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Kamalasekaran K, Sundramoorthy AK. Applications of chemically modified screen-printed electrodes in food analysis and quality monitoring: a review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:27957-27971. [PMID: 39224631 PMCID: PMC11367709 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02470b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Food analysis and food quality monitoring are vital aspects of the food industry, ensuring the safety and authenticity of various food products, from packaged goods to fast food. In this comprehensive review, we explore the applications of chemically modified Screen-Printed Electrodes (SPEs) in these critical domains. SPEs have become extremely useful devices for ensuring food safety and quality assessment because of their adaptability, affordability, and convenience of use. The Introduction opens the evaluation, that covers a wide spectrum of foods, encompassing packaged, junk food, and food quality concerns. This sets the stage for a detailed exploration of chemically modified SPEs, including their nature, types, utilization, and the advantages they offer in the context of food analysis. Subsequently, the review delves into the multitude applications of SPEs in food analysis, ranging from the detection of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, which are significant indicators of food spoilage and safety, to the identification of pesticide residues, food colorants, chemicals, toxins, and antibiotics. Furthermore, chemically modified SPEs have proven to be invaluable in the quantification of metal ions and vitamins in various food matrices, shedding light on nutritional content and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kamalasekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Velammal Engineering College Chennai 600066 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ashok K Sundramoorthy
- Centre for Nano-Biosensors, Department of Prosthodontics and Materials Science, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai 600077 Tamil Nadu India
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Keramari V, Papadimou SG, Golia EE, Girousi S. Bismuth Film along with dsDNA-Modified Electrode Surfaces as Promising (bio)Sensors in the Analysis of Heavy Metals in Soils. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:310. [PMID: 38920614 PMCID: PMC11201461 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals constitute pollutants that are particularly common in air, water, and soil. They are present in both urban and rural environments, on land, and in marine ecosystems, where they cause serious environmental problems since they do not degrade easily, remain almost unchanged for long periods, and bioaccumulate. The detection and especially the quantification of metals require a systematic process. Regular monitoring is necessary because of seasonal variations in metal levels. Consequently, there is a significant need for rapid and low-cost metal determination methods. In this study, we compare and analytically validate absorption spectrometry with a sensitive voltammetric method, which uses a bismuth film-plated electrode surface and applies stripping voltammetry. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) represents a well-established analytical technique, while the applicability of anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) in complicated sample matrices such as soil samples is currently unknown. This sample-handling challenge is investigated in the present study. The results show that the AAS and ASV methods were satisfactorily correlated and showed that the metal concentration in soils was lower than the limit values but with an increasing trend. Therefore, continuous monitoring of metal levels in the urban complex of a city is necessary and a matter of great importance. The limits of detection of cadmium (Cd) were lower when using the stripping voltammetry (SWASV) graphite furnace technique compared with those obtained with AAS when using the graphite furnace. However, when using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (flame-AAS), the measurements tended to overestimate the concentration of Cd compared with the values found using SWASV. This highlights the differences in sensitivity and accuracy between these analytical methods for detecting Cd. The SWASV method has the advantage of being cheaper and faster, enabling the simultaneous determination of heavy elements across the range of concentrations that these elements can occur in Mediterranean soils. Additionally, a dsDNA biosensor is suggested for the discrimination of Cu(I) along with Cu(II) based on the oxidation peak of guanine, and adenine residues can be applied in the redox speciation analysis of copper in soil, which represents an issue of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Keramari
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotiria G. Papadimou
- Laboratory of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.G.P.); (E.E.G.)
| | - Evangelia E. Golia
- Laboratory of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.G.P.); (E.E.G.)
| | - Stella Girousi
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Haider S, Zaib M, Farooq U, Salman M, Bajwa RA, Shahida S, Aslam M. Development of a robust method for Cd(II) ions analysis using CeO 2- and CeO 2-Cu-BTC-based electrochemical sensors. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:435. [PMID: 38587761 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Simple and sensitive electrochemical sensors were fabricated from cerium oxide (CeO2) and copper-benzene tricarboxylic acid-modified cerium oxide (CeO2-Cu-BTC) materials for differential pulse voltammetric analysis of toxic cadmium (Cd) ions in aqueous solutions. The materials were prepared by hydrothermal method and structurally characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The CeO2-modified carbon paste electrode (CeCPE) and the CeO2-Cu-BTC-modified carbon paste electrode (CeBCPE) were electrochemically characterized by their cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance study in standard K3[Fe(CN)6] single-electron redox process. Their electrochemical surface areas, electrode surface coverages, and charge transfer resistances were calculated to be 1.46 cm2, 2.338 × 10-5 mol∙cm-2, and 2790 Ω and 5.48 cm2, 2.476 × 10-5 mol∙cm-2, and 1254.65 Ω for CeCPE and CeBCPE, respectively. These fabricated electrodes were used as electrochemical sensors for cadmium ion estimation by optimizing the experimental parameters through differential pulse voltammetry. The optimized conditions included 10% modifier for CeCPE and 5% modifier for CeBCPE in 0.12 M HCl solution of pH 5 as supporting electrolyte at - 1.2 V deposition for 30 s in 0.01 to 10 mg L-1 linear cadmium solution range. Under these conditions, the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.368 mg L-1 and 0.005 mg L-1 was calculated for CeCPE and CeBCPE electrodes, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 0.121 mg L-1 and 0.002 mg L-1 for CeCPE and CeBCPE, respectively. All the experimental results indicated that electrodes fabricated from CeO2-Cu-BTC show better performance as compared to CeO2-based electrodes. Both these types of electrochemical sensors presented good repeatability and performance in the presence of interfering ions as well. From these findings, it can also be inferred that these electrochemical sensors can provide a simple and very sensitive method for approximation of toxic cadmium ions in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Haider
- Centre for Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Maria Zaib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jhang, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq
- Centre for Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Centre for Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Akram Bajwa
