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Zhang D, Huang Y, Fan X, Zeng X. Effects of solid-state fermentation with Aspergillus cristatus (MK346334) on the dynamics changes in the chemical and flavor profile of dark tea by HS-SPME-GC-MS, HS-GC-IMS and electronic nose. Food Chem 2024; 455:139864. [PMID: 38833862 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus cristatus, the predominant microbe of Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT), is responsible for the creation of distinctive golden flower and unique floral aroma of FBT. The present study examined the alterations in chemical and aromatic components of raw dark tea by solid-state fermentation using A. cristatus (MK346334), the strain isolated from FBT. As results, catechins, total ployphenols, total flavonoids, theaflavins, thearubigins and antioxidant activity were significantly reduced after fermentation. Moreover, 112 and 76 volatile substances were identified by HS-SPME-GC-MS and HS-GC-IMS, respectively, primarily composed of alcohols, ketones, esters and aldehydes. Furthermore, the calculation of odor activity values revealed that 19 volatile chemicals, including hexanal, heptanal, linalool and methyl salicylate, were the main contributors to the floral, fungal, woody and minty aroma of dark tea. The present research highlights the pivotal role played by the fermentation with A. cristatus in the chemical composition, antioxidant property and distinctive flavor of dark tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Sun H, Fan R, Fang R, Shen S, Wang Y, Fu J, Hou R, Sun R, Bao S, Chen Q, Yue P, Gao X. Dynamics changes in metabolites and pancreatic lipase inhibitory ability of instant dark tea during liquid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger. Food Chem 2024; 448:139136. [PMID: 38581964 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Instant dark tea (IDT), prepared by liquid-state fermentation using Aspergillus niger, is known for its high theabrownins content and lipid-lowering effect. To explore the impact of fungal fermentation on IDT compositions and its pancreatic lipase inhibitory ability (PLIA), untargeted and targeted metabolomic analysis were applied to track the changes of metabolites over a 9-day fermentation period, and correlation analysis was then conducted between metabolites and PLIA of IDT. There were 54 differential metabolites exhibited significant changes from day 3 to day 5 of fermentation. The concentrations of theabrownins and caffeine increased during fermentation, while phenols and free amino acids decreased. The PLIA of IDT samples significantly increased from day 5 to day 9 of fermentation. Theabrownins not only positively correlated with the PLIA but also exhibited a high inhibition rate. These findings provide a theoretical basis to optimize the production of IDT as functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Ranqin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shanshan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jialin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Runchen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shinuo Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Pengxiang Yue
- Damin Foodstuff (Zhangzhou) Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, China
| | - Xueling Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
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3
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Hu Z, Liu S, Zhou X, Liu Z, Li T, Yu S, Zhang X, Xu Z. Morphological variation and expressed sequence tags-simple sequence repeats-based genetic diversity of Aspergillus cristatus in Chinese dark tea. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1390030. [PMID: 38887709 PMCID: PMC11180798 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1390030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aspergillus cristatus is a homothallic fungus that is used in the natural fermentation process of Chinese Fuzhuan tea and has been linked to the production of bioactive components. However, not much is known about the variations present in the fungus. To understand the variation of the dominant microorganism, A. cristatus, within dark tea, the present study investigated the genetic and morphological diversity of 70 A. cristatus collected across six provinces of China. Methods Expressed sequence tags-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSR) loci for A. cristatus were identified and corresponding primers were developed. Subsequently, 15 specimens were selected for PCR amplification. Results The phylogenetic tree obtained revealed four distinct clusters with a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.983, corresponding to previously identified morphological groups. Five strains (A1, A11, B1, D1, and JH1805) with considerable differences in EST-SSR results were selected for further physiological variation investigation. Microstructural examinations revealed no apparent differentiation among the representative strains. However, colony morphology under a range of culture media varied substantially between strains, as did the extracellular enzymatic activity (cellulase, pectinase, protease, and polyphenol oxidase); the data indicate that there are differences in physiological metabolic capacity among A. cristatus strains. Discussion Notably, JH1805, B1, and A11 exhibited higher enzymatic activity, indicating their potential application in the production of genetically improved strains. The findings provide valuable insights into species identification, genetic diversity determination, and marker-assisted breeding strategies for A. cristatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China
| | - Shiquan Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China
| | - Zhanjun Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China
| | - Taotao Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China
| | - Songlin Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China
| | - Zhenggang Xu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
- Research Institute of South Tea Introduced to North in Huashan, Weinan, China
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4
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Zhiyuan H, Lin C, Yihan W, Meng D, Yanzi L, Zhenggang X. Reexamination of Aspergillus cristatus phylogeny in dark tea: Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220838. [PMID: 38585639 PMCID: PMC10997147 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
