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Samadpour M, Benoit L, Myoda S, Hans B, Nadala C, Kim SH, Themeli E, Cantera R, Nguyen T, Richter H. Microbiological survey and genomic analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from US households and retail foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0070024. [PMID: 38953659 PMCID: PMC11267904 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00700-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species are opportunistic pathogens that are capable of causing morbidity and mortality, particularly in infants. Although the transmission dynamics involved in Cronobacter infections remain largely unknown, contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF) has been linked to 30% of Cronobacter sakazakii cases involving invasive illness in infants. As several lines of evidence have implicated the domestic environment in PIF contamination, we undertook a microbiological survey of homes (N = 263) across the US. Cronobacter spp. and C. sakazakii were isolated from 36.1% and 24.7% of US homes, respectively, with higher recovery rates observed for floor and kitchen surfaces. Multi-locus sequence typing indicated that the dominant strain was C. sakazakii ST4, the sequence type most commonly associated with neonatal meningitis. For comparison purposes, retail foods (N = 4,009) were also surveyed, with the highest contamination frequencies (10.1%-26.3%) seen for nut products, seeds, and grains/baked goods/flours. The sequence type profile of isolates recovered from homes mirrored that of isolates recovered from retail foods, with increased representation of ST1, ST4, ST13, ST17, and ST40. Analysis of 386 whole genomic sequences revealed significant diversity. Redundancies were only observed for isolates recovered from within the same domicile, and there were no identical matches with sequences archived at the NCBI pathogen database. Genes coding for putative virulence and antibiotic resistance factors did not segregate with clinically significant sequence types. Collectively, these findings support the possibility that contamination events occurring within the home should not be overlooked as a contributor to community-onset Cronobacter infections. IMPORTANCE Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in neonates. Its transmission dynamics are poorly understood, though powered infant formula (PIF) is thought to be the major transmission vehicle. How the PIF becomes contaminated remains unknown. Our survey shows that roughly 1/4 of US homes are contaminated with Cronobacter sakazakii, particularly in the kitchen setting. Our analyses suggest that the domestic environment may contribute to contamination of PIF and provides insights into mitigating the risk of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Samadpour
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Lora Benoit
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Sam Myoda
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Bada Hans
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Cesar Nadala
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Seong Hong Kim
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Eni Themeli
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Ruth Cantera
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Truyen Nguyen
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Hans Richter
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
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Ekundayo TC, Ijabadeniyi OA. Global and regional prevalence of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered milk and flour. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6865. [PMID: 38514864 PMCID: PMC10957878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (Cz) infections linked with powdered milk/flour (PMF) are on the increase in recent times. The current study aimed at assessing worldwide and regional prevalence of Cz in PMF. Cz-PMF-directed data were conscientiously mined in four mega-databases via topic-field driven PRISMA protocol without any restriction. Bivariate analysis of datasets was conducted and then fitted to random-intercept logistic mixed-effects regressions with leave-one-study-out-cross-validation (LOSOCV). Small-study effects were assayed via Egger's regression tests. Contributing factors to Cz contamination/detection in PMF were determined using 1000-permutation-bootstrapped meta-regressions. A total of 3761 records were found out of which 68 studies were included. Sample-size showed considerable correlation with Cz positivity (r = 0.75, p = 2.5e-17), Milkprod2020 (r = 0.33, p = 1.820e-03), and SuDI (r = - 0.30, p = 4.11e-03). The global prevalence of Cz in PMF was 8.39% (95%CI 6.06-11.51, PI: 0.46-64.35) with LOSOCV value of 7.66% (6.39-9.15; PI: 3.10-17.70). Cz prevalence in PMF varies significantly (p < 0.05) with detection methods, DNA extraction method, across continents, WHO regions, and world bank regions. Nation, detection method, world bank region, WHO region, and sample size explained 53.88%, 19.62%, 19.03%, 15.63%, and 9.22% of the true differences in the Cz prevalence in PMF, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicated that national will power in the monitoring and surveillance of Cz in PMF matched with adequate sample size and appropriate detection methods will go a long way in preventing Cz contamination and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope C Ekundayo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Oluwatosin A Ijabadeniyi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban, South Africa
