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Fuentes-Rubio YA, Zúñiga-Ávalos YA, Guzmán-Sepúlveda JR, Domínguez-Cruz RF. Refractometric Detection of Adulterated Milk Based on Multimode Interference Effects. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081075. [PMID: 35454662 PMCID: PMC9025302 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on the refractometric detection of water-adulterated milk using an optical fiber sensor whose principle of operation is based on multimode interference (MMI). The device is manufactured in a simple way by splicing a segment of coreless multimode fiber (NC-MMF) between two single-mode fibers (SMFs); neither functionalization nor deposition of a sensing material is required. MMI takes place in the NC-MMF and, when fed with a broadband spectrum, a transmission peak appears at the output of the MMI device due to its inherent filter-like response, whose position depends on the effective refractive index (RI) of the medium surrounding the NC-MMF. Therefore, when the sensor is immersed in different milk−water mixtures, the peak wavelength shifts according to the RI of the mixture. In this way, adulterated milk can be detected from the wavelength shift of the transmission peak. The system was tested with two commercial brands of milk, and adulterations were clearly distinguished in both cases. In the range of interest, from no dilution up to 50% dilution, the sensor exhibits a linear response with a sensitivity of −0.04251 and −0.03291 nm/%, respectively, for the two samples tested. The measurement protocol is repeatable and allows for locating the peak wavelength within <0.34 nm over several repetitions using different samples with the same concentration. A thermal sensitivity of 0.85 nm/°C was obtained, which suggests that the temperature needs to be maintained as fixed during the measurements. The approach presented can be extended to other scenarios as a quality control tool in beverages for human consumption, showing the advantages of simple construction, high sensitivity, and the potential for real-time monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadira Aracely Fuentes-Rubio
- Centro de Innovación Tecnológica en Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Carr. a San Fernando Cruce con Canal Rodhe S/N. Col Arcoiris, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (Y.A.F.-R.); (Y.A.Z.-Á.)
| | - Yamil Alejandro Zúñiga-Ávalos
- Centro de Innovación Tecnológica en Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Carr. a San Fernando Cruce con Canal Rodhe S/N. Col Arcoiris, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (Y.A.F.-R.); (Y.A.Z.-Á.)
| | - José Rafael Guzmán-Sepúlveda
- CINVESTAV Unidad Monterrey, Vía del Conocimiento 201, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica km 9.5 de la Autopista Nueva al Aeropuerto, Apodaca 66600, Nuevo León, Mexico;
| | - René Fernando Domínguez-Cruz
- Centro de Innovación Tecnológica en Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Carr. a San Fernando Cruce con Canal Rodhe S/N. Col Arcoiris, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (Y.A.F.-R.); (Y.A.Z.-Á.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(899)921-3300 (ext. 8114)
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Abdulkarim YI, Bakır M, Yaşar İ, Ulutaş H, Karaaslan M, Özkan Alkurt F, Sabah C, Dong J. Highly sensitive metamaterial-based microwave sensor for the application of milk and dairy products. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:1972-1981. [PMID: 35297889 DOI: 10.1364/ao.451900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, metamaterial-based microwave sensor is designed, numerically simulated, and experimentally tested for milk and dairy products in the frequency range of 8 to 9 GHz. The proposed structure is composed of copper split-ring resonators printed on Arlon Diclad 527 dielectric substrate. Reflection coefficient S11 was determined by using numerical simulation, and the structure was experimentally tested to validate the sensor at the X band frequency. The material under the test was placed in the sensor layer just behind the proposed structure, and the design was optimized to sense the change in the dielectric constant via resonance frequency shifts. The proposed study was not only used for fat contents and freshness checking of milk, it was also applied to other dairy products such as cheese, ayran, and yogurt. The maximum resonance frequency shift was observed in yogurt to be 140 MHz, and the minimum frequency shift was observed in fresh and spoiled ayran to be around 40 MHz. This work provides a new approach to the current metamaterial sensor studies existing in literature by having novel material applications with new microwave metamaterial sensors.