- Centre for Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Shabnam Shahida
- Department of Chemistry, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Mira Str.19, 620002, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Mlangeni AT, Chinthenga E, Kapito NJ, Namaumbo S, Feldmann J, Raab A. Safety of African grown rice: Comparative review of As, Cd, and Pb contamination in African rice and paddy fields. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18314. [PMID: 37519744 PMCID: PMC10375803 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to investigate the reported concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in rice cultivated in Africa and African rice paddies compared to other regions. It also aimed to explore the factors influencing these concentrations and evaluate the associated health risks of elevated As, Cd, and Pb exposure. Relevant data were obtained from electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using specific keywords related to arsenic, cadmium, lead, rice, Africa, paddy, and grain. While the number of studies reporting the concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb in rice and rice paddies in Africa is relatively low compared to other regions, this review revealed that most of the African rice and paddy soils have low concentrations of these metals. However, some studies have reported elevated concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb in paddy fields, which is concerning due to the increased use of agrochemicals containing heavy metals in rice production. Nonetheless, agronomical interventions such as implementing alternate wetting and drying water management, cultivating cultivars with low accumulation of As, Cd, and Pb, amending rice fields with sorbents, and screening irrigation water can limit the bioaccumulation of these carcinogens in paddy fields using phytoremediation techniques. Therefore, we strongly urge African governments and organizations operating in Africa to enhance the capacity of rice farmers and extension officers in adopting approaches and practices that reduce the accumulation of these carcinogenic metals in rice. This is essential to achieve the sustainable development goal of providing safe food for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angstone Thembachako Mlangeni
- Department of Land and Water Resources, Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Evans Chinthenga
- Department of Land and Water Resources, Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Noel Jabesi Kapito
- Department of Land and Water Resources, Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Sydney Namaumbo
- Department of Land and Water Resources, Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Joerg Feldmann
- TESLA Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Raab
- TESLA Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
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Wang C, Niu Q, Liu D, Dong X, You T. Electrochemical sensor based on Bi/Bi 2O 3 doped porous carbon composite derived from Bi-MOFs for Pb 2+ sensitive detection. Talanta 2023; 258:124281. [PMID: 36940577 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is of great significance to develop electrochemical sensors based on novel functional nanomaterials for heavy metal ions detection. In this work, a novel Bi/Bi2O3 co-doped porous carbon composite (Bi/Bi2O3@C) was prepared by simple carbonization of bismuth-based metal-organic frameworks (Bi-MOFs). The micromorphology, internal structure, crystal and elemental composition, specific surface area and porous structure of the composite were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, and BET. Further, a sensitive electrochemical sensor for Pb2+ detection was constructed by modifying Bi/Bi2O3@C on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) based on the square wave anodic stripping voltammetric (SWASV). The different factors affecting the analytical performance were optimized systematically, such as material modification concentration, deposition time, deposition potential, and pH value. Under optimized conditions, the proposed sensor exhibited a wide linear range from 37.5 nM to 2.0 μM with a low detection limit of 6.3 nM. Meanwhile, the proposed sensor showed good stability, acceptable reproducibility, and satisfactory selectivity. The reliability of the as-proposed sensor was confirmed by the ICP-MS method for Pb2+ detection in different samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Qijian Niu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Xiuxiu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Tianyan You
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
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Perumal S, Lee W, Atchudan R. A review on bismuth-based materials for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135521. [PMID: 35780986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modernized lifestyle and increased industrialization threaten living organisms because of the pollutants released from industries and household wastes. The presence of even small amounts of pollutants (organic pollutants (OPs) and inorganic pollutants-heavy metals (HMs)) shows significant effects. Thus wastewater treatment is urgently needed before being subjected to use. Many methods and materials have been developed and reported for the removal of pollutants from wastewater. This review focused on the removal of both OPs and HMs using bismuth-based (Bi-based) materials because of their low toxicity and excellent properties compared to other metals. Bi-based materials as a photocatalyst for photodegradation of OPs are discussed in detail with synthesis methods. Further, since few reviews are available on the Bi-based material for the removal and sensing of HMs, this topic was intentionally summarized. About 200 published articles and reviews have been reviewed here. Additionally, the key point that needs to be focused on the development of Bi-based photocatalysts for the removal of OPs and for upgrading the Bi-based materials as adsorbents for HMs are conferred in the outlook. This will help many researchers in their upcoming work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguna Perumal
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 143747, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wonmok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 143747, Republic of Korea
| | - Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
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7
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Pei J, Ren T, Huang Y, Chen R, Jin W, Shang S, Wang J, Liu Z, Liang Y, Abd El-Aty AM. Application of Graphene and its Derivatives in Detecting Hazardous Substances in Food: A Comprehensive Review. Front Chem 2022; 10:894759. [PMID: 35864869 PMCID: PMC9295186 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.894759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives have been a burning issue in the last 10 years. Although many reviews described its application in electrochemical detection, few were focused on food detection. Herein, we reviewed the recent progress in applying graphene and composite materials in food detection during the past 10 years. We pay attention to food coloring materials, pesticides, antibiotics, heavy metal ion residues, and other common hazards. The advantages of graphene composites in electrochemical detection are described in detail. The differences between electrochemical detection involving graphene and traditional inherent food detection are analyzed and compared in depth. The results proved that electrochemical food detection based on graphene composites is more beneficial. The current defects and deficiencies in graphene composite modified electrode development are discussed, and the application prospects and direction of graphene in future food detection are forecasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Pei
