1
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Sherpa D, Bhowmick C, Pavan T, Rajwade DA, Halder S, Mitra I, Sharma S, Chakraborty P, Dasgupta S, Chaudhury K. Classification of idiopathic recurrent spontaneous miscarriage using FTIR and Raman spectroscopic fusion technology. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2024; 70:228-239. [PMID: 39150884 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2024.2384386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous miscarriage refers to the repeated loss of two or more clinically detected pregnancies occurring within 24 weeks of gestation. No identifiable cause has been identified for nearly 50% of these cases. This group is referred to as idiopathic recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (IRSM) or miscarriage of unknown origin. Due to lack of robust scientific evidence, guidelines on the diagnosis and management of IRSM are not well defined and often contradictory. This motivates us to explore the vibrational fingerprints of endometrial tissue in these women. Endometrial tissues were collected from women undergoing IRSM (n = 20) and controls (n = 20) corresponding to the window of implantation. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra were obtained within the range of 400-4000 cm-1 using Agilent Cary 630 FTIR spectrometer. Raman spectra were also generated within the spectral window of 400-4000 cm-1 using Thermo Fisher Scientific, DXR Raman spectrophotometer. Based on the limited molecular information provided by a single spectroscopic tool, fusion strategy combining Raman and ATR-FTIR spectroscopic data of IRSM is proposed. The significant features were extracted applying principal component analysis (PCA) and wavelet threshold denoising (WTD) and fused spectral data used as input into support vector machine (SVM), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) and decision tree (DT) models. Altered molecular vibrations associated with proteins, glutamate, and lipid metabolism were observed in IRSM using Raman spectroscopy. FTIR analysis indicated changes in the molecular vibrations of lipids and proteins, collagen dysregulation and impaired glucose metabolism. Combination of both spectroscopic data using mid-level fusion (MLF: 92% using AdaBoost and DT models) and high-level fusion (HLF: 92% using SVM models) methods showed improved IRSM classification accuracy as compared to individual spectral models. Our results indicate that spectral fusion technology hold promise in enhancing diagnostic accuracy of IRSM in clinical settings. Validation of these findings in a larger patient population is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadoma Sherpa
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Chiranjib Bhowmick
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Tummala Pavan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Dhruva Abhijit Rajwade
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sumana Halder
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Imon Mitra
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | | | | | | | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Liu H, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang X. Physicochemical understanding of biomineralization by molecular vibrational spectroscopy: From mechanism to nature. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20230033. [PMID: 38264681 PMCID: PMC10742219 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The process and mechanism of biomineralization and relevant physicochemical properties of mineral crystals are remarkably sophisticated multidisciplinary fields that include biology, chemistry, physics, and materials science. The components of the organic matter, structural construction of minerals, and related mechanical interaction, etc., could help to reveal the unique nature of the special mineralization process. Herein, the paper provides an overview of the biomineralization process from the perspective of molecular vibrational spectroscopy, including the physicochemical properties of biomineralized tissues, from physiological to applied mineralization. These physicochemical characteristics closely to the hierarchical mineralization process include biological crystal defects, chemical bonding, atomic doping, structural changes, and content changes in organic matter, along with the interface between biocrystals and organic matter as well as the specific mechanical effects for hardness and toughness. Based on those observations, the special physiological properties of mineralization for enamel and bone, as well as the possible mechanism of pathological mineralization and calcification such as atherosclerosis, tumor micro mineralization, and urolithiasis are also reviewed and discussed. Indeed, the clearly defined physicochemical properties of mineral crystals could pave the way for studies on the mechanisms and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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3
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Leng H, Chen C, Chen C, Chen F, Du Z, Chen J, Yang B, Zuo E, Xiao M, Lv X, Liu P. Raman spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy fusion technology combined with deep learning: A novel cancer prediction method. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 285:121839. [PMID: 36191438 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
According to the limited molecular information reflected by single spectroscopy, and the complementarity of FTIR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, we propose a novel diagnostic technology combining multispectral fusion and deep learning. We used serum samples from 45 healthy controls, 44 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 38 glioma and 37 esophageal cancer patients, and the Raman spectra and FTIR spectra were collected respectively. Then we performed low-level fusion and feature fusion on the spectral, and used SVM, Convolutional Neural Network-Long-Short Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) and the multi-scale convolutional fusion neural network (MFCNN). The accuracy of low-level fusion and feature fusion models are improved by about 10% compared with single spectral models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyong Leng
- School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Signal Detection and Processing, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; Xinjiang Cloud Computing Application Laboratory, Xinjiang Cloud Computing Engineering Technology Research Center, Karamay 834000, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Signal Detection and Processing, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; Xinjiang Cloud Computing Application Laboratory, Xinjiang Cloud Computing Engineering Technology Research Center, Karamay 834000, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511483, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijun Du
- University of Macau, Macao Special Administrative Region, 999078, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Changji Vocational and Technical College, Changji 831100, China