To enhance our understanding of Aspergillus cristatus, an important functional microorganism, the characteristics of its mitochondrial genome were analyzed and compared with related species. The mitochondrial genome of A. cristatus was determined to be 77,649 bp in length, with 15 protein-coding regions. Notably, its length surpassed that of the other species, primarily attributable to the intron length. Gene order exhibited significant variations, with greater conservation observed in the genus Penicillium compared to Aspergillus. Phylogenetic tree analyses indicated that the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium are closely related but monophyletic. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree constructed based on protein-coding genes effectively distinguished all strains with high branching confidence. This approach provides a robust reflection of the evolutionary relationship between A. cristatus and its related species, offering potential for the development of molecular markers suitable for Aspergillus and Penicillium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhiyuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang413000, Hunan, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang413000, Hunan, China
| | - Wang Yihan
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang413000, Hunan, China
| | - Dong Meng
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang413000, Hunan, China
| | - Li Yanzi
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang413000, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Zhenggang
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang413000, Hunan, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling712100, Shaanxi, China
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5
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Zheng XT, Zeng XY, Lin XL, Chen DS, Li Y, Huang JJ, Yu ZC, Zhu H. Exploring aromatic components differences and composition regularity of 5 kinds of these 4 aroma types Phoenix Dancong tea based on GC-MS. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2727. [PMID: 38302602 PMCID: PMC10834424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Different aromatic components do indeed give different tea flavors. There is still little research on whether there is a certain regularity in the combination and content of aromatic components in different aroma types of Phoenix Dancong (PDC) tea. This potential regularity may be a key factor in unraveling the relationship between reproduction and evolution in PDC tea. Here, the 5 kinds of these 4 aroma types PDC tea (Zhuye, Tuofu, Jianghuaxiang, Juduo, Yashixiang) were used as research materials in this study, the headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the aromatic components of these PDC teas. The results showed a total of 36 aromatic components identified in this study. When conducting cluster analysis, it was found that similarity degree arrangement sequence of 5 PDC teas was Juduo, Tuofu, Yashixiang, Zhuye and Jianghuaxiang. Among these aromatic components, the 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, the 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 3-methyl-2-(2-pentenyl)-,(Z)-, the 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, the 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-Octatrien-3-ol, and the 2-Furanmethanol,5-ethenyltetrahydro-.alpha.,.alpha.,5-trimethyl-,cis- are common to 5 PDC teas. This study aims to elucidate the similarities in the aromatic components of 5 PDC teas, revealing the major aroma-endowed substances of various aroma, and providing theoretical reference for further exploring the relationship between aroma type discrimination, variety selection, and evolution of PDC teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Yao Zeng
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Lin
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Sheng Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Li
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jian Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Chao Yu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Wang Z, Jin Q, Jiang R, Liu Y, Xie H, Ou X, Li Q, Liu Z, Huang J. Characteristic volatiles of Fu brick tea formed primarily by extracellular enzymes during Aspergillus cristatus fermentation. Food Res Int 2024; 177:113854. [PMID: 38225127 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Fu brick tea (FBT) has unique "fungal flower" aroma traits, but its source of crucial aroma compounds is still controversial. Aspergillus cristatus is the dominant fungus that participated in the fermentation of FBT. In this study, volatiles of Aspergillus cristatus and corresponding fermented FBT were examined using GC × GC-Q-TOFMS. A total of 59 volatiles were shared by three strains of Aspergillus cristatus isolated from representative FBT. Among them, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone were the most abundant. A total of 133 volatiles were screened as typical FBT volatiles from three FBTs fermented by the corresponding fungi. Aspergillus cristatus and FBT had only 29 coexisting volatiles, indicating that the volatiles of Aspergillus cristatus could not directly contribute to the aroma of FBT. The results of no significant correlation between volatile content in FBT and volatile content in Aspergillus cristatus suggested that intracellular metabolism of Aspergillus cristatus was not a direct driver of FBT aroma formation. Metabolic pathway analysis and proteomic analysis showed that the aroma in FBT was mainly formed by the enzymatic reaction of extracellular enzymes from Aspergillus cristatus. This study enriched our understanding of Aspergillus cristatus in the aroma formation process of FBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultrual University, Changsha, China
| | - Qifang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultrual University, Changsha, China
| | - Ronggang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultrual University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultrual University, Changsha, China
| | - He Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultrual University, Changsha, China
| | - Xingchang Ou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultrual University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultrual University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultrual University, Changsha, China.