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-resources, QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- *Correspondence: Jinjin Pei, ; Yinku Liang, ; A. M. Abd El-Aty,
| | - Ting Ren
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-resources, QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Yigang Huang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-resources, QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-resources, QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Wengang Jin
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-resources, QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Shufeng Shang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-resources, QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Jinze Wang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-resources, QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-resources, QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Yinku Liang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-resources, QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- *Correspondence: Jinjin Pei, ; Yinku Liang, ; A. M. Abd El-Aty,
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Jinjin Pei, ; Yinku Liang, ; A. M. Abd El-Aty,
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Development of Screen-Printable Nafion Dispersion for Electrochemical Sensor. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A modified Nafion dispersion for direct screen printing was developed and characterized. Commercial Nafion solution was neutralized to its sodium form and the solvent was replaced by a screen-printing-compatible solvent. The modified Nafion dispersion has optimized rheological properties including shear-thinning behavior, thixotropy, and moderate yield stress. The elemental composition and chemical states of the modified Nafion were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The chemical state and composition of the modified Nafion remained the same as those of commercial Nafion. The crystallinity of the cured membranes of both Nafion dispersions was evaluated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). It was found that the modified Nafion has lower crystallinity as compared to the commercial Nafion, and the degree of crystallinity increases with an increase in the curing temperature. The modified material was screen printed onto a commercial sensor as a cation-exchange membrane for the detection of lead Pb(II) in buffer solutions. The sensor showed good linearity in the range of 5 µg/L to 500 µg/L, with a detection limit of 2 µg/L for Pb(II) by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. This work demonstrates the possibility of printing Nafion on a large scale in a wide range of fields, such as printed electrochemical sensors.
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A simple and reliable electroanalytical method employing a disposable commercial electrode for simultaneous determination of lead(II) and mercury(II) in beer. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Barros Azeredo NF, Ferreira Santos MS, Sempionatto JR, Wang J, Angnes L. Screen-Printed Technologies Combined with Flow Analysis Techniques: Moving from Benchtop to Everywhere. Anal Chem 2021; 94:250-268. [PMID: 34851628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) coupled with flow systems have been reported in recent decades for an ever-growing number of applications in modern electroanalysis, aiming for portable methodologies. The information acquired through this combination can be attractive for future users with basic knowledge, especially due to the increased measurement throughput, reduction in reagent consumption and minimal waste generation. The trends and possibilities of this set rely on the synergistic behavior that maximizes both SPE and flow analyses characteristics, allowing mass production and automation. This overview addresses an in-depth update about the scope of samples, target analytes, and analytical throughput (injections per hour, limits of detection, linear range, etc.) obtained by coupling injection techniques (FIA, SIA, and BIA) with SPE-based electrochemical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Florência Barros Azeredo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-070, Brazil.,Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Juliane R Sempionatto
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-070, Brazil
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Yıldız C, Eskiköy Bayraktepe D, Yazan Z. Highly sensitive direct simultaneous determination of zinc(II), cadmium(II), lead(II), and copper(II) based on in-situ-bismuth and mercury thin-film plated screen-printed carbon electrode. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02865-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Electrocatalytic determination of mercury cations at the interfaces of gold electrodes modified with self-assembled monolayers of cobalt phthalocyanines and electropolymerized 3-hexylthiophene films. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Partheni V, Svarnias K, Economou A, Kokkinos C, Fielden PR, Baldock SJ, Goddard NJ. Voltammetric Determination of Trace Heavy Metals by Sequential‐injection Analysis at Plastic Fluidic Chips with Integrated Carbon Fiber‐based Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vrysiida Partheni
- Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens 157 71 Greece
| | - Konstantinos Svarnias
- Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens 157 71 Greece
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens 157 71 Greece
| | - Christos Kokkinos
- Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens 157 71 Greece
| | - Peter R. Fielden
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB UK
| | - Sara J. Baldock
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB UK
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Βaltima A, Panagopoulou H, Economou A, Kokkinos C. 3D-printed fluidic electrochemical microcell for sequential injection/stripping analysis of heavy metals. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1159:338426. [PMID: 33867040 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a 3D-printed microfluidic device is described which is suitable for sequential injection/anodic stripping voltammetric (SIA-ASV) determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II). The fluidic device is manufactured by 3D-printing in a single-step using a dual extruder 3D printer. The device is composed of a microfluidic cell (printed from a non-conductive polylactic acid (PLA) filament) and of 3 electrodes (printed from a conductive carbon-loaded PLA filament) which are integrated within the fluidic cell. During the preconcentration step, a zone of the sample (containing the target cations) and a zone of Bi(III) solution are mixed on-line and the cations are reduced on the working electrode forming a bismuth alloy. The detection step involves a voltametric scan in static solution, in which the accumulated metals are oxidized while the oxidation current is monitored. After the optimization of the relevant parameters, the limit of detection is 0.38 μg L-1 for Pb(II) and 0.57 μg L-1 for Cd(II), while the within-device repeatability and the between-device reproducibility are lower than 4.5% (n = 8) and 9% (n = 6), respectively, for both cations at the 30 μg L-1 level. The device was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in a honey sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Βaltima
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - Heleni Panagopoulou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - Christos Kokkinos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, 157 71, Greece.