| | - Bo Yang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Wulumqi, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Enguang Zuo
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiaoyi Lv
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China; College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Pei Liu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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Li Q, Zhang Z, Li Y, Li H, Liu Z, Liu X, Xu Q. Rapid Self-Healing Gel Electrolyte Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents for Solid-State Lithium Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49700-49708. [PMID: 36306375 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A deep eutectic solvent (DES) is a promising electrolyte choice for lithium metal batteries. However, the DES liquid electrolyte causes safety concerns and side reactions with the lithium anode. Therefore, it is necessary to solidify the DES-based electrolyte and enhance its electrochemical stability. Herein, we present a novel DES-based rapid self-healing gel electrolyte, which is able to self-smooth its surface cracks in only 30 min. The electrolyte exhibits noncombustibility (SET = 4 s g-1), high ionic conductivity (1.1 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 25 °C), and a wide electrochemical voltage window (4.5 V vs Li/Li+). As a result, the solid-state lithium batteries coupling the gel electrolyte with the Li anode and LiFePO4 cathode deliver a high specific capacity of 135.4 mA h g-1 with durable cyclic stability (>1200 h). This work provides valuable insights for design of fire-resistant and high-energy solid-state lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Power Sources, Tianjin Institute of Power Sources, Tianjin300384, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Power Sources, Tianjin Institute of Power Sources, Tianjin300384, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Power Sources, Tianjin Institute of Power Sources, Tianjin300384, P. R. China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, AdelaideSA 5005, Australia
| | - Ziyang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, P. R. China
| | - Xingjiang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Power Sources, Tianjin Institute of Power Sources, Tianjin300384, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, P. R. China
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Zhou FY, Liang J, Lü YL, Kuang HX, Xia YG. A nondestructive solution to quantify monosaccharides by ATR-FTIR and multivariate regressions: A case study of Atractylodes polysaccharides. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 279:121411. [PMID: 35653809 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The quality evaluation of nature polysaccharides is a tough nut to crack because of its high Mw distributions and larger polarity property. It is well-known that infrared spectroscopy and multiple regression modeling have been used for quantitative examinations in multiple fields, but it has not been applied to the compositional analysis of polysaccharides. In this study, attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to simultaneously quantify aldoses, ketose and uronic acids in Atractylodes polysaccharides by a combination of multivariate regressions. After experience of different data processing pretreatments, the resulting spectrum contains maximum amount of information of monosaccharide contents in Atractylodes polysaccharides. In this case, different smoothing points, derivatives, SNV and MSC are used in the pre-modeling spectrum processing and VIP screening is used to reduce the number of variables to simplify the calculation of the model. All the most optimal prediction models have both good prediction ability (R2 ≥ 0.9 and RPD > 3) and no over fitting (RMSEP/RMSEC < 3). This strategy has opened a new possibility for the nondestructive determination of complex monosaccharide compositions of natural polysaccharides in a short detection time, low equipment requirement and high experimental safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Jun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yan-Li Lü
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yong-Gang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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6
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Zhang J, Zhu L, Li H, Tang H, Yang H, Zhao K, Kong F, Yin T, Yao Q, Chen L. Effects of micro-/nano-scaled chicken bones on heat-induced gel properties of low-salt pork batter: Physicochemical characteristics, water distribution, texture, and microstructure. Food Chem 2022; 373:131574. [PMID: 34802801 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect and mechanism of micro-/nano-scaled (MCB/NCB) chicken bones on improved gel properties of low-salt (0.5%) pork batters (LSPB) were investigated. Results showed that the Ca2+ released from MCB/NCB induced protein conformational transition of LSPB from α-helix and β-turn to random coil, which facilitated the orderly protein aggregation, resulting in the formation of denser and more uniform gel network. The better-organized gel network not only improved the textural properties and gel strength, but also contributed to the cooking loss reduction, water release decline, water state transition from free water into more immobilized water, and proton density increase, resulting in better sensory attributes. NCB showed more preferable effects on the property improvement of LSPB gels than MCB, because of its smaller particle size, less redness and yellowness, higher dispersibility, and higher Ca2+ release. This study could help promote the high-value utilization of poultry by-product bones and development of low-salt meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang-Russia Joint R&D Center for Nutritional and Health Foods' Green Manufacturing, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China.
| | - Lyuhan Zhu
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang-Russia Joint R&D Center for Nutritional and Health Foods' Green Manufacturing, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang-Russia Joint R&D Center for Nutritional and Health Foods' Green Manufacturing, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Honggang Tang
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang-Russia Joint R&D Center for Nutritional and Health Foods' Green Manufacturing, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- College of Standardization, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang-Russia Joint R&D Center for Nutritional and Health Foods' Green Manufacturing, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Fanbin Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Tao Yin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Qing Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integration of Healthy Smart Kitchen System, Fotile Group, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315336, PR China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang-Russia Joint R&D Center for Nutritional and Health Foods' Green Manufacturing, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China.
