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Zhao Y, Zeng R, Chen P, Huang C, Xu K, Huang X, Wang X. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Insights into the Effect of Sterigmatocystin on Aspergillus flavus. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1193. [PMID: 38132793 PMCID: PMC10745003 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an important fungus that produces aflatoxins, among which aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic and contaminates food and poses a high risk to human health. AFB1 interacts with another mycotoxin sterigmatocystin (STC), which is also a precursor of AFB1. Herein, we determined the effect of STC on AFB1 by evaluating A. flavus transcriptomic and proteomic profiles in the presence or absence of STC by RNA-seq and isobaric tagging, respectively. Overall, 3377 differentially expressed genes were identified by RNA-seq. These genes were mainly associated with the cellular component organisation and biosynthesis, the synthesis of valine, leucine, and isoleucine, and the synthesis of aflatoxin. Clustered genes responsible for AFB1 biosynthesis exhibited varying degrees of downregulation, and norB expression was completely suppressed in the experimental group. During proteomic analysis, 331 genes were differentially expressed in response to STC. These differentially expressed proteins were associated with cell parts and catalytic and antioxidant activities. Differentially expressed proteins predominantly participated in metabolic pathways associated with aflatoxin biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, glutathione metabolism, and carbon metabolism. Notably, the upregulated and downregulated enzymes in carbohydrate and glutathione metabolisms may serve as potential gateways for inhibiting aflatoxin biosynthesis. Moreover, twelve proteins including seven downregulated ones involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis were identified; among them, AflG was the most downregulated, suggesting that it may be the key enzyme responsible for inhibiting aflatoxin synthesis. These findings provide novel insights into A. flavus control and the mechanisms regulating mycotoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (R.Z.); (P.C.); (C.H.); (K.X.); (X.H.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (R.Z.); (P.C.); (C.H.); (K.X.); (X.H.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Peirong Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (R.Z.); (P.C.); (C.H.); (K.X.); (X.H.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chulan Huang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (R.Z.); (P.C.); (C.H.); (K.X.); (X.H.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kaihang Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (R.Z.); (P.C.); (C.H.); (K.X.); (X.H.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaomei Huang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (R.Z.); (P.C.); (C.H.); (K.X.); (X.H.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (R.Z.); (P.C.); (C.H.); (K.X.); (X.H.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Yang H, Li J, Mao J, Xu C, Song J, Xie F. Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled with LC-MS/MS for the Analysis of Two Ochratoxins in Capsicum. Molecules 2023; 28:7634. [PMID: 38005355 PMCID: PMC10673409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxins, a common class of mycotoxin in capsicum, and techniques and methods for the determination of mycotoxins in spices have been increasingly developed in recent years. An innovative and eco-friendly method of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was demonstrated in this study, based on a synthesized deep eutectic solvent (DES) combined with LC-MS/MS, for the quantification and analysis of two ochratoxins in capsicum. The DES-DLLME method parameters entail selecting the DES type (thymol:decanoic acid, molar ratio 1:1) and DES volume (100 μL). The volume of water (3 mL) and salt concentration (0 g) undergo optimization following a step-by-step approach to achieve optimal target substance extraction efficiency. The matrix effect associated with the direct detection of the target substance in capsicum was significantly reduced in this study by the addition of isotopic internal standards corresponding to the target substance. This facilitated optimal conditions wherein quantitative analysis using LC-MS/MS revealed a linear range of 0.50-250.00 µg/mL, with all two curves calibrated with internal standards showing correlation coefficients (r2) greater than 0.9995. The method's limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) fell in the ranges of 0.14-0.45 μg/kg and 0.45-1.45 μg/kg, respectively. The method's spiked recoveries ranged from 81.97 to 105.17%, indicating its sensitivity and accuracy. The environmental friendliness of the technique was assessed using two green assessment tools, AGREE and complexGAPI, and the results showed that the technique was more in line with the concept of sustainable development compared to other techniques for detecting ochratoxins in capsicum. Overall, this study provides a new approach for the determination of mycotoxins in a complex food matrix such as capsicum and other spices using DES and also contributes to the application of green analytical chemistry methods in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yang
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China; (J.L.); (C.X.); (J.S.); (F.X.)
| | - Jin Li
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China; (J.L.); (C.X.); (J.S.); (F.X.)
| | - Jianfei Mao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Guizhou Jiandee Technology Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chan Xu
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China; (J.L.); (C.X.); (J.S.); (F.X.)
| | - Jieyu Song
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China; (J.L.); (C.X.); (J.S.); (F.X.)
| | - Feng Xie
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China; (J.L.); (C.X.); (J.S.); (F.X.)