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15
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Shi H, Zhang Y, Zhu F, Zhou X, Cheng W, Yang F, Kang W, Zhang X. Portable electrochemical carbon cloth analysis device for differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry determination of Pb 2. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:613. [PMID: 33068167 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical carbon cloth (CC) analysis device (eCAD) is proposed for the determination of Pb2+ in environmental water samples, which was assembled using a single-step functional CC as both the sensing and the substrate material. The modified CC was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectra, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The increase in electrochemical activity is due to the increased defective extent and excellent electrochemical activity of CC. Under optimum conditions (viz. a pH value of 4.5, deposition time of 160 s), the sensor is capable of determining Pb2+ by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) at a typical working potential of - 1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Response is linear from 5.0 × 10-9 to 3.0 × 10-6 M Pb2+, and the detection limit is 4.8 nM (at S/N = 3). The sensor was successfully applied to the determination of Pb2+ in real samples, with apparent recoveries from 96.0 to 102.0% and a relative standard deviation of less than 3.4%. In addition, the integration of the sensor with signal collection components has enabled us to realize on-site analysis of Pb2+, which is highlighted as a new generation of electrode platform for the development of a portable analysis device.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- The Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Fudan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Wenjing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Fengchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
| | - Weidong Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
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16
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Rapid Identification and Prediction of Cadmium-Lead Cross-Stress of Different Stress Levels in Rice Canopy Based on Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate detection of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)-induced cross-stress on crops is essential for agricultural, ecological environment, and food security. The feasibility to diagnose and predict Cd–Pb cross-stress in agricultural soil was explored by measuring the visible and near-infrared reflectance of rice leaves. In this study, two models were developed—namely a diagnostic model and a prediction model. The diagnostic model was established based on visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (VNIRS) datasets with Support Vector Machine (SVM), followed by leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV). A partial least-squares (PLS) regression, as the prediction model was employed to predict the foliar concentration of Cd and Pb contents. To accurately calibrate the two models, a rigorous greenhouse experiment was designed and implemented, with 4 levels of treatments on each of the Cd and Pb stress on rice. Results show that with the appropriate pre-processing, the diagnostic model can identify 79% of Cd and 85% of Pb stress of any levels. The significant bands that have been used mainly distributed between 681–776 nm and 1224–1349 nm for Cd stress and 712–784 nm for Pb stress. The prediction model can estimate Cd with coefficient of determination of 0.7, but failed to predict Pb accurately. The results illustrated the feasibility to diagnose Cd stress accurately by measuring the visible and near-infrared reflectance of rice canopy in a cross-contamination soil environment. This study serves as one step forward to heavy metal pollutant detection in a farmland environment.
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Zhang JQ, Zhou MH, Tian W, Wu YX, Chen X, Wang SX. In situ fast analysis of cadmium in rice by diluted acid extraction-anodic stripping voltammetry. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19965-19972. [PMID: 35514682 PMCID: PMC9065540 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03073e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, the production has not realized intensive cultivation and the problem of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated rice is salient, so it is important to classify rice with different degrees of Cd pollution by rapid detection method in situ. This paper established a method with a combination of dilute acid extraction pretreatment and electrochemical devices. Cd was extracted from rice using 3% HCl for 5 min. A standard curve was obtained based on a certified reference material in the rice matrix with different concentrations of Cd, which was fitted with the Cd concentration (μg kg-1) against the stripping peak current value (μA), and the linear correlation coefficient was 0.9997. To analyze the applicability of the method, three factors including substrate diluents, particle diameter of the sample, and stability towards the method were evaluated. The limit of detection (LOD) was 2.02 μg kg-1, and the repeatability and accuracy were satisfactory. Cd was determined in 142 samples collected from three major grain-producing provinces of China, and the results have good consistence with the microwave digestion-ICP-MS method. The developed method combined dilute acid extraction with a matrix matching standard curve in ASV for the first time, and it was significantly satisfactory for the detection requirements in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Qiong Zhang
- Cereals and Oils Quality and Safety Research Institution, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former Name: Academy of State Administration of Grain) No. 23 Yongwang Str, DaXing District Beijing 102600 China
| | - Ming-Hui Zhou
- Cereals and Oils Quality and Safety Research Institution, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former Name: Academy of State Administration of Grain) No. 23 Yongwang Str, DaXing District Beijing 102600 China
| | - Wei Tian
- Cereals and Oils Quality and Safety Research Institution, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former Name: Academy of State Administration of Grain) No. 23 Yongwang Str, DaXing District Beijing 102600 China