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Agricultural Potentials of Molecular Spectroscopy and Advances for Food Authentication: An Overview. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat, fish, coffee, tea, mushroom, and spices are foods that have been acknowledged for their nutritional benefits but are also reportedly targets of fraud and tampering due to their economic value. Conventional methods often take precedence for monitoring these foods, but rapid advanced instruments employing molecular spectroscopic techniques are gradually claiming dominance due to their numerous advantages such as low cost, little to no sample preparation, and, above all, their ability to fingerprint and detect a deviation from quality. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of common molecular spectroscopic techniques and their use for agricultural and food quality management. Using multiple databases including ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, 171 research publications including research articles, review papers, and book chapters were thoroughly reviewed and discussed to highlight new trends, accomplishments, challenges, and benefits of using molecular spectroscopic methods for studying food matrices. It was observed that Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Hyperspectral imaging (his), and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) stand out in particular for the identification of geographical origin, compositional analysis, authentication, and the detection of adulteration of meat, fish, coffee, tea, mushroom, and spices; however, the potential of UV/Vis, 1H-NMR, and Raman spectroscopy (RS) for similar purposes is not negligible. The methods rely heavily on preprocessing and chemometric methods, but their reliance on conventional reference data which can sometimes be unreliable, for quantitative analysis, is perhaps one of their dominant challenges. Nonetheless, the emergence of handheld versions of these techniques is an area that is continuously being explored for digitalized remote analysis.
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Zheng J, Sun D, Liu D, Sun J, Shao J. Low‐field NMR and FTIR determination relationship between water migration and protein conformation of the preparation of minced meat. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Zheng
- College of Food Science Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning 110866 China
| | - Di Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology Bohai University Jinzhou Liaoning 121013 China
| | - Dengyong Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology Bohai University Jinzhou Liaoning 121013 China
| | - Jingxin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao Shandong 266109 China
| | - Jun‐Hua Shao
- College of Food Science Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning 110866 China
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Abeyrathne EDNS, Nam K, Ahn DU. Analytical Methods for Lipid Oxidation and Antioxidant Capacity in Food Systems. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101587. [PMID: 34679722 PMCID: PMC8533275 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid oxidation is the most crucial quality parameter in foods. Many methods were developed to determine the level of oxidation and antioxidant activity. This review compares the methods used to determine lipid oxidation and antioxidant capacity in foods. Lipid oxidation methods developed are based on the direct or indirect measurement of produced primary or secondary oxidation substances. Peroxide values and conjugated diene methods determine the primary oxidative products of lipid oxidation and are commonly used for plant oils and high-fat products. 2-Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and chromatographic methods are used to determine the secondary products of oxidation and are suitable for meat and meat-based products. The fluorometric and sensory analyses are indirect methods. The antioxidant capacity of additives is determined indirectly using the lipid oxidation methods mentioned above or directly based on the free-radical scavenging activity of the antioxidant compounds. Each lipid oxidation and antioxidant capacity methods use different approaches, and one method cannot be used for all foods. Therefore, selecting proper methods for specific foods is essential for accurately evaluating lipid oxidation or antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edirisingha Dewage Nalaka Sandun Abeyrathne
- Department of Animal Science, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka;
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Kichang Nam
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Dong Uk Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence:
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Zhang H, Zeng Z, Shi X, Du Y. In-depth study on the structures and properties of rare-earth-containing perovskite materials. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:13976-13994. [PMID: 34477678 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02950a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rare-earth-containing perovskite (RECP) materials have been extensively studied in various fields for their outstanding optical, electrical, magnetic and catalytic properties. In order to understand the clear relationship between structures and functions of RECP materials, the high-level and effective characterization technologies and analytic methods are absolutely necessary. Normally, diversiform measurement methods should be used simultaneously to analyze RECP materials clearly from different aspects, such as the phases, structures, morphologies, compositions, properties and performances. Therefore, this review will introduce the features and advantages of different analytic technologies and discuss their significances for the research on RECP materials. We hope that this review will provide valuable suggestions for researchers to promote the further research and development of RECP functional materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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