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Pakbin B, Amani Z, Rahimi Z, Najafi S, Familsatarian B, Khakpoor A, Brück WM, Brück TB. Prevalence of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Sweets from Local Markets in Iran. Foods 2023; 12:3645. [PMID: 37835299 PMCID: PMC10572436 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the prevalences of some important antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) and foodborne bacterial pathogens in sweet samples collected from local markets in Iran. METHODS Forty sweet samples were collected. Foodborne pathogens and ARGs were detected in the sweet samples by conventional and multiplex PCR assays using species-specific primers. RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus, Cronobacter sakazakii, Shigella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and Campylobacter coli were detected and identified in 47.5%, 20%, 45%, 5%, and 30% of the sweet samples, respectively. We found S. aureus and Shigella spp. were the most prevalent bacterial pathogens. S. aureus was found to be the most frequent pathogenic bacteria profiled in these samples. We also found a significant correlation between the presence of C. coli and Cr. sakazakii. We detected the blaSHV resistance gene in 97.5% of the sweet samples; however, blaTEM was detected in only one sample (2.5%). CONCLUSIONS Regarding these results, we suggest preventive strategies such as implementing automation of food processing; monitoring the personal hygiene and health of food handlers, and testing regularly for antibiotic resistance in raw materials and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Pakbin
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenberg Str. 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany;
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion 2, Switzerland
| | - Zahra Amani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality of Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614411, Iran;
| | - Zahra Rahimi
- Department of Food Safety and Health, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 34197-59811, Iran;
| | - Somayeh Najafi
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical University (IAUTMU), Tehran 19395-1495, Iran;
| | - Behnaz Familsatarian
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 34197-59811, Iran;
| | - Alireza Khakpoor
- Department of Management, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran;
| | - Wolfram Manuel Brück
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion 2, Switzerland
| | - Thomas B. Brück
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenberg Str. 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany;
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Cheng C, Jiang T, Zhang D, Wang H, Fang T, Li C. Attachment characteristics and kinetics of biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus on ready-to-eat cooked beef contact surfaces. J Food Sci 2023. [PMID: 37161489 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a food-borne pathogen that quickly forms biofilm on meat contact surfaces and thus poses a serious threat to the safety of the meat industry. This study evaluated the attachment, survival, and growth of S. aureus biofilm with exposure to environmental factors in the meat industry by simulated ready-to-eat (RTE) cooked beef product contamination scenarios. The results indicated that the meat-borne S. aureus biofilm formation dynamic could be divided into four different phases: initial adhesion (4-12 h), exponential (12-24 h), slow growth (1-3 days), and stationary (3-7 days). Meat-borne S. aureus has strong adhesion and biofilm formation ability, and its biofilm exhibits persistence, high-intensity metabolic activity, aerotaxis, and strain heterogeneity. This study has also demonstrated that in the long-term existence of meat-borne S. aureus biofilm on stainless steel and plexiglass surfaces (>7 days, 7.2-8.8 log CFU/cm2 ), expose to RTE cooked beef products, may cause it to become high-risk contaminated food. Meat-borne S. aureus that forms a dense and rough concave-convex in the shape of biofilm architecture was observed by scanning electron microscopy, consisting of complex components and adhesion of living and dead cells. This was further confirmed by the meat-borne S. aureus biofilm on the stainless steel surface by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, and the dominant peaks in biofilm spectra were mainly associated with proteins, polysaccharides, amino acid residues, and phospholipids (>50%). These findings may help in the identification of the main sources of contamination within the meat industry and the subsequent establishment of strategies for biofilm prevention and removal. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study revealed the meat-borne S. aureus biofilm formation mechanism and found that it exhibited strong colonization and biofilm-forming ability, which can persist on the contact surfaces of ready-to-eat beef products. These initial findings could provide information on the behavior of meat-borne S. aureus biofilm attached to meat contact surfaces under conditions commonly encountered in meat environments, which help to support the determination of the main sources of contamination within the meat industry and the subsequent establishment of strategies for biofilm prevention and removal. It was also helpful in controlling biofilm contamination and improving meat safety to minimize it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuansong Cheng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huayan Wang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- National R&D Center For Vegetable Procession, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Changcheng Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- National R&D Center For Vegetable Procession, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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3