| | - Yan-Xiang Wu
- Cereals and Oils Quality and Safety Research Institution, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former Name: Academy of State Administration of Grain) No. 23 Yongwang Str, DaXing District Beijing 102600 China
| | - Xi Chen
- Cereals and Oils Quality and Safety Research Institution, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former Name: Academy of State Administration of Grain) No. 23 Yongwang Str, DaXing District Beijing 102600 China
| | - Song-Xue Wang
- Cereals and Oils Quality and Safety Research Institution, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former Name: Academy of State Administration of Grain) No. 23 Yongwang Str, DaXing District Beijing 102600 China
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18
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Evaluation of nanomanganese decorated typha tassel carbonaceous electrode: preparation, characterization, and simultaneous determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Petrović S, Guzsvány V, Ranković N, Beljin J, Rončević S, Dalmacija B, Ashrafi AM, Kónya Z, Švancara I, Vytřas K. Trace level voltammetric determination of Zn(II) in selected nutrition related samples by bismuth-oxychloride-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite based electrode. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Zhou MH, Tian W, Zhang JQ, Chen X, Wu YX, Wang SX. A rapid on-site analysis method for the simultaneous extraction and determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in cereals. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32839-32847. [PMID: 35529762 PMCID: PMC9073185 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05587h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to achieve rapid on-site screening and solve the problem of rapid pretreatment for the determination of lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) in cereals by a portable electrochemical analyzer with disposable screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), a new reliable and simple extraction method for Pb2+ and Cd2+ in cereals was developed. The Pb2+ and Cd2+ in cereals were purified by a mixed solution of 1 mol L−1 potassium iodide (KI)/5% vitamin C (VC)/ethyl acetate after being extracted by 10% HNO3, which transfers the Pb2+ and Cd2+ into ethyl acetate after a reaction with KI–VC. Then, the Pb2+ and Cd2+ were eluted from ethyl acetate with 5% HNO3 and were determined by an electrochemical analyzer with screen printed electrodes. Under the optimized conditions, the matrix calibration curves of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in rice and wheat showed good linear relationships with R2 > 0.996. The method shows a detection limit (LOD) for Cd2+ in rice and wheat of 6.7 μg kg−1 and 11.5 μg kg−1, and the corresponding values for Pb2+ were 34.9 and 31.1 μg kg−1, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 8.7% for Cd2+ and Pb2+. In addition, the recoveries of the tested reference materials using this method were between 80% and 120%. From sample pretreatment to testing results, the whole process took no more than 25 min, and the operation was simple for operators, green to the environment, cheap in terms of instruments, and above all suitable for on-site detection. The results implied that this portable electrochemical method with new pretreatment may be a good choice for screening Pb2+ and Cd2+ in cereal samples on-site. To achieve rapid on-site screening rapid pretreatment for the determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in cereals by a portable electrochemical analyzer with disposable screen-printed electrodes, a new reliable and simple extraction method for Pb2+ and Cd2+ was developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-hui Zhou
- The Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former Name: Academy of State Administration of Grain, ab. ASAG)
- Beijing 100037
- China
| | - Wei Tian
- The Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former Name: Academy of State Administration of Grain, ab. ASAG)
- Beijing 100037
- China
| | - Jie-qiong Zhang
- The Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former Name: Academy of State Administration of Grain, ab. ASAG)
- Beijing 100037
- China
| | - Xi Chen
- The Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former Name: Academy of State Administration of Grain, ab. ASAG)
- Beijing 100037
- China
| | - Yan-xiang Wu
- The Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former Name: Academy of State Administration of Grain, ab. ASAG)
- Beijing 100037
- China
| | - Song-xue Wang
- The Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former Name: Academy of State Administration of Grain, ab. ASAG)
- Beijing 100037
- China
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21
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Inexpensive Bismuth-Film Electrode Supported on Pencil-Lead Graphite for Determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) Ions by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. Int J Anal Chem 2018; 2018:1473706. [PMID: 30402102 PMCID: PMC6196922 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1473706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work reports the development and application of bismuth-film electrode (BiFE), obtained by in situ method on the pencil-lead graphite surface, for simultaneous Cd(II) and Pb(II) determination at trace levels, as alternative to replace the mercury-film electrodes. Experimental factors, deposition time (td), deposition potential (Ed), and Bi(III) concentration (CBi), were investigated by applying a 23 factorial design using 0.10 mol/L acetate buffer solution (pH 4.5) as supporting electrolyte. The analysis conditions of the differential pulse technique were td = 250 s, Ed = -1.40 V, and CBi = 250 mg L−1. The validation of the method employing BiFE was accomplished by determination of merit figures. The detection limits were of 11.0 μg L−1 for Cd(II) and 11.5 μg L−1 for Pb(II), confirming that proposed method is attractive and suitable for heavy metals determination. Additionally, the BiFE developed was successfully applied for the Cd(II) and Pb(II) determination in wastewater sample of battery industry.