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Díaz Ortiz N, Martínez Suárez V, Ortiz Jareño S, Martínez-Suárez JV. [The pathogenicity of Cronobacter in the light of bacterial genomics]. NUTR HOSP 2023. [PMID: 37073756 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Species of the genus Cronobacter, particularly C. sakazakii, are implicated in the development of severe disease in newborns, which occurs with necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis and meningitis. The disease has been frequently associated with powdered infant formula (PIF) and can therefore occur in the form of outbreaks. The genus Cronobacter has undergone extensive diversification in the course of its evolution, with some species being clearly pathogenic to humans while the impact of other species on human health is uncertain or unknown. Whole genome sequencing is used both in population genetic studies to identify the limited number of genotypes associated with the disease and to detect genes associated with antibiotic resistance or virulence, ultimately allowing more precise epidemiological links to be established between pediatric disease and infant foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Díaz Ortiz
- Servicio de Pediatría. Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias. Servicio Madrileño de Salud (SERMAS
| | - Venancio Martínez Suárez
- Centro de Salud El Llano. Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA). Universidad de Oviedo
| | - Sagrario Ortiz Jareño
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC)
| | - Joaquín V Martínez-Suárez
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC)
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Berthold-Pluta A, Garbowska M, Stefańska I, Stasiak-Różańska L, Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk T, Pluta A. Microbiological Quality of Nuts, Dried and Candied Fruits, Including the Prevalence of Cronobacter spp. Pathogens 2021; 10:900. [PMID: 34358048 PMCID: PMC8308658 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter genus bacteria are food-borne pathogens. Foods contaminated with Cronobacter spp. may pose a risk to infants or immunocompromised adults. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of nuts, seeds and dried fruits with special emphasis on the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. Analyses were carried out on 64 samples of commercial nuts (20 samples), dried fruits (24), candied fruits (8), seeds (4), and mixes of seeds, dried fruits and nuts (8). The samples were tested for the total plate count of bacteria (TPC), counts of yeasts and molds, and the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. Cronobacter isolates were identified and differentiated by PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragments Length Polymorphism) and RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA by PCR) analysis. TPC, and yeasts and molds were not detected in 0.1 g of 23.4%, 89.1%, and 32.8% of the analyzed samples. In the remaining samples, TPC were in the range of 1.2-5.3 log CFU g-1. The presence/absence of Cronobacter species was detected in 12 (18.8%) samples of: nuts (10 samples), and mixes (2 samples). The 12 strains of Cronobacter spp. included: C. sakazakii (3 strains), C. malonaticus (5), and C. turicensis (4). The results of this study contribute to the determination of the presence and species identification of Cronobacter spp. in products of plant origin intended for direct consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berthold-Pluta
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Monika Garbowska
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Ilona Stefańska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Lidia Stasiak-Różańska
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Antoni Pluta
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
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Arslan S, Ertürk HG. Occurrence, Virulence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Cronobacter spp. from Ready-to-Eat Foods. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3403-3416. [PMID: 34241669 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. can cause foodborne diseases in infants, but Cronobacter infections in healthy adults and vulnerable people have also been reported. These bacteria have ubiquitous nature and can contaminate various foods. Therefore, we assessed the presence of Cronobacter spp. in popularly consumed ready-to-eat (RTE) food products. In the present study, 51 (15%) of the 340 RTE food samples were contaminated with Cronobacter spp The highest contamination rates were found in spices (46.7%), meat-free cig koftes (44.4%), desserts (23.3%), cereals (23.1%), doners (12.2%), and ice cream (11.1%). Phenotypic and molecular methods, including 16S rRNA, gluA, rpoB, cgcA genes, and fusA allele sequencing were tested to identify Cronobacter species. Of the 51 contaminated samples, 54 isolates were identified as C. sakazakii (n = 43), C. malonaticus (n = 7), C. muytjensii (n = 3) and C. turicensis (n = 1) using fusA analysis. These isolates were assigned to 15 different fusA alleles, two of which (191 and 192) were new alleles. Putative virulence factors such as the ompA and zpx gene, biofilms, and siderophores were detected in most of the Cronobacter isolates (> 85%). Cronobacter isolates were resistant to cephalothin (85.2%), cefoxitin (33.3%), cefotaxime (14.8%), ampicillin (11.1%), cefepime (5.6%), aztreonam (5.6%), and piperacillin (1.9%). The multidrug resistance (against three or more classes of antimicrobial agents) was 7.4%. The results indicated presence of Cronobacter spp. in RTE foods, which may be a risk to human health. It is important to adopt rigorous hygiene and sanitization practices to ensure the microbiological safety of these foods consuming without any processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seza Arslan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Hafize Gizem Ertürk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030, Bolu, Turkey