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Bacteriological Quality and Biotoxin Profile of Ready-to-Eat Foods Vended in Lagos, Nigeria. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061224. [PMID: 36981151 PMCID: PMC10048420 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive study of bacterial and biotoxin contaminants of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods in Nigeria is yet to be reported. Hence, this study applied 16S rRNA gene sequencing and a dilute-and-shoot LC-MS/MS method to profile bacteria and biotoxins, respectively, in 199 RTE food samples comprising eko (n = 30), bread (n = 30), shawarma (n = 35), aadun (n = 35), biscuits (n = 34), and kokoro (n = 35). A total of 631 bacterial isolates, clustered into seven operational taxonomic units, namely Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Klebsiella, Proteus and Kosakonia, Kurthia, and Yokenella, that are reported for the first time were recovered from the foods. One hundred and eleven metabolites comprising mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites, phytoestrogenic phenols, phytotoxins, and bacterial metabolites were detected in the foods. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, and ochratoxins contaminated only the artisanal foods (aadun, eko, and kokoro), while deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were found in industrially-processed foods (biscuit, bread, and shawarma), and citrinin was present in all foods except eko. Mean aflatoxin (39.0 µg/kg) in artisanal foods exceeded the 10 µg/kg regulatory limit adopted in Nigeria by threefold. Routine surveillance, especially at the informal markets; food hygiene and safety education to food processors and handlers; and sourcing of high-quality raw materials are proposed to enhance RTE food quality and safeguard consumer health.
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Luu-Thi H, Michiels CW. Microbiological Safety of Ready-to-Eat Foods in Hospital and University Canteens in Hanoi, Vietnam. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1915-1921. [PMID: 34189563 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze and document the microbiological safety and quality of ready-to-eat foods in hospital and university canteens in Hanoi, Vietnam. In total, 420 ready-to-eat food products from 21 canteens were sampled in July 2018 and May 2019. The ratio of samples exceeding the unsatisfactory level for total plate count was 31%. Escherichia coli, Listeria, and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in 35 (8.3%), 99 (24%), and 46 (11%) samples, with 3, 10, and 0% exceeding the unsatisfactory level, respectively. The total plate count, Listeria, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, and S. aureus ranged from below detection limit to 5 × 109, 4.6 × 105, 6.2 × 103, 3.4 × 103, and 7.6 × 103 CFU/g, respectively. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 3 (0.7%) of 420 samples. In addition, 21 (5%) of 410 samples were contaminated with Salmonella. Overall, our data indicate frequent problems with the microbiological quality and safety of these canteen foods in Hanoi and provide a baseline measurement that will allow environmental health officers and food microbiologists to develop targeted intervention strategies to reduce the economic and public health risk associated with these foods. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Luu-Thi
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chris W Michiels
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), Department Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Rortana C, Nguyen-Viet H, Tum S, Unger F, Boqvist S, Dang-Xuan S, Koam S, Grace D, Osbjer K, Heng T, Sarim S, Phirum O, Sophia R, Lindahl JF. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in Chicken Meat and Pork from Cambodian Markets. Pathogens 2021; 10:556. [PMID: 34064354 PMCID: PMC8147855 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus are two of the most common foodborne bacteria in animal-source foods (ASF) that cause illness worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and S. aureus in chicken meat and pork in markets in Cambodia. Sampling was done in 52 traditional markets and 6 supermarkets in 25 provinces of Cambodia between October 2018 and August 2019. In total, 532 samples were obtained: chicken meat and pork (n = 408, 204 of each), chicken and pork cutting board swabs (n = 124, 62 of each). All samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp. and S. aureus; colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CPS) were counted, and a subset of samples was also analyzed for the most probable number (MPN, n = 136) of Salmonella. The overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. and S. aureus were 42.1% (224/532) and 29.1% (155/532), respectively, with 14.7% (78/532) of samples containing both bacteria. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in chicken meat was 42.6%, on chicken cutting board it was 41.9%, on pork it was 45.1%, and the pork cutting board 30.6%. Chicken meat had a significantly (p-value < 0.05) higher prevalence of S. aureus, 38.2%, compared to the chicken cutting board, 17.7%, pork 28.9%, and pork cutting board 11.3%. Mean MPN-Salmonella was 10.6 MPN/g in chicken and 11.1 MPN/g in pork samples. Average Log CFU/g of CPS in chicken and pork samples were 2.6 and 2.5, respectively. The results indicate that chicken meat and pork in Cambodia were highly contaminated with Salmonella spp. and S. aureus, posing risks to consumers' health. Urgent interventions are necessary to improve hygiene for safer meat in Cambodian markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chea Rortana
- National of Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh 12100, Cambodia; (S.T.); (S.K.); (T.H.); (S.S.); (O.P.); (R.S.)
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (H.N.-V.); (F.U.); (S.D.-X.); (D.G.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (H.N.-V.); (F.U.); (S.D.-X.); (D.G.)
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National of Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh 12100, Cambodia; (S.T.); (S.K.); (T.H.); (S.S.); (O.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Fred Unger
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (H.N.-V.); (F.U.); (S.D.-X.); (D.G.)
| | - Sofia Boqvist
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Sinh Dang-Xuan
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (H.N.-V.); (F.U.); (S.D.-X.); (D.G.)
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Sok Koam
- National of Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh 12100, Cambodia; (S.T.); (S.K.); (T.H.); (S.S.); (O.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (H.N.-V.); (F.U.); (S.D.-X.); (D.G.)
- Natural Research Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Kristina Osbjer
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Phnom Penh 12100, Cambodia;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Theng Heng
- National of Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh 12100, Cambodia; (S.T.); (S.K.); (T.H.); (S.S.); (O.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Seng Sarim
- National of Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh 12100, Cambodia; (S.T.); (S.K.); (T.H.); (S.S.); (O.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Or Phirum
- National of Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh 12100, Cambodia; (S.T.); (S.K.); (T.H.); (S.S.); (O.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Roeurn Sophia
- National of Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh 12100, Cambodia; (S.T.); (S.K.); (T.H.); (S.S.); (O.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (H.N.-V.); (F.U.); (S.D.-X.); (D.G.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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A novel bacteriocin from Lactobacillus salivarius against Staphylococcus aureus: Isolation, purification, identification, antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Large-Scale Staphylococcus aureus Foodborne Disease Poisoning Outbreak among Primary School Children. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A large-scale food poisoning outbreak happened at a school canteen in Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam, in 2018, resulting in the hospitalization of 352 students with clinical symptoms indicative of a staphylococcal food poisoning. A subsequent laboratory investigation detected Staphylococcus aureus in two food items—deep-fried shrimp and chicken floss—at up to 103 CFU/mL, and staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in chicken floss at ≥0.211 ng SEs/g. S. aureus was also isolated from patients’ vomit and stool samples, and kitchen workers’ stool samples, as well as in frozen chicken meat, but not on the kitchen workers’ hand surfaces, suggesting the cause of this food poisoning outbreak was S. aureus contamination of the chicken meat. Molecular characterization revealed the S. aureus strains isolated from all samples were closely related; all belonged to sequence type (ST) ST6 and spa type t701 and carried both sea and sec genes. This SE-producing strain was resistant to penicillin and tetracycline, while still susceptible to oxacillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, methicillin, and vancomycin. Since S. aureus food poisonings are often underreported, our investigation added to the sparse qualitative and quantitative data of pathogenic S. aureus monitoring and surveillance in Vietnam, providing needed knowledge to guide preventative measures for future outbreaks.