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Determination of trace heavy metals in canned food using Graphene/AuNPs/[Ru(NH3)6]3+/Nafion modified glassy carbon electrodes. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-018-9930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Du H, Chen W, Zhu Q, Liu S, Zhou J. Identification of weak peaks in X-ray fluorescence spectrum analysis based on the hybrid algorithm combining genetic and Levenberg Marquardt algorithm. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 141:149-155. [PMID: 30057214 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate measurement of cadmium content in rice is of utmost importance to determine if the inspected rice product is safe to people. X-ray fluorescence analysis is frequently used for multi-element analysis because it has characteristics of fast, accurate and nondestructive. However, due to the low content of cadmium in rice, its corresponding characteristics energy peak is relatively weak and is sensitive to the background information in the X-ray energy spectrum. Thus, it is very tough to obtain the accurate values of cadmium content by utilizing traditional X-ray fluorescence analysis. In this paper, the identification of weak peaks of cadmium is much improved by proposing a hybrid algorithm combining genetic algorithm (GA) and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LM). The hybrid algorithm not only takes full advantages of GA and LM respectively but also inhibits their unwanted properties: poor local search ability of GA and locally convergent of LM. The proposed hybrid algorithm is employed to identify weak peaks in X-ray spectra of six contaminated rice samples with different contents of cadmium. Two comparative experiments are conducted to compare the performance between GA, LM and the proposed hybrid algorithm. One of the comparative experiments has the relative error varying with the number of calculations, which aims to verify the accuracy and stability. The results show that the hybrid algorithm is a better option in terms of accuracy and stability. Another comparative experiment of which the average relative error varies with the number of iterations is conducted to verify the computing efficiency. The experiments show that the hybrid algorithm exhibits a faster convergence rate. Two numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can well resolve the identification issue of the cadmium in the X-ray spectra and significantly improve the content measurement accuracy of cadmium in the quality evaluation experiment of rice products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Du
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Wuhui Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Qingjun Zhu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
| | - Songlin Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Jianbin Zhou
- The College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
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24
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Zhao G, Wang H, Liu G. Sensitive determination of trace Cd(ii) and Pb(ii) in soil by an improved stripping voltammetry method using two different in situ plated bismuth-film electrodes based on a novel electrochemical measurement system. RSC Adv 2018; 8:5079-5089. [PMID: 35542410 PMCID: PMC9078133 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12767g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a simple but effective electrochemical method was developed to minimize the interference from real soil samples and increase the sensitivity of Pb(ii) and Cd(ii) detection by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) using a novel electrochemical measurement system, which can be used for the on-site determination of trace Cd(ii) and Pb(ii) in real soil samples. The method involved performing SWASV following double deposition and stripping steps at two in situ plated bismuth-film electrodes with drastically different surface properties. Pb(ii) and Cd(ii) were first deposited on an in situ plated bismuth-film graphite carbon paste electrode (Bi/GCPE). When the first deposition was finished, the GCPE was moved to a micro-electrolytic cell to perform the first stripping step. The following measurements were performed with the other deposition and stripping steps using a highly sensitive in situ plated bismuth-film multiwalled carbon nanotube–Nafion composite modified glassy carbon electrode (Bi/MWCNT–Nafion/GCE) as the working electrode. Pb(ii), Cd(ii) and Bi(iii) stripped from the GCPE in the micro-electrolytic cell were partially deposited on the MWCNT–Nafion/GCE, and the stripping current signals were obtained from their oxidation during the second stripping step. Considering the small volume of the micro-electrolytic cell, the concentrations of Cd(ii) and Pb(ii) were drastically higher than those in the bulk solution, and therefore, the detection limits were reduced. Under the optimized conditions, the concentrations in the linear range spanned from 1.0 to 45.0 μg L−1 for both Pb(ii) and Cd(ii), with a detection limit of 0.03 μg L−1 for Pb(ii) and 0.02 μg L−1 for Cd(ii) (S/N = 3). Finally, analyses of real samples were performed to detect trace levels of Pb(ii) and Cd(ii) in soil with satisfactory results. A double-stripping voltammetry method was designed and developed to improve the sensitivity and anti-interference ability for detection of heavy metals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhao
- Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research
- Ministry of Education of China
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research
- Ministry of Education of China
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research
- Ministry of Education of China
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
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25
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Zhao G, Wang H, Liu G. Direct Quantification of Cd 2+ in the Presence of Cu 2+ by a Combination of Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using a Bi-Film-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode and an Artificial Neural Network. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17071558. [PMID: 28671628 PMCID: PMC5539607 DOI: 10.3390/s17071558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract: In this study, a novel method based on a Bi/glassy carbon electrode (Bi/GCE) for quantitatively and directly detecting Cd2+ in the presence of Cu2+ without further electrode modifications by combining square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) and a back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) has been proposed. The influence of the Cu2+ concentration on the stripping response to Cd2+ was studied. In addition, the effect of the ferrocyanide concentration on the SWASV detection of Cd2+ in the presence of Cu2+ was investigated. A BP-ANN with two inputs and one output was used to establish the nonlinear relationship between the concentration of Cd2+ and the stripping peak currents of Cu2+ and Cd2+. The factors affecting the SWASV detection of Cd2+ and the key parameters of the BP-ANN were optimized. Moreover, the direct calibration model (i.e., adding 0.1 mM ferrocyanide before detection), the BP-ANN model and other prediction models were compared to verify the prediction performance of these models in terms of their mean absolute errors (MAEs), root mean square errors (RMSEs) and correlation coefficients. The BP-ANN model exhibited higher prediction accuracy than the direct calibration model and the other prediction models. Finally, the proposed method was used to detect Cd2+ in soil samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhao
- Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agricultural of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agricultural of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agricultural of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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26
