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Barbalace MC, Freschi M, Rinaldi I, Zallocco L, Malaguti M, Manera C, Ortore G, Zuccarini M, Ronci M, Cuffaro D, Macchia M, Hrelia S, Giusti L, Digiacomo M, Angeloni C. Unraveling the Protective Role of Oleocanthal and Its Oxidation Product, Oleocanthalic Acid, against Neuroinflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1074. [PMID: 39334733 PMCID: PMC11428454 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13091074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a critical aspect of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This study investigates the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of oleocanthal and its oxidation product, oleocanthalic acid, using the BV-2 cell line activated with lipopolysaccharide. Our findings revealed that oleocanthal significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced the expression of inflammatory genes, counteracted oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide, and increased cell phagocytic activity. Conversely, oleocanthalic acid was not able to counteract lipopolysaccharide-induced activation. The docking analysis revealed a plausible interaction of oleocanthal, with both CD14 and MD-2 leading to a potential interference with TLR4 signaling. Since our data show that oleocanthal only partially reduces the lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of NF-kB, its action as a TLR4 antagonist alone cannot explain its remarkable effect against neuroinflammation. Proteomic analysis revealed that oleocanthal counteracts the LPS modulation of 31 proteins, including significant targets such as gelsolin, clathrin, ACOD1, and four different isoforms of 14-3-3 protein, indicating new potential molecular targets of the compound. In conclusion, oleocanthal, but not oleocanthalic acid, mitigates neuroinflammation through multiple mechanisms, highlighting a pleiotropic action that is particularly important in the context of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Barbalace
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Michela Freschi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
- Biostatistics and Clinical Trials Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Irene Rinaldi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zallocco
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Malaguti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | | | | | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- COIIM-Interuniversitary Consortium for Engineering and Medicine, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Doretta Cuffaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Macchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Laura Giusti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria Digiacomo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Angeloni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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Peralta R, Espínola F, Vidal AM, Moya M. Olive Oil (Royal Cultivar) from Mill Obtained by Short Time Malaxation and Early Ripening Stage. Foods 2024; 13:2588. [PMID: 39200515 PMCID: PMC11354063 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The olive oil from the Royal cultivar has not been studied in depth, especially its relationship between analytical and sensory parameters. Currently, it is a minority cultivar, but due to its excellent organoleptic properties, it is constantly growing. The research objective is to obtain excellent-quality olive oil from the Royal cultivar at an industrial extraction plant and characterize the oil sensory and analytically. For this purpose, three important factors were set: very early olives; very low-time olive paste malaxation; and environmental temperature. The analytical parameters studied were volatile and phenolic compounds, fatty acids, photosynthetic pigments, and other quality parameters. Fourteen phenolic compounds were identified and found in significantly higher concentrations in Royal olive oil, including the oleacein compound. Moreover, volatile compounds from the LOX pathway, such as hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, had significantly higher concentrations, which were related to organoleptic characteristics: very fruity, not very spicy, and very low bitterness. The highest values obtained were 74.98% extraction efficiency at 30 min; 71.31 mg/kg chlorophyll content at 30 min; 156.38 mg/kg phenolic compound at 30 min; 18.98 mg/kg volatile compounds at 15 min; and better organoleptic characteristics at 15 min. The oil extraction efficiency was lower than that of other olive cultivars; nevertheless, the content of volatile compounds is higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Peralta
- Department Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (R.P.); (A.M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Francisco Espínola
- Department Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (R.P.); (A.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Center for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Alfonso M. Vidal
- Department Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (R.P.); (A.M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuel Moya
- Department Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (R.P.); (A.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Center for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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Nikou T, Karampetsou KV, Koutsoni OS, Skaltsounis AL, Dotsika E, Halabalaki M. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Investigation of Oleocanthal. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:530-543. [PMID: 37910854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Oleocanthal is a secoiridoid found in olive oil, which lately gained great scientific interest due to its important pharmacological spectrum and biological properties. However, limited data exist on the metabolic fate of oleocanthal in vivo, a commonly underestimated aspect in natural products research. Especially, its pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics have never been described so far. Thus, in the current study, a mouse-based protocol was designed, and oleocanthal was administered intraperitoneally in a standard dose of 5 mg/kg. In order to determine the PK parameters of oleocanthal or its metabolites, plasma samples were collected at 10 time points. Extraction and analysis protocols were developed and applied for the recovery and detection of oleocanthal in plasma, as well as the identification of its metabolites, using LC-HRMS/MS. Oleocanthal was not detected, proving the short lifetime of the compound in vivo, and 13 metabolites were identified. Among them, oleocanthalic acid and tyrosol sulfate were proposed as oleocanthal's biomarkers, in vivo. This is the first report associating oleocanthalic acid with oleocanthal administration in vivo, while its PK parameters, Tmax (T0) and Cmax (926 μg/mL), were also determined. The current study enlightens bioavailability and metabolism aspects of oleocanthal and suggests the association of specific metabolites with the biological effects attributed to oleocanthal administration. More studies are needed to give better insights into the metabolism and the mechanism of action of secoiridoids as well as to respond to identification challenges related to secoiridoid in vivo setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Nikou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi V Karampetsou
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Olga S Koutsoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Dotsika
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
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Filardo S, Roberto M, Di Risola D, Mosca L, Di Pietro M, Sessa R. Olea europaea L-derived secoiridoids: Beneficial health effects and potential therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 254:108595. [PMID: 38301769 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, health challenges have become increasingly complex and global and, at the beginning of the 21st century, chronic diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological, and chronic respiratory diseases, as well as cancer and diabetes, have been identified by World Health Organization as one of the biggest threats to human health. Recently, antimicrobial resistance has also emerged as a growing problem of public health for the management of infectious diseases. In this scenario, the exploration of natural products as supplementation or alternative therapeutic options is acquiring great importance, and, among them, the olive tree, Olea europaea L, specifically leaves, fruits, and oil, has been increasingly investigated for its health promoting properties. Traditionally, these properties have been largely attributed to the high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids, although, in recent years, beneficial effects have also been associated to other components, particularly polyphenols. Among them, the most interesting group is represented by Olea europaea L secoiridoids, comprising oleuropein, oleocanthal, oleacein, and ligstroside, which display anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and anticancer activities. This review provides an overview of the multiple health beneficial effects, the molecular mechanisms, and the potential applications of secoiridoids from Olea europaea L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Filardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mattioli Roberto
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Di Risola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marisa Di Pietro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Sessa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Visioli F. The Question of Cholesterol: Will Olive Oil Answer? J Nutr 2024; 154:10-11. [PMID: 38040408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy; IMDEA-Food, Madrid, Spain.
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