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Weerasinghe WPCG, Rajapaksha E, Gunawardena WWDA, Ammunekumbura IDEM, Samarakone TS. Effect of rubber and concrete flooring on resting behavior, hock injuries, and milk production of primiparous Friesian crossbred dairy cows housed in a free-stall barn in Mid-Country, Sri Lanka. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:447. [PMID: 34532774 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The floor surface of the cubicle is a detrimental factor on cow comfort. The effects of two floor types, rubber and concrete, on dairy cow comfort and milk production were compared for a period of 13 weeks. Fourteen Friesian crossbred dairy cows with an average body weight of 425.67 ± 61.12 kg (mean ± SD), nose to tail body length of 2.07 ± 0.15 m, rump height of 1.29 ± 0.02 m, hook bone width of 0.48 ± 0.05 m, and body condition score (BCS) of 4.13 ± 0.44 were used, with seven cows per flooring treatment. The cows produced a mean of 15.93 ± 4.03 l/cow/day and a constant feeding plan was practiced. The swelling and wound severity of hocks diminished (P < 0.05) starting at the third and tenth weeks, respectively. Daily lying time/h (concrete: 9.67 ± 1.24, rubber: 10.60 ± 0.69, P = 0.046) and average duration of lying bouts/min increased (concrete: 58.16 ± 7.74, rubber: 65.66 ± 9.85, P = 0.050) starting from the twelfth week on rubber bedding. Prevalence of mastitis, lameness, and cow cleanliness remained unchanged on floor treatments. A progressive increase in daily milk production/l (concrete: 13.37 ± 1.46, rubber: 16.67 ± 2.24, P = 0.007) of cows in rubber bedding was observed at the fourth week of the experiment. Hence, the current study suggests that the use of softer bedding such as rubber mats could improve cow comfort and daily milk production of cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P C G Weerasinghe
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
| | - E Rajapaksha
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - W W D A Gunawardena
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Ruhuna, Sri Lanka
| | - I D E M Ammunekumbura
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - T S Samarakone
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Xue Q, Li Z, Wang Q, Pan W, Chang Y, Duan X. Nanostrip flexible microwave enzymatic biosensor for noninvasive epidermal glucose sensing. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:934-943. [PMID: 32301449 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microwave sensors based on microstrip antennas are promising as wearable devices because of their flexibility and wireless communication compatibility. However, their sensitivity is limited due to the reduced sensor size and the potential of biochemical monitoring needs to be explored. In this work, we present a new concept to enhance the microwave signals using nanostrip-based metamaterials. The introduction of the nanostrip structures was achieved by theory and simulations. Experiments prove their enhancement of the electric field and sensing response in the characteristic gigahertz (GHz) wave band. Ordered nanostrips were fabricated on a plastic substrate through a simple nanoscale printing approach. Glucose oxidase is directly doped into the nanostrips, which enables a flexible wearable enzymatic biosensor for glucose sensing. Sensing experiments demonstrated that the nanostrip biosensor gives excellent performance for glucose detection, including high sensitivity, fast response, low detection limit, high affinity, and low power consumption. The applicability of the nanostrip-based sensor as a wearable epidermal device for real-time noninvasive monitoring of glucose in sweat is verified as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Zhu Z, Guo W. Recent developments on rapid detection of main constituents in milk: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:312-324. [PMID: 32106694 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1731417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Milk is a good source of quality fats, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. Determining milk constituents is very important in dairy production and is usually conducted by means of physical or chemical processes in laboratories. These methods are time-consuming and cannot satisfy the need in practice. Developing simple, quick, cost-effective, reliable, and sensitive methods on the detection of main constituents in milk is useful for dairy farmers, manufacturers and consumers. In last decades, many rapid detection techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, dielectric properties, and sensors, have emerged and shown great potential in the detection of main constituents in liquid milk. In this review, the rapid detection techniques applied to determine the main constituents in milk have been reviewed. Meanwhile, the potential advantages and limitations of these techniques and recommendations for future research have also been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhuo Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenchuan Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Zhu