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Stripping voltammetric determination of trace cadmium and lead in Thai organic unpolished rice after ultrasound-assisted digestion. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Qin D, Gao S, Wang L, Shen H, Yalikun N, Sukhrobov P, Wagberg T, Zhao Y, Mamat X, Hu G. Three-dimensional carbon nanofiber derived from bacterial cellulose for use in a Nafion matrix on a glassy carbon electrode for simultaneous voltammetric determination of trace levels of Cd(II) and Pb(II). Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Velmurugan M, Chen SM. Synthesis and Characterization of Porous MnCo 2O 4 for Electrochemical Determination of Cadmium ions in Water Samples. Sci Rep 2017; 7:653. [PMID: 28381862 PMCID: PMC5429597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To utilize the maximum activity of nanomaterials, it was specifically synthesized by appropriate physicochemical properties. In that aspect, we have described the synthesis of porous MnCo2O4 by simple chemical route and applied for the selective detection of cadmium (Cd (II)). The as-prepared porous MnCo2O4 was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) adsorption isotherm, X-ray diffraction pattern analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and electrochemical techniques. The porous MnCo2O4 exhibited an excellent electrochemical behaviour and good analytical response towards the determination of Cd (II). Those analytical factors such as pH, deposition potential and deposition time are optimized by using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). A wide linear concentration range from 2.3 to 120 µg L-1, limit of detection (LOD) of 0.72 µg L-1 and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.91 µg L-1 were achieved for determination of Cd (II). The selectivity of the developed sensor was explored in the presence of co-interfering ions. Also our sensor exhibits a good stability, reproducibility and repeatability. In addition, the practicability of proposed sensor was evaluated for the detection of Cd (II) in real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Velmurugan
- National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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29
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Qin D, Xu R, Shen H, Mamat X, Wang L, Gao S, Wang Y, Yalikun N, Wagberg T, Zhang S, yuan Q, Li Y, Hu G. Protic salt-based nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon for simultaneous electrochemical detection of Cd(ii) and Pb(ii). RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04806h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) derived from a single small-molecule protic salt (p-phenylenediamine bisulfate) is used for sensing toxic heavy metal ions.
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30
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Zhao G, Yin Y, Wang H, Liu G, Wang Z. Sensitive stripping voltammetric determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by a Bi/multi-walled carbon nanotube-emeraldine base polyaniline-Nafion composite modified glassy carbon electrode. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Pandey SK, Singh P, Singh J, Sachan S, Srivastava S, Singh SK. Nanocarbon-based Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metals. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad; Allahabad- 211004 India
| | - Priti Singh
- Department of Biotechnology; Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad; Allahabad- 211004 India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Biotechnology; Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad; Allahabad- 211004 India
| | - Sadhana Sachan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad; Allahabad- 211004 India
| | - Sameer Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology; Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad; Allahabad- 211004 India
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology; Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad; Allahabad- 211004 India
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Jiang TJ, Guo Z, Ma MJ, Fang L, Yang M, Li SS, Liu JH, Zhao NJ, Huang XJ, Liu WQ. Electrochemical laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for enhanced detection of Cd(II) without interference in rice on layer-by-layer assembly of graphene oxides. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Zhao G, Wang H, Liu G, Wang Z. Simultaneous and Sensitive Detection of Cd(II) and Pb(II) Using a Novel Bismuth Film/Ordered Mesoporous Carbon-molecular Wire Modified Graphite Carbon Paste Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhao
- Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education of China; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 P. R. China
- Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agricultural of China; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education of China; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 P. R. China
- Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agricultural of China; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education of China; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 P. R. China
- Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agricultural of China; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Shandong University of Technology; Zibo 255049 P. R. China
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A green analytical method for rapid determination of pectin degree of esterification using micro sequential injection lab-on-valve system. Food Chem 2016; 204:513-520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kokkinos C, Economou A, Goddard NG, Fielden PR, Baldock SJ. Determination of Pb(II) by sequential injection/stripping analysis at all-plastic electrochemical fluidic cells with integrated composite electrodes. Talanta 2016; 153:170-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chaiyo S, Mehmeti E, Žagar K, Siangproh W, Chailapakul O, Kalcher K. Electrochemical sensors for the simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium and lead using a Nafion/ionic liquid/graphene composite modified screen-printed carbon electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 918:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Çelik GK, Üzdürmez AF, Erkal A, Kılıç E, Solak AO, Üstündağ Z. 3,8-Diaminobenzo[c]Cinnoline Derivatived Graphene Oxide Modified Graphene Oxide Sensor for the Voltammetric Determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-015-0297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Polyaniline/graphene quantum dot-modified screen-printed carbon electrode for the rapid determination of Cr(VI) using stopped-flow analysis coupled with voltammetric technique. Talanta 2015; 150:198-205. [PMID: 26838400 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyaniline/graphene quantum dots (PANI/GQDs) were used to modify a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) in a flow-based system. A method for rapidly determining the Cr(VI) concentrations by using stopped-flow analysis has been developed using an Auto-Pret system coupled with linear-sweep voltammetry using the PANI/GQD-modified SPCE. The GQDs, synthesized in a botton-up manner from citric acid, were mixed with aniline monomer in an optimized ratio. The mixture was injected into an electrochemical flow cell in which electro-polymerization of the aniline monomer occurred. Under conditions optimized for determining Cr(VI), wide linearity was obtained in the range of 0.1-10 mg L(-1), with a detection limit of 0.097 mg L(-1). For a sample volume of 0.5 m L, the modified SPCE can be used continuously with a sample-throughput of more than 90 samples per hour. In addition, this proposed method was successfully applied to mineral water samples with acceptable accuracy, and the quantitative agreement was accomplished in deteriorated Cr-plating solutions with a standard traditional method for Cr(VI) detection.