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Makinde OM, Ayeni KI, Sulyok M, Krska R, Adeleke RA, Ezekiel CN. Microbiological safety of ready‐to‐eat foods in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A comprehensive 10‐year (2009 to 2018) review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:703-732. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln)Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln)Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological SciencesQueen's University Belfast Belfast United Kingdom
| | - Rasheed A. Adeleke
- Department of MicrobiologyNorth‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of MicrobiologyBabcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln)Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
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9
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High diversity of genetic lineages and virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy products in Tunisia. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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10
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Yang X, Yu S, Wu Q, Zhang J, Wu S, Rong D. Multilocus Sequence Typing and Virulence-Associated Gene Profile Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates From Retail Ready-to-Eat Food in China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:197. [PMID: 29662467 PMCID: PMC5890145 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the subtypes and virulence profiles of 69 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from retail ready-to-eat food in China. The isolates were analyzed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of important virulence factor genes, including the staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej), the exfoliative toxin genes (eta and etb), the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 gene (tst), and the Panton-Valentine leucocidin-encoding gene (pvl). The isolates encompassed 26 different sequence types (STs), including four new STs (ST3482, ST3484, ST3485, ST3504), clustered in three clonal complexes and 17 singletons. The most prevalent STs were ST1, ST6, and ST15, constituting 34.8% of all isolates. Most STs (15/26, 57.7%) detected have previously been associated with human infections. All 13 toxin genes examined were detected in the S. aureus isolates, with 84.1% of isolates containing toxin genes. The three most prevalent toxin genes were seb (36.2%), sea (33.3%), and seg (33.3%). The classical SE genes (sea–see), which contribute significantly to staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), were detected in 72.5% of the S. aureus isolates. In addition, pvl, eta, etb, and tst were found in 11.6, 10.1, 10.1, and 7.2% of the S. aureus isolates, respectively. Strains ST6 carrying sea and ST1 harboring sec-seh enterotoxin profile, which are the two most common clones associated with SFP, were also frequently detected in the food samples in this study. This study indicates that these S. aureus isolates present in Chinese ready-to-eat food represents a potential public health risk. These data are valuable for epidemiological studies, risk management, and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shubo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongli Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Menéndez RA, Rendueles E, Sanz JJ, Santos JA, García-Fernández MC. Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of diverse Spanish cured meat products. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2017.1379560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A. Menéndez
- ICTAL, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (Institute of Food Science and Technology), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Eugenia Rendueles
- ICTAL, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (Institute of Food Science and Technology), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - José J. Sanz
- ICTAL, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (Institute of Food Science and Technology), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Jesús A. Santos
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos (Department of Hygiene and Food Technology), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - María C. García-Fernández
- ICTAL, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (Institute of Food Science and Technology), Universidad de León, León, Spain
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12
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Ulusoy BH, Çakmak Sancar B, Öztürk M. Prevalence of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Ready-to-Eat Foods Sold in Istanbul. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1734-1736. [PMID: 28922025 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods sold in Istanbul, Turkey. A total of 5,241 samples were randomly collected from various caterers, hotels, and restaurants from 2014 to 2016. The samples were classified into four groups: (i) various cooked RTE meat and vegetable meals, (ii) various RTE salads, charcuterie, and cold appetizers, (iii) various cooked RTE bakery products (pasta, pastries, pizza, pita, ravioli, etc.), and (iv) any cooked RTE sweets and desserts (pudding, custard, cream, ashura, etc.). The samples were examined for the presence of SEs by 3M Tecra Staph Enterotoxin Visual Immunoassay method, which is a manual enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Among all samples, only 1 (0.019%) RTE meal (vegetable meal with meat) was found to be contaminated with SEs, a good result in terms of staphylococcal food poisoning risk and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza H Ulusoy