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Shang Y, Ye Q, Wu Q, Pang R, Zhou B, Wang C, Xiang X, Li F, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Sun X, Zhang J. PCR and multiplex PCR assays for the detection of Cronobacter species using specific targets obtained by a bioinformatics approach. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Fu S, Qin X, Wang Z, Yang X, Chen S, Yang T, Jin H, Man C, Jiang Y. Screening of specific nucleic acid targets for Cronobacter sakazakii and visual detection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification and lateral flow dipstick method in powdered infant formula. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5152-5165. [PMID: 33663822 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lack of specific genes for rapid detection methods of Cronobacter sakazakii in food samples, whole genome sequence analysis was performed in this investigation using the basic local alignment search tool. Forty-two DNA fragments unique to C. sakazakii were mined, then primers were designed and screened by PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Two primer sets, CS1 and CS31, were found as specific and stable primers, with their corresponding nucleic acid targets the CSK29544_00235 gene and CSK29544_03484 gene, respectively. Furthermore, compared with 3 genes reported previously, these 2 genes were verified as more specific to C. sakazakii among Cronobacter species, by sequence similarity alignment using Cronobacter MLST databases (http://pubmlst.org/cronobacter). The specificity of the LAMP reaction approached 100% by using 48 bacterial strains, which included 22 C. sakazakii strains. Subsequently, LAMP was combined with visual lateral flow dipstick (LFD) based on the above 2 nucleic acid targets, and was demonstrated as a rapid, efficient method with high specificity. Finally, the detection sensitivity of this assay system for pure cultures and artificially contaminated milk was measured as 4.5 × 100 cfu/mL and 5.7 × 101 cfu/g, respectively. Total time to detection for this assay was within 2 h. Thus, the establishment of this LAMP-LFD method shows great significance and potential for rapid detection of C. sakazakii in powdered infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xue Qin
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhenghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Sihan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haonan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Ling N, Jiang Y, Zeng H, Ding Y, Forsythe S. Advances in our understanding and distribution of the Cronobacter genus in China. J Food Sci 2021; 86:276-283. [PMID: 33438222 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review considers how research in China has progressed our understanding and subsequent improved control of Cronobacter. This emergent bacterial pathogen is associated with neonatal infections through the ingestion of contaminated prepared feed. The review includes large-scale surveys of various sources of the organism, including infant formula production facilities. The analysis of over 20,000 samples is presented. Over 10,000 being from powdered infant formula and other infant foods as well as environmental sampling of production facilities, the remaining being from food, food ingredients, and human carriage. A major advance in China was adopting DNA-sequence-based methods (that is, multilocus sequence typing, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-cas array profiling, and single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis) for the identification and genotyping of the organism. These methods have considerably advanced our understanding of the taxonomy, ecology, and virulence of this organism. In turn, this has improved source tracking of the organism both in infant formula production facilities and epidemiological investigations. Furthermore, whole-genome sequencing has revealed a range of virulence and persistence mechanisms as well as plasmid-borne multidrug resistance traits. China now has reliable and robust methods for accurate microbial source tracking of Cronobacter for use both in the food production environment and epidemiological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ling
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.,Guangdong Institute of Microbiology & Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application & Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology & Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application & Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Ke A, Parreira VR, Goodridge L, Farber JM. Current and Future Perspectives on the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics in Controlling Pathogenic Cronobacter Spp. in Infants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:755083. [PMID: 34745060 PMCID: PMC8567173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.755083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species, in particular C. sakazakii, is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen implicated in the development of potentially debilitating illnesses in infants (<12months old). The combination of a poorly developed immune system and gut microbiota put infants at a higher risk of infection compared to other age groups. Probiotics and prebiotics are incorporated in powdered infant formula and, in addition to strengthening gut physiology and stimulating the growth of commensal gut microbiota, have proven antimicrobial capabilities. Postbiotics in the cell-free supernatant of a microbial culture are derived from probiotics and can also exert health benefits. Synbiotics, a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics, may provide further advantages as probiotics and gut commensals degrade prebiotics into short-chain fatty acids that can provide benefits to the host. Cell-culture and animal models have been widely used to study foodborne pathogens, but sophisticated gut models have been recently developed to better mimic the gut conditions, thus giving a more accurate representation of how various treatments can affect the survival and pathogenicity of foodborne pathogens. This review aims to summarize the current understanding on the connection between Cronobacter infections and infants, as well as highlight the potential efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in reducing invasive Cronobacter infections during early infancy.
