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Sharma R, Nath PC, Lodh BK, Mukherjee J, Mahata N, Gopikrishna K, Tiwari ON, Bhunia B. Rapid and sensitive approaches for detecting food fraud: A review on prospects and challenges. Food Chem 2024; 454:139817. [PMID: 38805929 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Precise and reliable analytical techniques are required to guarantee food quality in light of the expanding concerns regarding food safety and quality. Because traditional procedures are expensive and time-consuming, quick food control techniques are required to ensure product quality. Various analytical techniques are used to identify and detect food fraud, including spectroscopy, chromatography, DNA barcoding, and inotrope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Due to its quick findings, simplicity of use, high throughput, affordability, and non-destructive evaluations of numerous food matrices, NI spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging are financially preferred in the food business. The applicability of this technology has increased with the development of chemometric techniques and near-infrared spectroscopy-based instruments. The current research also discusses the use of several multivariate analytical techniques in identifying food fraud, such as principal component analysis, partial least squares, cluster analysis, multivariate curve resolutions, and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Sharma
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala 799046, India; Department of Food Technology, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-641062, India.
| | - Pinku Chandra Nath
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala 799046, India.
| | - Bibhab Kumar Lodh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala-799046, India.
| | - Jayanti Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, CMR College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad- 501401, Telangana, India.
| | - Nibedita Mahata
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur-713209.
| | - Konga Gopikrishna
- SEED Division, Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Onkar Nath Tiwari
- Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue Green Algae (CCUBGA), Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Biswanath Bhunia
- Bioproducts Processing Research Laboratory (BPRL), Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala 799046, India.
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Girolametti F, Annibaldi A, Illuminati S, Damiani E, Carloni P, Ajdini B, Fanelli M, Truzzi C. Unlocking the elemental signature of European tea gardens: Implications for tea traceability. Food Chem 2024; 453:139641. [PMID: 38761733 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the elemental profiles of tea leaves coming from plants grown in several European gardens, with a focus on the bioaccumulation of essential and potentially toxic trace elements in relation to processing and location of tea garden. Samples were collected from various gardens across Europe, including Portugal, the Azores, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. Elemental analysis was conducted on fresh tea leaves, dried leaves, and leaves processed for the production of green and black tea, along with soil samples from the root zones of tea plants. The results reveal no significant differences in elemental content based on the processing of tea leaves. However, distinct elemental profiles were observed among tea leaves of plants grown in gardens from different European regions. Utilizing chemometric and machine learning tools, the study highlights the potential of these elemental profiles for enhancing the traceability of tea products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Girolametti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Annibaldi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Illuminati
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Patricia Carloni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Behixhe Ajdini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Fanelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
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Sobhaninia M, Mani-Varnosfaderani A, Barzegar M, Ali Sahari M. Combining ion mobility spectrometry and chemometrics for detecting synthetic colorants in black tea: A reliable and fast method. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101213. [PMID: 38384681 PMCID: PMC10879666 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Black tea (Camellia sinensis) is a widely consumed beverage and is subjected to adulteration. In this study, the combination of ion mobility spectrometry and machine learning techniques was employed to detect synthetic colorants in black tea. To accomplish our objective, six synthetic colorants (carmine, carmoisine, indigo carmine, brilliant blue, sunset yellow, and tartrazine) were added to pure tea at different concentrations. A qualitative model was built using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for the collected data and exhibited 100% accuracy in identifying synthetic colorants in black tea. For quantitative analysis, a PLS regression model was employed. The R2 values obtained for the test set ranged from 0.986 to 0.997. The method developed in this study has proven to be reliable and effective in detecting synthetic colorants in black tea. Also, this method is a simple, rapid, and trustworthy tool for identifying adulteration in black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Sobhaninia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mani-Varnosfaderani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Barzegar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
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Soon JM, Abdul Wahab IR. A Bayesian Approach to Predict Food Fraud Type and Point of Adulteration. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030328. [PMID: 35159479 PMCID: PMC8834205 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary and secondary food processing had been identified as areas vulnerable to fraud. Besides the food processing area, other stages within the food supply chain are also vulnerable to fraud. This study aims to develop a Bayesian network (BN) model to predict food fraud type and point of adulteration i.e., the occurrence of fraudulent activity. The BN model was developed using GeNie Modeler (BayesFusion, LLC) based on 715 notifications (1979-2018) from Food Adulteration Incidents Registry (FAIR) database. Types of food fraud were linked to six explanatory variables such as food categories, year, adulterants (chemicals, ingredients, non-food, microbiological, physical, and others), reporting country, point of adulteration, and point of detection. The BN model was validated using 80 notifications from 2019 to determine the predictive accuracy of food fraud type and point of adulteration. Mislabelling (20.7%), artificial enhancement (17.2%), and substitution (16.4%) were the most commonly reported types of fraud. Beverages (21.4%), dairy (14.3%), and meat (14.0%) received the highest fraud notifications. Adulterants such as chemicals (21.7%) (e.g., formaldehyde, methanol, bleaching agent) and cheaper, expired or rotten ingredients (13.7%) were often used to adulterate food. Manufacturing (63.9%) was identified as the main point of adulteration followed by the retailer (13.4%) and distribution (9.9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mei Soon
- Faculty of Allied-Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
- Correspondence:
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Wu Y, Li G, Tian Y, Feng J, Xiao J, Liu J, Liu X, He Q. Electropolymerization of molecularly imprinted polypyrrole film on multiwalled carbon nanotube surface for highly selective and stable determination of carcinogenic amaranth. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hu Q, Sun H, Liu L, Xiao L, Yang ZQ, Rao S, Gong X, Han J. Development of an ultrasensitive spectrophotometric method for carmine determination based on fluorescent carbon dots. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:731-740. [PMID: 33684336 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1889045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A high-efficiency spectrophotometric method based on nitrogen-doped fluorescent carbon dots (N-FCDs) was developed for the ultrasensitive determination of carmine (CRM) in foodstuffs. The N-FCDs were fabricated via a one-pot hydrothermal method with m-phenylenediamine as the starting material. The detection principle was based on the fluorescence quenching effect of N-FCDs by CRM, where their interaction was due to the inner filter effect (IFE) and static quenching. A good linear relationship was established for CRM detection in a concentration range of 0.1-10.0 μM with a detection limit as low as 11.2 nM. The proposed method achieved satisfactory results for CRM determination in commercial food products with recoveries better than 98.6% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 4.07%. The method established in this study was simple, ultrasensitive and reliable for rapid detecting CRM in a food matrix, which could be potentially used as a useful sensing agent for the analysis of additive food colourants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijuan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingfei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lixia Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Quan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengqi Rao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Gong
- Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, PR China
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