- 1 Near East University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Food Hygiene and Technology Department, Nicosia 99138, Turkish Republic of North Cyprus (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9278-2537 ); and
| | - Burcu Çakmak Sancar
- 2 Istanbul Esenyurt University, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul 34510, Turkey
| | - Muhsin Öztürk
- 2 Istanbul Esenyurt University, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul 34510, Turkey
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13
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Ou Q, Zhou J, Lin D, Bai C, Zhang T, Lin J, Zheng H, Wang X, Ye J, Ye X, Yao Z. A large meta-analysis of the global prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA contamination of milk. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2213-2228. [PMID: 28686461 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1308916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Past reports have indicated a high prevalence of milk contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA in pasteurized and boiled cow's milk, raw cow's milk, and raw Caprinae milk (raw sheep's milk and raw goat's milk) and across different periods, continents, economic conditions and purchase locations remain inconsistent. We searched relevant articles published in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science before July 2016. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement was used to evaluate the quality of 93 included studies. We observed that the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus contamination in pasteurized and boiled cow's milk, raw cow's milk, and raw Caprinae milk were 15.4% (95% CI, 6.1-27.5%), 33.5% (95% CI, 29.5-37.7%) and 25.8% (95% CI, 17.5-35.0%), respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of MRSA contamination were 4.9% (95% CI, 0.0-15.7%), 2.3% (95% CI, 1.3-3.6%), and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.5-1.8%), respectively. The prevalence of S. aureus contamination in raw cow's milk increased over time. However, the pooled prevalence of raw cow's milk contaminated with S. aureus was lowest in European studies. These findings give an indication of the consequence of better milk regulation in Europe. High S. aureus prevalence rates in raw milk collected from farms and processing companies pose a potential threat to consumers. The implementation of good hygiene practices, appropriate health knowledge, and food safety principles at the farm level, as well as the prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and heat treatment before drinking, are necessary to reduce the potential risk of S. aureus and MRSA contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Ou
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Junli Zhou
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Dongxin Lin
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chan Bai
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ting Zhang
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jialing Lin
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Haoqu Zheng
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jiaping Ye
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
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Turchi B, Mancini S, Pistelli L, Najar B, Cerri D, Fratini F. Sub-inhibitory stress with essential oil affects enterotoxins production and essential oil susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:682-688. [PMID: 28595460 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1338284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen wild strains of Staphylococcus aureus positive for gene sea were tested for enterotoxins production and the minimum inhibitory concentration of Leptospermum scoparium, Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Satureja montana and Thymus vulgaris essential oils (EOs) were determined. After this trial, bacteria stressed with sub-inhibitory concentration of each EO were tested for enterotoxins production by an immunoenzymatic assay and resistance to the same EO. Oregano oil exhibited the highest antibacterial activity followed by manuka and thyme oils. After the exposure to a sub-inhibitory concentration of EOs, strains displayed an increased sensitivity in more than 95% of the cases. After treatment with oregano and marjoram EOs, few strains showed a modified enterotoxins production, while 43% of the strains were no longer able to produce enterotoxins after treatment with manuka EO. The results obtained in this study highlight that exposure to sub-inhibitory concentration of EO modifies strains enterotoxins production and EOs susceptibility profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Turchi
- a Department of Veterinary Sciences , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Simone Mancini
- a Department of Veterinary Sciences , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- b Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health" , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy.,c Department of Pharmacy , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Basma Najar
- c Department of Pharmacy , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Domenico Cerri
- a Department of Veterinary Sciences , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy.,b Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health" , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Filippo Fratini
- a Department of Veterinary Sciences , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy.,b Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health" , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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15