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Oluwaseun Alegbeleye O, Sant’Ana AS. Understanding the public health burden of unconventional produce-associated enteropathogens. Curr Opin Food Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Harouna S, Franco I, Carramiñana JJ, Blázquez A, Abad I, Pérez MD, Calvo M, Sánchez L. Effect of hydrolysis and microwave treatment on the antibacterial activity of native bovine milk lactoferrin against Cronobacter sakazakii. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 319:108495. [PMID: 31911211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bovine lactoferrin (bLF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein used in functional and therapeutic products due to its biological properties, the most important being its antimicrobial activity. In this study, hydrolysates of bovine lactoferrin (bLFH) obtained with pepsin, chymosin and microbial rennet were assayed against Cronobacter sakazakii (104 CFU/mL) in different media: phosphate buffered saline (PBS), bovine skim milk and whey, and reconstituted powdered infant formula (PIFM). The results obtained have shown that hydrolysis of bLF enhances its antibacterial activity against C. sakazakii. The three types of bLFH dissolved in PBS reduced C. sakazakii growth from a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL and inhibited it completely above 0.5 mg/mL, after 4 and 8 h of incubation at 37 °C. The three bLFH (1 and 2 mg/mL) did not show any antibacterial activity in skim milk, whey and reconstituted PIFM after 8 h of incubation at 37 °C. However, C. sakazakii growth was completely inhibited in whey when pepsin and chymosin bLFH (2 mg/mL) were combined with undigested bLF (2 mg/mL), after 8 h of incubation at 37 °C. On the other hand, the combination of any of the three hydrolysates with bLF showed very low activity in skim milk and practically no activity in reconstituted PIFM. Furthermore, the effect of temperature after reconstitution (4, 23 and 37 °C), on the antibacterial activity of bLF (2.5 and 5 mg/mL) in reconstituted PIFM contaminated with C. sakazakii (10-102 CFU/mL) was also investigated. bLF at 5 mg/mL significantly reduced (p < .05) the proliferation of C. sakazakii in reconstituted PIFM at 37 °C until 2 h. C. sakazakii did not grow at 4 °C for 6 days in reconstituted PIFM with or without bLF. The effect of microwave heating (450, 550 and 650 W for 5, 10 and 15 s) on the antibacterial activity and stability of bLF (2.5 mg/mL) in reconstituted PIFM contaminated with C. sakazakii (10-102 CFU/mL) was also studied. The antibacterial activity of bLF was maintained after treatments at 450 and 550 W for 5 s, which kept 94 and 89% of bLF immunoreactivity, respectively. Moreover, microwave treatments of reconstituted PIFM with or without bLF, at 650 W for 5 s, and at 450, 550 and 650 W for 10 and 15 s, completely inactivated C. sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidou Harouna
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Indira Franco
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Campus Metropolitano Víctor Levi Sasso, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Juan J Carramiñana
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Arturo Blázquez
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Inés Abad
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María D Pérez
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Calvo
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lourdes Sánchez
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain.
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AKSU F, ALTUNATMAZ SSANDIKÇI, ISSA G, AKSOY A, AKSU H. Prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in various foodstuffs and identification by multiplex PCR. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.06818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Ogihara H, Fukuda N, Fujiwara A, Suzuki H, Yamamoto H, Kyoui D, Okada Y, Igimi S. Prevalence of <i>Cronobacter</i> spp. in Retail Foods and Farm-associated Environments in Japan. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.25.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Ogihara
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Noriko Fukuda
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Aoi Fujiwara
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Hodaka Suzuki
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Daisuke Kyoui
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Yumiko Okada
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Shizunobu Igimi
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
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14
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Fei P, Ali MA, Gong S, Sun Q, Bi X, Liu S, Guo L. Antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action of olive oil polyphenols extract against Cronobacter sakazakii. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Liu M, Hu G, Shi Y, Liu H, Li J, Shan X, Hu J, Cui J, Liu L. Contamination of Cronobacter spp. in Chinese Retail Spices. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:637-644. [PMID: 30117756 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crononbacter spp. is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes infections in neonates, infants, and immunocompromised adults. Although the contamination of spices with Cronobacter has been previously reported in some countries, there have been no studies on Cronobacter contamination in China. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in Chinese retail spices. Fifty-six packaged Chinese spices were collected from different markets, and 32 of these were found to be contaminated with Cronobacter. Five species were identified from the 54 isolates of the 32 positive samples: Cronobacter sakazakii (n = 35), Cronobacter muytjensii (n = 8), Cronobacter malonaticus (n = 6), Cronobacter turicensis (n = 3), and Cronobacter dublinensis (n = 2). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated high genetic diversity, as 53 PFGE profiles were revealed for the 54 isolates. Multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed 46 sequence types, and of these, 26 were newly identified. Most of the isolates were sensitive to antibiotics (n = 15), with the exception of cefazolin. This study revealed that the contamination of Chinese retail spices by Cronobacter spp. poses a potential risk to the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