| | - Jian'an Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultrual University, Changsha, China.
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7
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Wang Y, Li T, Yang C, Wu Y, Liu Y, Yang X. Eurotium cristatum from Fu Brick Tea Promotes Adipose Thermogenesis by Boosting Colonic Akkermansia muciniphila in High-Fat-Fed Obese Mice. Foods 2023; 12:3716. [PMID: 37893609 PMCID: PMC10606327 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential fat-thermogenic effects of Eurotium cristatum, and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. The 12-week administration of E. cristatum in HFD-fed obese mice reduced body weight and improved glucolipid metabolism disorders. The administration of E. cristatum also efficiently promoted thermogenesis by increasing the expression of UCP1 and PRDM16 in both interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) of HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, E. cristatum shaped the gut microbiome by increasing the abundance of Parabacteroides and Akkermansia muciniphila, and also elevated the levels of cecal short-chain fatty acids, particularly propionate and acetate. Of note, A. muciniphila was highly negatively correlated with body weight gain (r = -0.801, p < 0.05) and the iWAT index (r = -0.977, p < 0.01), suggesting that A. muciniphila may play an important role in the thermogenic mobilization induced by E. cristatum. Continuous supplementation with A. muciniphila suppressed adipose accumulation, improved glucolipid metabolism, and enhanced the thermogenic activity of iWAT and iBAT. Collectively, our results propose that boosted A. muciniphila acts as a key microbe in tea-derived probiotic E. cristatum-mediated fat-thermogenic and anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xingbin Yang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China (T.L.)
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8
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Sun Y, Yuan X, Luo Z, Cao Y, Liu S, Liu Y. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal comparisons against liquid-state fermentation of primary dark tea, green tea and white tea by Aspergillus cristatus. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113115. [PMID: 37689883 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-state fermentation (LSF) of tea leaves is a promising way to obtain tea-based nutraceutical products rich in various bioactive compounds. In the study, the changes of bioactive compounds, tea pigments and complex metabolites from LSF of primary dark tea, green tea and white tea infusions with Aspergillus cristatus were determined. Chemical analyses revealed that soluble sugars, monosaccharide composition, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, free amino acids, soluble proteins and tea pigments were changed in different ways. An untargeted metabolomic analysis and ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) based transcriptomic analysis were performed to investigate the metabolic differentiation and clarify the key differentially expressed genes (DEGs, fold change >2 and p < 0.05), showing that amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism were the most enriched pathways during A. cristatus fermentation of primary dark tea, green tea and white tea infusions. In addition, glycerophospholipid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism were greatly accumulated in the fermentation of primary dark tea and white tea infusions; Pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid degradation, tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis and valine and leucine, isoleucine degradation were greatly accumulated in the fermentation of primary dark tea and green tea infusions; Starch and sucrose metabolism was greatly accumulated in the fermentation of green tea and white tea infusions; Galactose metabolism was significantly enhanced in the fermentation of primary dark tea infusion; Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism were significantly enhanced in the fermentation of green tea infusion. Besides, some other pathways involving aminobenzoate degradation, biosynthesis of cofactors, pyrimidine metabolism, benzoxazinoid biosynthesis and phenazine biosynthesis, tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis also differed from each other. These findings support that A. cristatus plays a vital role in the biochemical and genetic regulation of metabolite profile, and could be considered a potential prospect for better use of A. cristatus on different kinds of tea materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Sun
- Natural Food Macromolecule Research Center, School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Xushuang Yuan
- Natural Food Macromolecule Research Center, School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Zhaojun Luo
- Natural Food Macromolecule Research Center, School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Yungang Cao
- Natural Food Macromolecule Research Center, School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710003, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710003, PR China.