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Ou Q, Peng Y, Lin D, Bai C, Zhang T, Lin J, Ye X, Yao Z. A Meta-Analysis of the Global Prevalence Rates of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Contamination of Different Raw Meat Products. J Food Prot 2017; 80:763-774. [PMID: 28358261 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that raw meats are frequently contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, but data regarding the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) contamination in different types of raw meat products (beef, chicken, and pork) and across different periods, regions, and purchase locations remain inconsistent. We systematically searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid, Web of Science, and HighWire databases to identify studies published up to June 2016. The STROBE guidelines were used to assess the quality of the 39 studies included in this meta-analysis. We observed no significant differences in the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA contamination identified in various raw meat products, with overall pooled prevalence rates of 29.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.8 to 35.9%) and 3.2% (95% CI, 1.8 to 4.9%) identified for the two contaminants, respectively. In the subgroup analyses, the prevalence of S. aureus contamination in chicken products was highest in Asian studies and significantly decreased over time worldwide. In European studies, the prevalence rates of S. aureus contamination in chicken and pork products were lower than those reported on other continents. The pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus contamination in chicken and pork products and MRSA contamination in beef and pork products were significantly higher in samples collected from retail sources than in samples collected from slaughterhouses and processing plants. These results highlight the need for good hygiene during transportation to and manipulation at retail outlets to reduce the risk of transmission of S. aureus and MRSA from meat products to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Ou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yang Peng
- Centre for Chronic Diseases, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dongxin Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Chan Bai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jialing Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
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16
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Zhang S, Wu Q, Zhang J, Lai Z, Zhu X. Prevalence, genetic diversity, and antibiotic resistance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in retail ready-to-eat foods in China. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Cui H, Zhao C, Lin L. The specific antibacterial activity of liposome-encapsulated Clove oil and its application in tofu. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Akindolire MA, Babalola OO, Ateba CN. Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Milk: A Public Health Implication. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:10254-75. [PMID: 26308035 PMCID: PMC4586610 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120910254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and virulence genes determinants of S. aureus isolated from milk obtained from retail outlets of the North-West Province, South Africa. To achieve this, 200 samples of raw, bulk and pasteurised milk were obtained randomly from supermarkets, shops and some farms in the North-West Province between May 2012 and April 2013. S. aureus was isolated and positively identified using morphological (Gram staining), biochemical (DNase, catalase, haemolysis and rapid slide agglutination) tests, protein profile analysis (MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry) and molecular (nuc specific PCR) methods. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates were determined using the phenotypic agar diffusion method. Genes encoding enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins and collagen adhesins were also screened using PCR. Among all the samples examined, 30 of 40 raw milk samples (75%), 25 of 85 bulk milk samples (29%) and 10 of 75 pasteurised milk samples (13%) were positive for S. aureus. One hundred and fifty-six PCR-confirmed S. aureus isolates were obtained from 75 contaminated milk samples. A large proportion (60%-100%) of the isolates was resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin and erythromycin. On the contrary, low level resistance (8.3%-40%) was observed for gentamicin, kanamycin and sulphamethoxazole. Methicillin resistance was detected in 59% of the multidrug resistant isolates and this was a cause for concern. However, only a small proportion (20.6%) of these isolates possessed PBP2a which codes for Methicillin resistance in S. aureus. In addition, 32.7% of isolates possessed the sec gene whereas the sea, seb sed, see, cna, eta, etb genes were not detected. The findings of this study showed that raw, bulk and pasteurised milk in the North-West Province is contaminated with toxigenic and multi-drug resistant S. aureus strains. There is a need to implement appropriate control measures to reduce contamination as well as the spread of virulent S. aureus strains and the burden of disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyiwa Ajoke Akindolire
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa.
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa.
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa.
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa.
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa.