| | - Guangchun Hu
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
| | - Jian Li
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoying Shan
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
| | - Jinrui Hu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Cui
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China .,3 Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics , Beijing, China
| | - Lanzheng Liu
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
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16
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Parra-Flores J, Cerda-Leal F, Contreras A, Valenzuela-Riffo N, Rodríguez A, Aguirre J. Cronobacter sakazakii and Microbiological Parameters in Dairy Formulas Associated With a Food Alert in Chile. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1708. [PMID: 30108565 PMCID: PMC6079297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of Cronobacter sakazakii and microbiological parameters in dairy products associated with a food alert. Ninety dairy product samples were analyzed, including seven commercial brands and two product types (liquid and powdered) from four countries. Aerobic plate count (APC) and Enterobacteriaceae count were performed according to Chilean standards. Cronobacter spp. and C. sakazakii were identified by polymerase chain reaction real time amplification of rpoB and cgcA genes and the genotype by multilocus sequence typing. Eighty-eight percent of dairy products showed APC higher than the detection limit. Fifty percent of liquid commercial brand samples contained APC: 2.6, 2.3, 1.1, and 2.9 CFU/mL in brands A, C, E, and G, respectively. Results for powdered commercial brands were 3.0, 3.6, and 5.7 CFU/g in brands B, D, and F, respectively. Maximum count (5.7 CFU/g) occurred in brand F dairy product manufactured in Chile. Enterobacteriaceae were found in 55% of the samples, 64% in liquid and 51% in powdered commercial brands. In 50% of brands B, D, and E, samples contained 2.9, 2.8, and 2.7 log CFU/g, respectively. Only liquid commercial brands from the United States had Enterobacteriaceae values between 0.1 and 4.5 CFU/mL. Seventeen suspicious strains were isolated and nine were identified as Enterobacter spp. Only eight suspicious strains from four powdered commercial brands (Chile and Singapore) were confirmed as C. sakazakii by rpoB and cgcA gene amplification and fusA sequencing. C. sakazakii prevalence in the analyzed samples was 8.8%. There were 11% of powdered milk brands that contained APC between 4.0 and 4.7 log CFU/g and 55% of the samples contained Enterobacteriaceae. C. sakazakii was found in dairy products manufactured in Chile and Singapore. On the basis of this information, the Chilean Ministry of Health (RSA) decreed a national and international food alert and recalled all the product batches that resulted positive in the present study from supermarkets and pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parra-Flores
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Fabiola Cerda-Leal
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Alejandra Contreras
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Nicole Valenzuela-Riffo
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Alejandra Rodríguez
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Juan Aguirre
- Department of Agricultural Industry and Enology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Pan R, Jiang Y, Sun L, Wang R, Zhuang K, Zhao Y, Wang H, Ali MA, Xu H, Man C. Gold nanoparticle-based enhanced lateral flow immunoassay for detection of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3835-3843. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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18
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Awadallah MA, Ahmed HA, Merwad AM, Abou Elez RM, Saleh KM. Molecular Characterization ofCronobacter sakazakiiin Egypt, Survival and Thermoresistance at Different Temperatures: A Potential Public Health Risk. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:101-107. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maysa A.I. Awadallah
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Heba A. Ahmed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdallah M.A. Merwad
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha M.M. Abou Elez
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Karem M.A. Saleh
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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19
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Li Y, Yu H, Jiang H, Jiao Y, Zhang Y, Shao J. Genetic Diversity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Biofilm Formation of Cronobacter spp. Recovered from Spices and Cereals. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2567. [PMID: 29312246 PMCID: PMC5742210 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species are important food-borne opportunistic pathogens which have been implicated in the cause of necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis in neonates and infants. However, these bacteria are routinely found in foodstuffs, clinical specimens, and environmental samples. This study investigated the genetic diversity, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm formation of Cronobacter isolates (n = 40) recovered from spices and cereals in China during 2014–2015. Based on the fusA sequencing analysis, we found that the majority (23/40, 57.5%) of Cronobacter isolates in spices and cereals were C. sakazakii, while the remaining strains were C. dublinensis (6/40, 15.0%), C. malonaticus (5/40, 12.5%), C. turicensis (4/40, 10.0%), and C. universalis (2/40, 5.0%). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis produced 30 sequence types (STs) among the 40 Cronobacter isolates, with 5 STs (ST4, ST13, ST50, ST129, and ST158) related to neonatal meningitis. The pattern of the overall ST distribution was diverse; in particular, it was revealed that ST148 was the predominant ST, presenting 12.5% within the whole population. MLST assigned 12 isolates to 7 different clonal complexes (CCs), 4, 13, 16, 17, 72, 129, and 143, respectively. The results of O-antigen serotyping indicated that C. sakazakii serotype O1 and O2 were the most two prevalent serotypes. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the 40 Cronobacter isolates were susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested except for ceftriaxone, meropenem, and aztreona. Of the 40 Cronobacter strains tested, 13 (32.5%) were assessed as weak bioflim producers, one (2.5%) was a moderate biofilm producer, one (2.5%) was strong biofilm producer, and the others (62.5%) were non-biofilm producers. MLST and O-antigen serotyping have indicated that Cronobacter strains recovered from spices and cereals were genetically diverse. Isolates of clinical origin, particularly the C. sakazakii ST4 neonatal meningitic pathovar, have been identified from spices and cereals. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance of Cronobacter strains was observed, which may imply a potential public health risk. Therefore, the surveillance of Cronobacter spp. in spices and cereals should be strengthened to improve epidemiological understandings of Cronobacter infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Li
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jihong Shao
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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20
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Berthold-Pluta A, Garbowska M, Stefańska I, Pluta A. Microbiological quality of selected ready-to-eat leaf vegetables, sprouts and non-pasteurized fresh fruit-vegetable juices including the presence of Cronobacter spp. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:221-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Jiao R, Gao J, Zhang X, Zhang M, Chen J, Wu Q, Zhang J, Ye Y. Short communication: Effects of vacuum freeze-drying on inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC29544 in liquid media with different initial inoculum levels. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1674-1678. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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22
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AKSU F, SANDIKÇI ALTUNATMAZ S, ISSA G, ÖZMEN TOGAY S, AKSU H. Prevalence and identification by multiplex polymerase chain reaction patterns of Cronobacter spp. isolated from plant-based foods. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.16916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Vlach J, Javůrková B, Karamonová L, Blažková M, Fukal L. Novel PCR-RFLP system based on rpoB gene for differentiation of Cronobacter species. Food Microbiol 2016; 62:1-8. [PMID: 27889135 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria from the genus Cronobacter are opportunistic foodborne pathogens that can cause severe infections. More rapid, cost-effective and reliable methods are still required for the species identification of Cronobacter spp. In this study, we present a novel PCR-RFLP-based method that uses a newly designed pair of primers for the PCR-amplification of a partial rpoB gene sequence (1635 bp). The amplified products of DNA from 80 Cronobacter strains were separately digested with three restriction endonucleases (Csp6I, HinP1I, MboI). Using the obtained restriction patterns, a PCR-RFLP identification system was created to enable differentiation between all seven currently-known Cronobacter species. The functionality of our method was successfully verified on real food samples. Moreover, the relationships between the Cronobacter species were determined via a phylogenetic tree created from the RFLP patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Vlach
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Javůrková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Karamonová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Blažková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ladislav Fukal
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Qiming C, Tingting T, Xiaomei B, Yingjian L, Fengxia L, Ligong Z, Zhaoxin L. Mining for sensitive and reliable species-specific primers for PCR for detection of Cronobacter sakazakii by a bioinformatics approach. J Dairy Sci 2016; 98:5091-101. [PMID: 26074237 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although several studies have reported PCR assays for distinguishing Cronobacter sakazakii from other species in the genus, reports regarding assay sensitivity and specificity, as well as applications for food testing, are lacking. Hence, the objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and reliable PCR-based method for detection of C. sakazakii by screening for specific target genes. The genome sequence of C. sakazakii in the GenBank database was compared with that of other organisms using BLAST. Thirty-eight DNA fragments unique to C. sakazakii were identified, and primers targeting these sequences were designed. Finally, 3 primer sets (CS14, CS21, and CS38) were found to be specific for C. sakazakii by PCR verification. The detection limit of PCR assays using the 3 pairs of primers was 1.35 pg/μL, 135 fg/μL, and 135 fg/μL, respectively, for genomic DNA, and 5.5×10(5), 5.5×10(3), 5.5×10(3) cfu/mL, respectively, using pure cultures of the bacteria, compared with 13.5 pg/μLand 5.5×10(5) cfu/mLfor primer set SpeCronsaka, which has been previously described. Cronobacter sakazakii were detected in artificially contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF) by PCR using primer sets CS21 and CS38 after 8h of enrichment. The detection limit was 5.5×10(-1) cfu/10g of PIF. Thus, the PCR assay can be used for rapid and sensitive detection of C. sakazakii in PIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qiming
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tingting