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9
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Wen L, Sun L, Chen R, Li Q, Lai X, Cao J, Lai Z, Zhang Z, Li Q, Song G, Sun S, Cao F. Metabolome and Microbiome Analysis to Study the Flavor of Summer Black Tea Improved by Stuck Fermentation. Foods 2023; 12:3414. [PMID: 37761123 PMCID: PMC10527649 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is the most popular and widely consumed beverage worldwide, especially black tea. Summer tea has a bitter and astringent taste and low aroma compared to spring tea due to the higher content of polyphenols and lower content of amino acids. Microbial fermentation is routinely used to improve the flavor of various foods. This study analyzed the relationship between the quality of black tea, metabolic characteristics, and microbial communities after microbial stuck fermentation in summer black tea. Stuck fermentation decreased the bitterness, astringency sourness, and freshness, and increased the sweetness, mellowness, and smoothness of summer black tea. The aroma also changed from sweet and floral to fungal, with a significant improvement in overall quality. Metabolomics analysis revealed significant changes in 551 non-volatile and 345 volatile metabolites after fermentation. The contents of compounds with bitter and astringent taste were decreased. Sweet flavor saccharides and aromatic lipids, and acetophenone and isophorone that impart fungal aroma showed a marked increase. These changes are the result of microbial activities, especially the secretion of extracellular enzymes. Aspergillus, Pullululanibacillus, and Bacillus contribute to the reduction of bitterness and astringency in summer black teas after stuck fermentation, and Paenibacillus and Basidiomycota_gen_Incertae_sedis contribute positively to sweetness. In addition, Aspergillus was associated with the formation of fungal aroma. In summary, our research will provide a suitable method for the improvement of tea quality and utilization of summer tea, as well as provide a reference for innovation and improvement in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Wen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China;
| | - Lingli Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ruohong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xingfei Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Junxi Cao
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhaoxiang Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhenbiao Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Qian Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China;
| | - Guang Song
- Guangzhou Yitang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510277, China;
| | - Shili Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Fanrong Cao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China;
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10
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Zeng Z, Jin S, Xiang X, Yuan H, Jin Y, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Yang M, Zhang L, Huang R, Song C. Dynamical changes of tea metabolites fermented by Aspergillus cristatus, Aspergillus neoniger and mixed fungi: A temporal clustering strategy for untargeted metabolomics. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112992. [PMID: 37316065 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dark tea fermentation involves various fungi, but studies focusing on the mixed fermentation in tea remain limited. This study investigated the influences of single and mixed fermentation on the dynamical alterations of tea metabolites. The differential metabolites between unfermented and fermented teas were determined using untargeted metabolomics. Dynamical changes in metabolites were explored by temporal clustering analysis. Results indicated that Aspergillus cristatus (AC) at 15 days, Aspergillus neoniger (AN) at 15 days, and mixed fungi (MF) at 15 days had respectively 68, 128 and 135 differential metabolites, compared with unfermentation (UF) at 15 days. Most of metabolites in the AN or MF group showed a down-regulated trend in cluster 1 and 2, whereas most of metabolites in the AC group showed an up-regulated trend in cluster 3 to 6. The three key metabolic pathways mainly composed of flavonoids and lipids included flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis. Based on the dynamical changes and metabolic pathways of the differential metabolites, AN showed a predominant status in MF compared with AC. Together, this study will advance the understanding of dynamic changes in tea fermentation and provide valuable insights into the processing and quality control of dark tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiang Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuna Jin
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xingliang Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Meilan District, 570228 Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuehui Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingxin Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rongzeng Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Chengwu Song
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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11