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19
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Chairat S, Gharsa H, Lozano C, Gómez-Sanz E, Gómez P, Zarazaga M, Boudabous A, Torres C, Ben Slama K. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from Raw Meat Samples in Tunisia: Detection of Clonal Lineage ST398 from the African Continent. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:686-92. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Chairat
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Département de Biologie, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Haythem Gharsa
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Département de Biologie, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Elena Gómez-Sanz
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Paula Gómez
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Boudabous
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Département de Biologie, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Karim Ben Slama
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Département de Biologie, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, Tunis, Tunisia
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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20
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Kadiroğlu P, Korel F, Ceylan C. Quantification of Staphylococcus aureus in white cheese by the improved DNA extraction strategy combined with TaqMan and LNA probe-based qPCR. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 105:92-7. [PMID: 25016130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Four different bacterial DNA extraction strategies and two different qPCR probe chemistries were studied for detection of Stapylococcus aureus from white cheeses. Method employing trypsin treatment followed by a commercial kit application and TaqMan probe-based qPCR was the most sensitive one detecting higher counts than standards in naturally contaminated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Kadiroğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Figen Korel
- Department of Food Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Cagatay Ceylan
- Department of Food Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
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21
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Xu J, Shi C, Song M, Xu X, Yang P, Paoli G, Shi X. Phenotypic and Genotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Traits of FoodborneStaphylococcus aureusIsolates from Shanghai. J Food Sci 2014; 79:M635-42. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety & Dept. of Food Science and Technology; School of Agricultural and Biology; Shanghai 200240 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chunlei Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety & Dept. of Food Science and Technology; School of Agricultural and Biology; Shanghai 200240 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Minghui Song
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety & Dept. of Food Science and Technology; School of Agricultural and Biology; Shanghai 200240 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention; Shanghai 200336 China
| | - Puyu Yang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety & Dept. of Food Science and Technology; School of Agricultural and Biology; Shanghai 200240 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - George Paoli
- USDA-MOST Joint Research Center for Food Safety, Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, United States Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; Eastern Regional Research Center (USDA-ARS-ERRC); Wyndmoor PA 19038 U.S.A
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety & Dept. of Food Science and Technology; School of Agricultural and Biology; Shanghai 200240 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ; Shanghai 200240 China
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22
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Park MS, Wang J, Park JH, Forghani F, Moon JS, Oh DH. Analysis of microbiological contamination in mixed pressed ham and cooked sausage in Korea. J Food Prot 2014; 77:412-8. [PMID: 24674432 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the microbial contamination levels (aerobic bacteria plate count [APC], coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes) in mixed pressed ham and cooked sausage. A total of 180 samples were collected from factories with and without hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) systems at four steps: after chopping (AC), after mixing (AM), cooling after the first heating process, and cooling after the second heating process. For ham, APCs and coliform and E. coli counts increased when ingredients were added to the meat at the AC step. Final product APC was 1.63 to 1.85 log CFU/g, and coliforms and E. coli were not detected. S. aureus and L. monocytogenes were found in nine (15.0%) and six (10.0%) samples, respectively, but only at the AC and AM steps and not in the final product. Sausage results were similar to those for ham. The final product APC was 1.52 to 3.85 log CFU/g, and coliforms and E. coli were not detected. S. aureus and L. monocytogenes were found in 29 (24.2%) and 25 (20.8%) samples at the AC and AM steps, respectively, but not in the final product. These results indicate that the temperature and time of the first and second heating are of extreme importance to ensure the microbiological safety of the final product regardless of whether a HACCP system is in place. Microorganism contamination must be monitored regularly and regulations regarding sanitization during processing should be improved. Education regarding employee personal hygiene, environmental hygiene, prevention of cross-contamination, ingredient control, and step-by-step process control is needed to reduce the risk of food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Su Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea
| | - Joong-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea
| | - Fereidoun Forghani
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea
| | - Jin-San Moon
- Department of Animal Disease Control & Quarantine, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, 430-824, South Korea
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea.