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Simionca IM, Arvinte A, Pinteala M. Crown ether-based structures for sensitive electrochemical detection. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008315584183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-co- N-acryloxysuccinimide with 2-aminomethyl-18-crown-6 (p(HPMA-NAS-18C6)) graft copolymer deposited on the gold (Au) electrode is able to bind heavy metal cations from aqueous solutions. The binding of the lead(II) cations (Pb2+) is monitored by quartz crystal microbalance, cyclic voltammetry, and anodic stripping voltammetry. Electrochemical studies have demonstrated that the presence of p(HPMA-NAS-18C8) on the Au electrode surface resulted in the shift of Pb oxidation wave to less negative potentials, accompanied by the increase of the oxidation peak magnitude. The p(HPMA-NAS-18C6)-modified electrode could sensitively detect Pb2+ cations in a range from 10 ppb to 4.39 ppm with a low detection limit of 0.17 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana-Maria Simionca
- ”PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Adina Arvinte
- ”PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- ”PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
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do Nascimento FH, Masini JC. Sequential Injection Assisted Stripping Chronopotentiometry at Screen Printed Gold Electrodes for Determination of Hg(II) in Adsorption Studies. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1038549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Trace level voltammetric determination of lead and cadmium in sediment pore water by a bismuth-oxychloride particle-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite modified glassy carbon electrode. Talanta 2015; 134:640-649. [PMID: 25618717 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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42
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Sensitive electrochemical sensor using a graphene-polyaniline nanocomposite for simultaneous detection of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II). Anal Chim Acta 2015; 874:40-8. [PMID: 25910444 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the development of an electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) using a graphene-polyaniline (G/PANI) nanocomposite electrode prepared by reverse-phase polymerization in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Two substrate materials (plastic film and filter paper) and two nanocomposite deposition methods (drop-casting and electrospraying) were investigated. Square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry currents were higher for plastic vs. paper substrates. Performance of the G/PANI nanocomposites was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry. The G/PANI-modified electrode exhibited high electrochemical conductivity, producing a three-fold increase in anodic peak current (vs. the unmodified electrode). The G/PANI-modified electrode also showed evidence of increased surface area under SEM. Square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry was used to measure Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) in the presence of Bi(III). A linear working range of 1-300 μg L(-1) was established between anodic current and metal ion concentration with detection limits (S/N=3) of 1.0 μg L(-1) for Zn(II), and 0.1 μg L(-1) for both Cd(II) and Pb(II). The G/PANI-modified electrode allowed selective determination of the target metals in the presence of common metal interferences including Mn(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Fe(II), Co(III), and Ni(II). Repeat assays on the same device demonstrated good reproducibility (%RSD<11) over 10 serial runs. Finally, this system was utilized for determining Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) in human serum using the standard addition method.
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Punrat E, Chuanuwatanakul S, Kaneta T, Motomizu S, Chailapakul O. Method development for the determination of mercury(II) by sequential injection/anodic stripping voltammetry using an in situ gold-film screen-printed carbon electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rattanarat P, Dungchai W, Cate D, Volckens J, Chailapakul O, Henry CS. Multilayer Paper-Based Device for Colorimetric and Electrochemical Quantification of Metals. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3555-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Poomrat Rattanarat
- Electrochemistry
and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wijitar Dungchai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, 91 Prachautid Road, Thungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - David Cate
- School of Biomedical
Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - John Volckens
- School of Biomedical
Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry
and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- School of Biomedical
Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Chao M, Chen M. Electrochemical Determination of Phoxim in Food Samples Employing a Graphene-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Fast and sensitive detection of Pb2+ in foods using disposable screen-printed electrode modified by reduced graphene oxide. SENSORS 2013; 13:13063-75. [PMID: 24077322 PMCID: PMC3859050 DOI: 10.3390/s131013063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was electrochemically deposited on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) to prepare a disposable sensor for fast detection of Pb2+ in foods. The SEM images showed that the rGO was homogeneously deposited onto the electrode surface with a wrinkled nanostructure, which provided 2D bridges for electron transport and a larger active area for Pb2+ adsorption. Results showed that rGO modification enhanced the activity of the electrode surface, and significantly improved the electrochemical properties of SPCE. The rGO modified SPCE (rGO-SPCE) was applied to detect Pb2+ in standard aqueous solution, showing a sharp stripping peak and a relatively constant peak potential in square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The linear range for Pb2+ detection was 5∼200 ppb (R2 = 0.9923) with a low detection limit of 1 ppb (S/N = 3). The interference of Cd2+ and Cu2+ at low concentrations was effectively avoided. Finally, the rGO-SPCE was used for determination of lead in real tap water, juice, preserved eggs and tea samples. Compared with results from graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS), the results based on rGO-SPCE were both accurate and reliable, suggesting that the disposable sensor has great potential in application for fast, sensitive and low-cost detection of Pb2+ in foods.
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