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang 550014, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564507, China
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3
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Aberedew K, Ayelign A. Aflatoxin contamination in red pepper from producers in Addis Ababa. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:1-7. [PMID: 35854632 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the occurrence and levels of aflatoxins in powder red pepper. Thirty powder red pepper samples commercially available in Addis Ababa market were collected and the level of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) was determined. Aflatoxins were detected in almost all of the samples at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 52.3 µg/kg. AFB1 was detected in all of the red pepper samples, with levels ranging from 1.8 to 33.3 µg/kg. Out of all the AFB1 positive samples, 25 (83%) contained AFB1 above the EU limit of 5 µg/kg, while 29 (97%) of the samples exceeded the maximum limit of 10 µg/kg for total aflatoxins. Further, all the red pepper samples were contaminated by AFG1 with levels ranging from 0.7 to 52.3 µg/kg. Overall, the majority of the red pepper collected in Addis Ababa market was contaminated by aflatoxins above the EU limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidist Aberedew
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Ayelign
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Silva ARPD, Fungaro MHP, Silva JJ, Martins LM, Taniwaki MH, Iamanaka BT. Ochratoxin A and related fungi in Brazilian black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Food Res Int 2021; 142:110207. [PMID: 33773682 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic, genotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic properties, produced by several species of Aspergillus, mainly those belonging to the A. section Circumdati and A. section Nigri. Although this toxin has been detected in spices and condiments, in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) few studies have investigated the mycobiota (based on a molecular approach) and the presence of OTA in this food. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of potentially ochratoxigenic species and ochratoxin A in black pepper marketed in Brazil, one of the largest producers in the world. A total of 60 samples of black pepper (29 in powder and 31 in grain) were collected in markets. The presence of OTA was investigated in black pepper samples using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), OTA was detected in 55% of the samples, with levels ranging from 0.05 to 13.15 μg/kg, all of which were below the Brazilian legal tolerances. A. section Nigri and A. section Circumdati were found in 80% of the samples, but the species of A. section Nigri were significantly more frequent than those of A. section Circumdati. The potential for OTA production by fungal isolates was tested using the agar plug technique and confirmed by HPLC. Among the isolates belonging to A. section Nigri (n = 1,083) and A. section Circumdati (n = 129), 3.7% and 3.8%, respectively, were able to produce OTA in Yeast Extract Sucrose Agar (YESA). A total of 25 strains from A. section Circumdati and 64 from A. section Nigri were identified using molecular data. The following potentially ochratoxigenic species were found in black pepper: A. niger, A. welwitschiae, A. carbonarius, A. westerdijkiae and A. ochraceus. The occurrence of these species denotes the need for continuous monitoring of black pepper by regulatory bodies in order to safeguard consumers' health.
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5
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Otto M, Pretorius B, Kritzinger Q, Schönfeldt H. Contamination of freshly harvested Bambara groundnut (
Vigna subterranea
) seed from Mpumalanga, South Africa, with mycotoxigenic fungi. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Otto
- Department of Animal and Wildlife Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Well‐Being University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Beulah Pretorius
- Department of Animal and Wildlife Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Well‐Being University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Quenton Kritzinger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Hettie Schönfeldt
- Department of Animal and Wildlife Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Well‐Being University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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7
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Ahmad-Zaidi A, Ghazali M, Nik-Muhammad N, Sazali N, Mahror N, Yazid S, Jinap S, Samsudin N. Does manufacturers' size affect the prevalence of mycobiota and occurrence of mycotoxins in spices and spice-based products? WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to establish the prevalence of mycobiota and occurrence of mycotoxins (aflatoxins and ochratoxin A) in spices and spice-based products, and correlate these to their manufacturers’ sizes. A total of 90 spice, sauce and paste samples were purchased; 3 manufacturer sizes (small, medium, large) × 3 types of samples (spices, sauces, pastes) × 5 brands × 2 replicates. The prevalence of mycobiota was assessed with dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol (DRBC) and Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (AFPA) medium, while the occurrence of mycotoxins was quantified with HPLC-FLD. Large-scale manufacturers were found to adopt a greater number of safety and quality certifications. Small-scale manufacturers significantly yielded the highest total fungal loads on DRBC (log 5.084±0.417 cfu/g paste, log 6.253±0.407 cfu/g sauce, log 6.662±0.222 cfu/g spice) and AFPA (log 4.461±0.451 cfu/g paste, log 5.661±0.395 cfu/g sauce, and log 6.269±0.432 cfu/g spice). Correlation analysis (Pearson’s r) revealed that manufacturers’ sizes positively influenced (DRBC r=0.781; AFPA r=0.702) the prevalence of mycobiota. Aflatoxin B1 was present in 6/30 (20%) paste samples, 1/30 sauce samples (3.33%) and 12/30 spice samples (40%). Aflatoxin B2 was only present in 2/30 sauce samples (6.67%). Aflatoxin G1 and G2 were absent from all samples. Ochratoxin A was present in 11/30 (36.67%) paste samples, 5/30 sauce samples (16.67%) and 21/30 spice samples (70%). It was found that, to a certain extent, the size of and certification adopted by manufacturers affected the prevalence of mycobiota and the occurrence of mycotoxins in spices and spice-based products analysed in the present work. Nevertheless, it is henceforth recommended that a surveillance study of this nature be extended and widened in terms of number of samples as well as type of spices, sauces and pastes to obtain a more thorough and significant profile of the products’ food safety and quality level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.I. Ahmad-Zaidi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M.A.A. Ghazali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N.A. Nik-Muhammad