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Assad M, Ashaolu TJ, Khalifa I, Baky MH, Farag MA. Dissecting the role of microorganisms in tea production of different fermentation levels: a multifaceted review of their action mechanisms, quality attributes and future perspectives. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:265. [PMID: 37515645 PMCID: PMC10386955 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Tea is one of the most popular beverages worldwide, with several health benefits attributed for its rich chemical composition and further associated with fermentation process to improve its quality attributes. Most tea types originate from the leaves of Camellia sinensis with differences in fermentation levels yielding black tea, green tea, pouchong tea, oolong tea. Teas like pu-erh or kombucha to encompass both green and red types are further post-fermented. Tea fermentation is a traditional process involving physical, biochemical, and microbial changes which are associated with improved organoleptic characters, nutritive value, and health outcomes. The production of fermented tea relies on naturally occurring enzymes and microbial metabolic activities. This review focuses on presenting a holistic overview on the effect of different microorganisms including bacteria, yeast, and fungi on the biochemical changes and sensory attributes of fermented tea products reported in research articles along the last 15 years. Moreover, production conditions and major biochemical changes are dissected to present the best factors influencing fermented tea quality. This review presents an evidence-based reference for specialists in tea industry to optimize tea fermentation process for targeted attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matta Assad
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University, New Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Ibrahim Khalifa
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Egypt
| | - Mostafa H Baky
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr city, 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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12
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An T, Shen S, Zu Z, Chen M, Wen Y, Chen X, Chen Q, Wang Y, Wang S, Gao X. Changes in the volatile compounds and characteristic aroma during liquid-state fermentation of instant dark tea by Eurotium cristatum. Food Chem 2023; 410:135462. [PMID: 36669288 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Instant dark tea (IDT) was prepared by liquid-state fermentation inoculating Eurotium cristatum. The changes in the volatile compounds and characteristic aroma of IDT during fermentation were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry by collecting fermented samples after 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days of fermentation. Components with high odor activity (log2FD ≥ 5) were verified by gas chromatography-olfactometry. A total of 107 compounds showed dynamic changes during fermentation over 9 days, including 17 alcohols, 7 acids, 10 ketones, 11 esters, 8 aldehydes, 37 hydrocarbons, 4 phenols, and 13 other compounds. The variety of flavor compounds increased gradually with time within the early stage and achieved a maximum of 79 compounds on day 7 of fermentation. β-Damascenone showed the highest odor activity (log2FD = 9) in the day 7 sample, followed by linalool and geraniol. These results indicate that fungal fermentation is critical to the formation of these aromas of IDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting An
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shanshan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhongqi Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mengxue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xueling Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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13
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Zhang Y, Tong X, Chen B, Wu S, Wang X, Zheng Q, Jiang F, Qiao Y. Novel application of HS-GC-IMS for characteristic fingerprints and flavor compound variations in Citrus reticulatae pericarpium during storage with different Aspergillus niger fermentation. Food Chem X 2023; 18:100653. [PMID: 36993870 PMCID: PMC10041455 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus reticulatae pericarpium (CRP) is regarded as a valuable functional food in many countries due to its pharmacological activities and unique aroma. In this study, CRP was treated by different A. niger to accelerate aging. Headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) fingerprinting was adopted to rapidly and comprehensively evaluate the flavor compounds of CRP and to identify their dynamic changes at different storage time. Results revealed that the hesperidin content of DOL groups reduced more clearly than other groups during storage. A total of 134 volatile flavor compounds were identified. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) showed that the lemon, sweet with the musk aroma of CRP, changed to apple, pineapple, and coffee odors during storage. The principal component analysis (PCA) and fingerprint similarity analysis (FSA) results showed that the CRP was clearly distinguished at different storage time. DOL-3 and DOS-6 differ the most from the DOW-3,6, respectively. This work provided helpful information for accelerating the aging of CRP and has great potential for industrial application.