Z, Zhu X, Kong F, Guo W. A rapid method on identifying disqualified raw goat's milk based on total bacterial count by using dielectric spectra. J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Real-Time Monitoring of Tetraselmis suecica in A Saline Environment as Means of Early Water Pollution Detection. TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6040057. [PMID: 30274216 PMCID: PMC6315521 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological water pollution, including organic pollutants and their possible transportation, via biofouling and ballast water, has the potential to cause severe economic and health impacts on society and environment. Current water pollution monitoring methods are limited by transportation of samples to the laboratory for analysis, which could take weeks. There is an urgent need for a water quality monitoring technique that generates real-time data. The study aims to assess the feasibility of three sensing techniques to detect and monitor the concentrations of the model species Tetraselmis suecica in real-time using eleven samples for each method. Results showed UV-Vis spectrophotometer detected increasing concentration of Tetraselmis suecica with R2 = 0.9627 and R2 = 0.9672, at 450 nm and 650 nm wavelengths, respectively. Secondly, low-frequency capacitance measurements showed a linear relationship with increasing concentration of Tetraselmis suecica at 150 Hz (R2 = 0.8463) and 180 Hz (R2 = 0.8391). Finally, a planar electromagnetic wave sensor measuring the reflected power S11 amplitude detected increasing cell density at 4 GHz (R2 = 0.8019).
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Mason A, Korostynska O, Louis J, Cordova-Lopez LE, Abdullah B, Greene J, Connell R, Hopkins J. Noninvasive In-Situ Measurement of Blood Lactate Using Microwave Sensors. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017. [PMID: 28622665 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2715071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
GOAL This paper reports a novel electromagnetic sensor technique for real-time noninvasive monitoring of blood lactate in human subjects. METHODS The technique was demonstrated on 34 participants who undertook a cycling regime, with rest period before and after, to produce a rising and falling lactate response curve. Sensors attached to the arm and legs of participants gathered spectral data, blood samples were measured using a Lactate Pro V2; temperature and heart rate data was also collected. RESULTS Pointwise mutual information and neural networks are used to produce a predictive model. The model shows a good correlation between the standard invasive and novel noninvasive electromagnetic wave based blood lactate measurements, with an error of 13.4% in the range of 0-12 mmol/L. CONCLUSION The work demonstrates that electromagnetic wave sensors are capable of determining blood lactate level without the need for invasive blood sampling. SIGNIFICANCE Measurement of blood metabolites, such as blood lactate, in real-time and noninvasively in hospital environments will reduce the risk of infection, increase the frequency of measurement and ensure timely intervention only when necessary. In sports, such tools will enhance training of athletes, and enable more effecting training regimes to be prescribed.
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Nascimento CF, Santos PM, Pereira-Filho ER, Rocha FR. Recent advances on determination of milk adulterants. Food Chem 2017; 221:1232-1244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Nielsen GGB, Kjær A, Klösgen B, Hansen PL, Simonsen AC, Jørgensen B. Dielectric spectroscopy for evaluating dry matter content of potato tubers. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dielectric Spectroscopy in Biomaterials: Agrophysics. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9050310. [PMID: 28773438 PMCID: PMC5503049 DOI: 10.3390/ma9050310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Being dependent on temperature and frequency, dielectric properties are related to various types of food. Predicting multiple physical characteristics of agri-food products has been the main objective of non-destructive assessment possibilities executed in many studies on horticultural products and food materials. This review manipulates the basic fundamentals of dielectric properties with their concepts and principles. The different factors affecting the behavior of dielectric properties have been dissected, and applications executed on different products seeking the characterization of a diversity of chemical and physical properties are all pointed out and referenced with their conclusions. Throughout the review, a detailed description of the various adopted measurement techniques and the mostly popular equipment are presented. This compiled review serves in coming out with an updated reference for the dielectric properties of spectroscopy that are applied in the agrophysics field.
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