity

The widespread use of Deverra scoparia Coss. & Durieu in Algerian folk-medicine as a remedy can be relatively attributed to its total phenolic compounds. The current study aimed to provide a scientific basis for optimal collection and usage of Deverra scoparia Coss. & Durieu plant. Hence, 37 samples were gathered from nine sites in Algeria during two seasons 2016 and 2017, then exposed to a green extraction. Total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (FC) and condensed tannins (CTC) content were estimated spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activity was measured using five different methods, DPPH^. , ABTS^.+ , FRAP, CUPRAC and Fe²⁺ -chelating. The results have revealed considerable amounts of TPC varied from 804 to 1544 mg GAE/100 g dry matter, FC started from 187 up to 410 mg QE/100 g dry matter and CTC varied from 111 to 394 mg CE/100 g dry matter. The best IC₅₀ values (μg/mL) of DPPH^. , ABTS^•+ , FRAP, CUPRAC and Fe²⁺ -chelating tests were 56.62, 5.41, 21.26, 52.93 and 78.10, respectively. Moreover, high correlations were found between CTC and most of the antioxidant tests. Hence, CTC are suggested to be the principal group of antioxidant activity in Deverra scoparia Coss. & Durieu extracts.

Optimizing and Comparing Ultrasound- and Microwave-Assisted Extraction Methods Applied to the Extraction of Antioxidant Capsinoids in Peppers

Capsinoids are very similar antioxidant compounds to capsaicinoids, but less irritating, non-pungent and more palatable, and can thus be used in greater concentrations for food applications. To date, three capsinoids (capsiate, dihydrocapsiate, and nordihydrocapsiate) have been isolated from the pepper fruits. Due to its substantial commercial importance, it would be convenient to determine which pepper varieties have a richer content. Ultrasound- (UAE) and microwave- (MAE) assisted extraction have been implemented and analyzed using multivariate statistical methods. Firstly, different solvents were tested individually. The three best solvents were used in a set mixture design, where 42% methanol and 58% ethyl acetate were determined as the optimum combination for UAE, and 100% methanol for MAE. Subsequently, a Box–Behnken experimental design with four variables for both UAE and MAE (time, temperature, pH and sample mass:solvent volume “ratio”) was performed. The sample mass:solvent volume was the most influential variable in UAE; while for MAE no variable was any more influential than the others. Finally, both optimized extraction methods were successfully applied to different varieties of peppers. Besides, to demonstrate the efficiency of both extraction methods, a recovery study was performed. The results prove the potential of both techniques as highly adequate methods for the extraction of capsinoids from peppers.

Optimization model for ultrasonic-assisted and scale-up extraction of anthocyanins from Pyrus communis 'Starkrimson' fruit peel

Ultrasonic effect on extraction of cyanidin-3-galactoside (Cy3-gal) from pear fruit peel was investigated and compared with conventional extraction (CE) method. Different process factors were tested to determine the optimum conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Results revealed that under optimized UAE conditions (ultrasonic power = 162 W, temperature = 71 °C, trifluoroacetic acid = 3%, ethanol = 57%, ultrasonication time = 11 min, and sample to solvent ratio = 1:30 g/ml), Cy3-gal yield was significantly higher (0.34 3± 0.005 mg/g) than from CE (0.266 ± 0.004 mg/g), whereas the extract viscosity during UAE showed a negative impact. UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS analysis detected a total number of 13 anthocyanin compounds, out of which 8 were identified and that mainly consisted of cyanidin, delphinidin and petunidin compounds. Higher yield of Cy3-gal under UAE compared to CE was also justified by higher deformations in the cell structure. The possible mechanism of ultrasonication effect during the extraction process is also proposed in the present study. During scale-up UAE process, the extraction yield of Cy3-gal was recorded higher under batch scale-up compared to continuous operation. The present study is an attempt to optimize UAE of valuable anthocyanins from Pyrus communis 'Starkrimson' fruit peel and further scaled-up for higher volume extraction which can be utilized for industrial applications.