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N.S. Sazali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N. Mahror
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Division of Food Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - S.N.E. Yazid
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. Jinap
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N.I.P. Samsudin
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Díaz Nieto CH, Granero AM, Zon MA, Fernández H. Sterigmatocystin: A mycotoxin to be seriously considered. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:460-470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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9
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Olagunju O, Mchunu N, Venter S, Guibert B, Durand N, Métayer I, Montet D, Ijabadeniyi O. Fungal contamination of food commodities in Durban, South Africa. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omotola Olagunju
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food TechnologyDurban University of Technology Durban South Africa
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementUMR Qualisud Montpellier France
| | - Nokuthula Mchunu
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food TechnologyDurban University of Technology Durban South Africa
| | - Sonja Venter
- Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat‐Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute Pretoria South Africa
| | - Benjamin Guibert
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementUMR Qualisud Montpellier France
| | - Noel Durand
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementUMR Qualisud Montpellier France
| | - Isabelle Métayer
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementUMR Qualisud Montpellier France
| | - Didier Montet
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementUMR Qualisud Montpellier France
| | - Oluwatosin Ijabadeniyi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food TechnologyDurban University of Technology Durban South Africa
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Mycotoxin production and predictive modelling kinetics on the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus isolates in whole black peppercorns (Piper nigrum L). Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 228:44-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Osteresch B, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Analysis of ochratoxin A in dried blood spots - Correlation between venous and finger-prick blood, the influence of hematocrit and spotted volume. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1020:158-64. [PMID: 27046696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the improvement of a method for the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) and its thermal degradation product 2'R-ochratoxin A in dried blood spots (DBS) by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The DBS technique was advanced for the analysis of these two compounds in DBS with unknown amounts of blood as well as varying hematocrit values. Furthermore the comparability of venous vs. capillary blood was investigated. Human whole blood samples were spotted, dried, and extracted with a solvent consisting of acetone, acetonitrile and water for analysis by HPLC-MS/MS. Quantification was carried out by stable isotope labelled internal standards. Blood samples of volunteers (n=50) were used to further optimize and simplify the procedure. Ochratoxin A and 2'R-ochratoxin A concentrations found in the entire spots (approx. 100 μL blood) were compared with punched DBS discs of 8.8mm size containing approximately 20 μL blood. As a result the amounts of both toxins in a punched 8.8mm disc correlate well with the entire DBS. Also the use of capillary blood from finger-pricks versus venous blood was evaluated. The analyte levels correlate as well indicating that the less invasive finger-prick sampling gives also reliable results. The influence of hematocrit was investigated in a range of 25-55% according to the hematocrit in the used real blood samples (34-46% hematocrit). However no significant hematocrit effect was observed for the utilized real blood samples. Moreover different blood volumes were spotted and punched as a minimal spot size is usually recommended for accurate analysis. In this experiment finger-prick samples typically consist of about 90 μL blood. Therefore spots of 75, 100 and 125 μL blood were prepared and analyzed. Similar to the hematocrit effect, no considerable influence was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Osteresch
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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12