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14
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Liao SY, Zhao YQ, Jia WB, Niu L, Bouphun T, Li PW, Chen SX, Chen W, Tang DD, Zhao YL, Zou Y, Zhu MZ, Xu W. Untargeted metabolomics and quantification analysis reveal the shift of chemical constituents between instant dark teas individually liquid-state fermented by Aspergillus cristatus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus tubingensis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1124546. [PMID: 36846747 PMCID: PMC9947791 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1124546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Instant dark teas (IDTs) were individually liquid-state fermented using the fungi Aspergillus cristatus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus tubingensis. To understand how the chemical constituents of IDTs were affected by the fungi, samples were collected and measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that 1,380 chemical constituents were identified in positive and negative ion modes, and 858 kinds of chemical components were differential metabolites. Through cluster analysis, IDTs were different from the blank control, and their chemical constituents mostly included carboxylic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, organooxygen compounds, and fatty acyls. And the metabolites of IDTs fermented by A. niger and A. tubingensis had a high degree of similarity and were classified into one category, which showed that the fungus used to ferment is critical to the formation of certain qualities of IDTs. The biosynthesis of flavonoids and phenylpropanoid, which involved nine different metabolites such as p-coumarate, p-coumaroyl-CoA, caffeate, ferulate, naringenin, kaempferol, leucocyanidin, cyanidin, and (-)-epicatechin, were significant pathways influencing the quality formation of IDTs. Quantification analysis indicated that the A. tubingensis fermented-IDT had the highest content of theaflavin, theabrownin, and caffeine, while the A. cristatus fermented-IDT had the lowest content of theabrownin, and caffeine. Overall, the results provided new insights into the relationship between the quality formation of IDTs and the microorganisms used in liquid-state fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-yu Liao
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-qiao Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-bao Jia
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Niu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Tunyaluk Bouphun
- Faculty of Science and Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna Lampang, Lampang, Thailand
| | - Pin-wu Li
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng-xiang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan-dan Tang
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue-ling Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Zou
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Yao Zou,
| | - Ming-zhi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China,Ming-zhi Zhu,
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Wei Xu,
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15
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Wen M, Zhou F, Zhu M, Han Z, Lai G, Jiang Z, Long P, Zhang L. Monitoring of pickled tea during processing: From LC-MS based metabolomics analysis to inhibitory activities on α-amylase and α-glycosidase. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Li Z. Comparative analysis of Fenghuang Dancong, Tieguanyin, and Dahongpao teas using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric methods. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276044. [PMID: 36228035 PMCID: PMC9560621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenghuang Dancong, Tieguanyin, and Dahongpao teas are belonged to semi-fermented oolong teas and are famous for their unique aroma. However, reports regarding the systematic comparison, differentiation, and classification of the volatile components of these three types of oolong teas are lacking. In this study, we aimed to establish a method for distinguishing these three types of oolong teas. The volatile components in a total of 21 tea samples of these three types of oolong teas were extracted, determined, and identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, chemometric methods such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used for distinguishing and classifying the three types of oolong teas on the basis of the similarities and differences in the volatile components. The results showed that 125 volatile components were extracted and identified from the three types of oolong teas, among which 53 volatile components overlapped among the samples. The results of HCA indicated that the samples of each of the three types of oolong teas could be placed in one category when the t value was 220. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA showed that the volatile components such as dehydrolinalool, linalool oxide II, linalool, α-farnesene, linalool oxide I, β-ocimene, nerolidol, cis-3-butyric acid folate, myrcene, and (Z)-hexanoic acid-3-hexenyl ester are the characteristic components, which can be used to distinguish the three types of oolong teas. We developed a simple, fast, and efficient method for distinguishing three types of oolong teas and provided a feasible technique for the identification of oolong tea types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangwei Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Li Y, Ren F, Chen D, Chen H, Chen W. Antibacterial Mechanism of Linalool against Pseudomonas fragi: A Transcriptomic Study. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142058. [PMID: 35885301 PMCID: PMC9323977 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fragi is the dominant spoilage bacterium that causes the deterioration of chilled meat. Our previous study showed that linalool has potent antibacterial activity against P. fragi, but its antibacterial mechanism is unclear. To explore the antibacterial mechanism of linalool against P. fragi, this study used RNA-seq technology to perform transcriptome analysis of P. fragi samples with or without linalool treatment (1.5 mL/L) for 2 h. The results showed that linalool treatment disrupted the extracellular lipopolysaccharide synthesis pathway in P. fragi and activated fatty acid metabolism and ribosomal function to compensate for cell membrane damage. The energy metabolism of P. fragi was severely disturbed by linalool, and multiple ATP synthases and ATP transportases were overexpressed in the cells but could not guarantee the consumption of ATP. The simultaneous overexpression of multiple ribosomal functional proteins and transporters may also place an additional burden on cells and cause them to collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansong Li
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.L.); (D.C.)