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Bie Xiaomei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yingjian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - Lu Fengxia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhai Ligong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhaoxin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Li Z, Ge W, Li K, Gan J, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Luo R, Chen L, Liang Y, Wang Q, Xi M, Xia X, Wang X, Yang B. Prevalence and Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii in Retail Milk-Based Infant and Baby Foods in Shaanxi, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:221-7. [PMID: 26886843 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants through consumption of contaminated milk-based foods. In this study, the prevalence of C. sakazakii in 705 retail milk-based infant and baby food samples was investigated in 12 cities in Shaanxi, China, in 2010 and 2012. One hundred and nineteen samples (16.9%) were C. sakazakii positive. The isolates were further characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility to 14 antibiotics, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles, and presence of the virulence genes. Samples of brand W, Y, A, and G in 2010 and 2012 were C. sakazakii positive. All isolates recovered in 2010 and 2012 were susceptible to levofloxacin and cefoperazone. In 2012, no isolate was resistant to gentamicin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, gatifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. Antibiotic resistance of the isolates was most commonly found to rifampicin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin in both 2010 and 2012, except to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in 2012. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles indicated that C. sakazakii isolates were genotypically diverse, although these isolates were prevalent in infant and baby foods with the same brand. A total of 34 virulence gene profiles of the C. sakazakii isolates in 2010 and 2012 were detected. Isolates that co-carried hly-ompX-eitCBAD-iucABCD/iutA genes in 2012 were significantly (p < 0.05) more prevalent than those in 2010. The results added new epidemiological evidence for the widespread occurrence of C. sakazakii in retail milk-based infant and baby foods and this should be an indicator of potential health risk for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Wupeng Ge
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Keting Li
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Jing Gan
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- 2 Hanzhong Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute , Hanzhong, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Rong Luo
- 3 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing, China
| | - Limin Chen
- 4 Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Liang
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Qianning Wang
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Meili Xi
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Xin Wang
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Baowei Yang
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
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26
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Characterization of Cronobacter spp. isolated from food of plant origin and environmental samples collected from farms and from supermarkets in the Czech Republic. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 217:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Li Y, Chen Q, Jiang H, Jiao Y, Lu F, Bie X, Lu Z. Novel Development of a qPCR Assay Based on the rpoB Gene for Rapid Detection of Cronobacter spp. Curr Microbiol 2015; 72:436-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Akineden Ö, Murata KJ, Gross M, Usleber E. Microbiological Quality of Raw Dried Pasta from the German Market, with Special Emphasis on Cronobacter Species. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M2860-7. [PMID: 26509868 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The microbiological quality of 132 dried pasta products available on the German market, originating from 11 different countries, was studied. Sample materials included soft or durum wheat products, some of which produced with other ingredients such as eggs, spices, or vegetables. Parameters included hygiene indicators (aerobic plate count, mold count, the presence of Enterobacteriaceae) and pathogenic/toxinogenic bacterial species (Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, presumptive Bacillus cereus, and Cronobacter spp.). The overall results of hygiene parameters indicated a satisfactory quality. Salmonella was not found in any sample. Three samples were positive for S. aureus (10(2) to 10(4) colony forming unit (CFU)/g). Presumptive B. cereus at levels of 10(3) to 10(4) CFU/g were detected in 3 samples. Cronobacter spp. were isolated from 14 (10.6%) products. Of these, 9 isolates were identified as C. sakazakii, 2 each as C. turicensis and C. malonaticus, and 1 as C. muytjensii. The isolates were assigned to 9 multilocus sequence typing (MLST) sequence types and to 14 different PFGE profiles. Although pasta products are typically cooked before consumption, some consumers, and children in particular, may also eat raw pasta as nibbles. Raw pasta seems to be a relevant source of exposure to dietary Cronobacter spp., although health risks are probably restricted to vulnerable consumers. High numbers of presumptive B. cereus as found in some samples may be a risk after improper storage of cooked pasta products because toxinogenic strains are frequently found within this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Akineden
- Dairy Sciences, Inst. of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig Univ. Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, D-35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kristina Johanna Murata
- Dairy Sciences, Inst. of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig Univ. Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, D-35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Madeleine Gross