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Jacxsens L, Pratheeb, Yogendrarajaha, De Meulenaer B. Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins and Predictive Mycology in Sri Lankan Spices: Chilli and Pepper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.profoo.2016.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Analytical techniques combined with chemometrics for authentication and determination of contaminants in condiments: A review. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Toxigenic potentiality of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus strains isolated from black pepper assessed by an LC-MS/MS based multi-mycotoxin method. Food Microbiol 2015; 52:185-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Yogendrarajah P, Samapundo S, Devlieghere F, De Saeger S, De Meulenaer B. Moisture sorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties of whole black peppercorns (Piper nigrum L.). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Cramer B, Osteresch B, Muñoz KA, Hillmann H, Sibrowski W, Humpf H. Biomonitoring using dried blood spots: detection of ochratoxin A and its degradation product 2'R-ochratoxin A in blood from coffee drinkers. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1837-43. [PMID: 26012425 PMCID: PMC4744763 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE In this study, human exposure to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) and its thermal degradation product 2'R-ochratoxin A (2'R-OTA, previously named as 14R-Ochratoxin A [22]) through coffee consumption was assessed. LC-MS/MS and the dried blood spot (DBS) technique were used for the analysis of blood samples from coffee and noncoffee drinkers (n = 50), and food frequency questionnaires were used to document coffee consumption. METHODS AND RESULTS For the detection of OTA and 2'R-OTA in blood, a new sensitive and efficient sample preparation method based on DBS was established and validated. Using this technique 2'R-OTA was for the first time detected in biological samples. Comparison between coffee drinkers and noncoffee drinkers showed for the first time that 2'R-OTA was only present in blood from the first group while OTA could be found in both groups in a mean concentration of 0.21 μg/L. 2'R-OTA mean concentration was 0.11 μg/L with a maximum concentration of 0.414 μg/L. Thus, in average 2'R-OTA was approx. half the concentration of OTA but in some cases even exceeded OTA levels. No correlation between the amounts of coffee consumption and OTA or 2'R-OTA levels was observed. CONCLUSION The results of this study revealed for the first time a high exposure of coffee consumers to 2'R-OTA, a compound formed from OTA during coffee roasting. Since little information is available regarding toxicity and possible carcinogenicity of this compound, further OTA monitoring in blood including 2'R-OTA is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Bernd Osteresch
- Institute of Food ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Katherine A. Muñoz
- Universität Koblenz‐LandauInstitute for Environmental Sciences, Research Group of Environmental and Soil ChemistryLandau in der PfalzGermany
| | - Hartmut Hillmann
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und TransplantationsimmunologieUniversitätsklinikum MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Walter Sibrowski
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und TransplantationsimmunologieUniversitätsklinikum MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Hans‐Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterMünsterGermany
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Public health risk associated with the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in spices consumed in Sri Lanka. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 74:240-8. [PMID: 25455891 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative risk assessment of mycotoxins due to the consumption of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) was performed in Sri Lanka. A food frequency questionnaire was administered in order to collect the data on consumption of spices by households in the Northern and Southern region (n = 249). The mean chilli consumption in the North was significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to the South. Mean exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the North (3.49 ng/kg BW/day) and South (2.13 ng/kg BW/day) have exceeded the tolerable daily intake due to chilli consumption at the lower bound scenario, while exposure to OTA was small. Dietary exposure to other mycotoxins, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, sterigmatocystin and citrinin due to spices were estimated. Margin of exposure estimations at the mean exposure to AFB1 were remarkably lower due to chilli (45-78) than for pepper (2315–10,857). Moreover, the hepato cellular carcinoma (HCC) risk associated with the mean AFB1 exposure through chilli at the lower bound was 0.046 and 0.028 HCC cases/year/100,000 based on the North and South consumption, respectively. AFB1 exposure via chilli should be considered as a great public health concern in Sri Lanka due to both high mycotoxin concentration and high consumption.
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Tančinová D, Mokrý M, Barboráková Z, Mašková Z. Mycobiota of spices and aromatic herbs. POTRAVINARSTVO 2014. [DOI: 10.5219/375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 67 samples of spices and herbs were tested for mould contamination. From 50.7% of samples, moulds were not isolated. The most dominant genera were Aspergillus and Penicillium. Potential producers of mycotoxins Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were tested for the ability to produce some mycotoxins. Isolates of potentially toxinogenic species were found to produce various mycotoxins, namely alfatoxin B1 (Aspergillus flavus), cyclopiazonic acid (Aspergillus flavus), sterigmatocystin (Emericella nidulans), roquefortine C (Penicillium allii, P. chrysogenum, P. crustosum, P. expansum), penitrem A (P. crustosum) and patulin (P. expansum). Some of the tested isolates produce two mycotoxins: A. flavus (aflatoxin B1 and cyclopiazonic acid), P. crustosum (roquefortine C and patulin) and P. expansum (roquefortine C and patulin). None of the tested isolates of Aspergillus section Nigri screened, appeared to produce ochratoxin A. Totally 11 samples were analysed for the presence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. Aflatoxin B1 was found in 5 (45.5%) out of 11 samples analysed with levels ranging from 0.14 to 2.9 µg.kg-1. In one sample we detected aflatoxin G1. Ochratoxin A was found in 3 samples (27.3%), with levels ranging from 2.2 to 5.19 µg.kg-1. No sample was contaminated by aflatoxins or ochratoxin A above the maximum admitted threshold established by the European legislation.
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