- Hainan University-HSF/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Sciences & Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou 570228, China; (F.R.); (W.C.)
| | - Fei Ren
- Hainan University-HSF/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Sciences & Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou 570228, China; (F.R.); (W.C.)
| | - Da Chen
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.L.); (D.C.)
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Civil Aviation Energy Environment and Green Development, Civil Aviation University of China, 2898 Jinbei Road, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Haiming Chen
- Hainan University-HSF/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Sciences & Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou 570228, China; (F.R.); (W.C.)
- Innovation Department, Hainan Province Hochung Corporation Areca-Nut Deep Processing Technology Research Institute, 45 Yuesong Road, Dingan 571299, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-0898-6625-6495
| | - Wenxue Chen
- Hainan University-HSF/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Sciences & Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou 570228, China; (F.R.); (W.C.)
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18
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Jiang J, Zhang M, An T, Zu Z, Song P, Chen M, Yue P, Gao X. Preparation of instant dark tea by liquid-state fermentation using sequential inoculation with Eurotium cristatum and Aspergillus niger: Processes optimization, physiochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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The chemical, sensory, and volatile characteristics of instant sweet tea (Lithocarpus litseifolius [Hance] Chun) using electronic nose and GC-MS-based metabolomics analysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Liang S, Gao Y, Fu YQ, Chen JX, Yin JF, Xu YQ. Innovative technologies in tea beverage processing for quality improvement. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Characterization of key aroma compounds and core functional microorganisms in different aroma types of Liupao tea. Food Res Int 2022; 152:110925. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Du Y, Yang W, Yang C, Yang X. A comprehensive review on microbiome, aromas and flavors, chemical composition, nutrition and future prospects of Fuzhuan brick tea. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Wang Z, Dou R, Yang R, Cai K, Li C, Li W. Changes in Phenols, Polysaccharides and Volatile Profiles of Noni ( Morinda citrifolia L.) Juice during Fermentation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092604. [PMID: 33946973 PMCID: PMC8125466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The change in phenols, polysaccharides and volatile profiles of noni juice from laboratory- and factory-scale fermentation was analyzed during a 63-day fermentation process. The phenol and polysaccharide contents and aroma characteristics clearly changed according to fermentation scale and time conditions. The flavonoid content in noni juice gradually increased with fermentation. Seventy-three volatile compounds were identified by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Methyl hexanoate, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, octanoic acid, hexanoic acid and 2-heptanone were found to be the main aroma components of fresh and fermented noni juice. A decrease in octanoic acid and hexanoic acid contents resulted in the less pungent aroma in noni juice from factory-scale fermentation. The results of principal component analysis of the electronic nose suggested that the difference in nitrogen oxide, alkanes, alcohols, and aromatic and sulfur compounds, contributed to the discrimination of noni juice from different fermentation times and scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhulin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Z.W.); (R.D.); (K.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Rong Dou
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Z.W.); (R.D.); (K.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Ruili Yang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Kun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Z.W.); (R.D.); (K.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Congfa Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Z.W.); (R.D.); (K.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Wu Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Z.W.); (R.D.); (K.C.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-898-6619-8861; Fax: +86-898-6619-3581
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