- Dairy Sciences, Inst. of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig Univ. Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, D-35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ewald Usleber
- Dairy Sciences, Inst. of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig Univ. Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, D-35390, Giessen, Germany
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29
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Sani NA, Odeyemi OA. Occurrence and prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in plant and animal derived food sources: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:545. [PMID: 26435891 PMCID: PMC4582040 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter species are motile, non-spore forming, Gram negative emerging opportunistic pathogens mostly associated with bacteremia, meningitis, septicemia, brain abscesses and necrotizing enterocolitis in infected neonates, infants and immunocompromised adults. Members of the genus Cronobacter are previously associated with powdered infant formula although the main reservoir and routes of contamination are yet to be ascertained. This study therefore aim to summarize occurrence and prevalence of Cronobacter spp. from different food related sources. A retrospective systematic review and meta-analysis of peer reviewed primary studies reported between 2008 and 2014 for the occurrence and prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in animal and plant related sources was conducted using “Cronobacter isolation”, “Cronobacter detection” and “Cronobacter enumeration” as search terms in the following databases: Web of Science (Science Direct) and ProQuest. Data extracted from the primary studies were then analyzed with meta-analysis techniques for effect rate and fixed effects was used to explore heterogeneity between the sources. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plot. A total of 916 articles were retrieved from the data bases of which 28 articles met inclusion criteria. Cronobacter spp. could only be isolated from 103 (5.7 %) samples of animal related food while 123 (19 %) samples of plant related food samples harbors the bacteria. The result of this study shows that occurrence of Cronobacter was more prevalent in plant related sources with overall prevalence rate of 20.1 % (95 % CI 0.168–0.238) than animal originated sources with overall prevalence rate of 8 % (95 % CI 0.066–0.096). High heterogeneity (I2 = 84) was observed mostly in plant related sources such as herbs, spices and vegetables compared to animal related sources (I2 = 82). It could be observed from this study that plant related sources serve as reservoir and contamination routes of Cronobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norrakiah Abdullah Sani
- Food Safety and Quality Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Olumide A Odeyemi
- Food Safety and Quality Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia ; Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Xu X, Li C, Wu Q, Zhang J, Huang J, Yang G. Prevalence, molecular characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. in Chinese ready-to-eat foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 204:17-23. [PMID: 25828706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are foodborne pathogens that cause rare but life-threatening diseases in neonates and infants; they can also cause disease in adults. Cronobacter spp. contamination of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods has been reported previously. However, to date, the prevalence and contamination levels of these bacteria in RTE foods in China have not yet been determined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in RTE foods marketed in China. Two-hundred and eighty RTE food samples were collected from different producers and retailers and analyzed using quantitative methods. The isolates obtained were identified to the species level based on fusA sequences, and were subtyped using a PCR-based serotyping technique. Selected isolates were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antimicrobial sensitivity determination. Of 280 samples tested, 52 (18.6%) were positive for Cronobacter spp. The contamination levels were less than 110 MPN/g for 78.8% (41/52) of the samples. The results of the O-antigen serotyping for 111 isolates showed that Cronobacter sakazakii serogroup O2 (28 isolates) was the most prevalent serotype. MLST analyses produced 41 sequence types (STs), including 20 novel STs. ST8 was the most prevalent ST (9 isolates) followed by ST4 (5 isolates). Antimicrobial sensitivity testing showed that 84.5% and 46.5% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin G and cephalothin, respectively; in contrast, all of the tested isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on Cronobacter spp. prevalence in RTE foods in China, and the findings of our study nonetheless suggested that Cronobacter spp. contamination of Chinese RTE foods poses a potential risk for the consumer. Thus, the study highlights the significance of developing more effective control strategies during the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory for Applied and New Technology of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Chengsi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory for Applied and New Technology of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory for Applied and New Technology of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory for Applied and New Technology of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory for Applied and New Technology of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Guangzhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory for Applied and New Technology of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
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Huertas JP, Álvarez-Ordóñez A, Morrissey R, Ros-Chumillas M, Esteban MD, Maté J, Palop A, Hill C. Heat resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii DPC 6529 and its behavior in reconstituted powdered infant formula. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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