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23
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Xing X, Li G, Zhang W, Wang X, Xia X, Yang B, Meng J. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and enterotoxin gene detection of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in ready-to-eat foods in Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. J Food Prot 2014; 77:331-4. [PMID: 24490930 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Various ready-to-eat (RTE) foods are becoming increasingly popular in the world and could be easily contaminated with various microorganisms including certain pathogens. A total of 342 RTE food samples, including 32 cooked meats, 123 vegetable salads, 26 boiled peanuts, 109 cold noodles, and 52 dried tofu samples, were collected in Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China, during the period of July to October 2012 and screened for Staphylococcus aureus. All S. aureus isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility and PCR for detecting nine enterotoxin genes (sea to sej). Overall, 25.4% of samples were positive for S. aureus, including 10 (31.3%) cooked meats, 34 (27.6%) salad vegetables, 6 (23.1%) boiled peanuts, 20 (18.3%) cold noodles, and 17 (32.7%) dried tofu samples. Of the isolated S. aureus organisms, 98.4% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent and 58.6% to three or more antimicrobials. Resistance to erythromycin (78.1%) and tetracycline (40.6%) was most frequently detected, while all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and amikacin. Moreover, 55.5% of isolates were positive for one or more enterotoxin genes. The genes sed (25.8%) and sea (19.5%) were commonly detected among the isolates; seg, sei, and sej were not found. Our findings indicate that RTE foods in Shaanxi were contaminated with S. aureus isolates that harbored multiple toxin genes and exhibited multiple-drug resistance. Appropriated hygienic measures should be taken by producers, retailers, and consumers to reduce the risk posed by S. aureus in RTE foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghong Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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24
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Tan SL, Bakar FA, Abdul Karim MS, Lee HY, Mahyudin NA. Hand hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices among food handlers at primary schools in Hulu Langat district, Selangor (Malaysia). Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Tornuk F, Ozturk I, Sagdic O, Yilmaz A, Erkmen O. Application of Predictive Inactivation Models to Evaluate Survival ofStaphylococcus aureusin Fresh-Cut Apples Treated with Different Plant Hydrosols. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2011.650340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Enterotoxinomics: The omic sciences in the study of staphylococcal toxins analyzed in food matrices. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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27
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Cho YS, Wang HJ, Lee JY, Lee DY, Shin DB. Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus pathogenic factors isolated from Korean rice cakes. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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28
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Kuda T, Yazaki T, Takahashi H, Kimura B. Effect of dried and vinegar flavored squid products on acid resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Gücükoğlu A, Onur Kevenk T, Uyanik T, Çadirci Ö, Terzi G, Alişarli M. Detection of EnterotoxigenicStaphylococcus aureusin Raw Milk and Dairy Products by Multiplex PCR. J Food Sci 2012; 77:M620-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Sospedra I, Marín R, Mañes J, Soriano JM. Rapid whole protein quantification of staphylococcal enterotoxin B by liquid chromatography. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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31
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Ding T, Wang J, Oh DH. Modeling the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus on fresh-cut spinach using a user-friendly software. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Rahimi E. Detection of classical enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus in raw sheep, goat, camel, and water buffalo milk by ELISA method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-011-1383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Production of a monoclonal antibody by simultaneous immunization of staphylococcal enterotoxin A and B. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 164:831-40. [PMID: 21286945 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a method of simultaneous immunizing BALB/c mice with staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) A and B (SEA and SEB) to prepare a monoclonal antibody (3F2) for detecting both of SEA and SEB was developed. The results showed that antibody 3F2 had high titers against both SEA and SEB by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The sensitivities of 3F2 to SEA and SEB detected by ELISA were 133.2 and 82.5 ng/mL, respectively, and the detection limits for the two enterotoxins were about 1 ng/mL. The antibody 3F2 had high specificities and affinities to both SEA and SEB, and had no cross-reaction with SEC(1), bovine serum albumin, and ovalbumin. SEs-free skimmed milk samples were spiked with different concentrations of SEA, SEB, or both of them, respectively. Average recoveries of SEA and SEB from the spiked samples were all nearly between 82% and 104%. The result suggested that one cell fusion with simultaneous immunization by multiple antigen to prepare monoclonal antibody against them was possible, simple, and economic. The monoclonal antibody could be used in simultaneous detecting multifarious SEs.
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