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OHASHI I, KOBAYASHI S, TAMAMURA-ANDOH Y, ARAI N, TAKAMATSU D. Disinfectant resistance of Salmonella in in vitro contaminated poultry house models and investigation of efficient disinfection methods using these models. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1633-1644. [PMID: 36328590 PMCID: PMC9791240 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica (Salmonella) shows disinfectant resistance by forming biofilms on solid surfaces. However, efficient disinfection methods to eliminate Salmonella biofilms from farms have not yet been examined in detail. In this study, more than 80% of Salmonella strains from farms in Yamagata prefecture, Japan, were biofilm producers. Regardless of the extent of their biofilm formation ability, their biofilms were highly resistant to hypochlorous acid on plastic surfaces. To establish efficient disinfection methods in farms, we developed in vitro Salmonella-contaminated poultry house models by depositing dust on ceramic and stainless-steel carriers in poultry houses for one month and culturing a representative Salmonella strain on the carriers. Biofilm-like structures, including Salmonella-like cells, were observed on the models by scanning electron microscopy. Salmonella was not efficiently removed from the models even by cleaning with a surfactant at 25/65°C and disinfection with quaternary ammonium compound or hypochlorous acid at 25°C; on the contrary, viable Salmonella cells increased in some tests under these conditions, suggesting that these models successfully simulate the highly persistent characteristics of Salmonella in farms. However, the persistent bacterial cells were markedly decreased by soaking in 65°C surfactant followed by rinsing with 80°C water, additional cleaning using chlorine dioxide or disinfection with dolomitic lime, suggesting the effectiveness of these methods against Salmonella in farms. Since many different disinfection conditions may be easily tested in laboratories, our models will be useful tools for establishing effective and practical disinfection methods in farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo OHASHI
- Yamagata Prefectural Central Livestock Hygiene Service
Center, Yamagata, Japan,Present address: Yamagata Prefectural Okitama Livestock
Hygiene Service Center, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Sota KOBAYASHI
- Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal
Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukino TAMAMURA-ANDOH
- Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal
Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuo ARAI
- Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal
Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke TAKAMATSU
- Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, National
Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki,
Japan,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu
University, Gifu, Japan,Correspondence to: Takamatsu D: , Division of Infectious
Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and
Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Sharma S, Jaiswal AK, Duffy B, Jaiswal S. Food Contact Surfaces: Challenges, Legislation and Solutions. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1929299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Sharma
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Engineering and Surface Technology (CREST), FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amit K. Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Duffy
- Centre for Research in Engineering and Surface Technology (CREST), FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Swarna Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Byun KH, Han SH, Yoon JW, Park SH, Ha SD. Efficacy of chlorine-based disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide) on Salmonella Enteritidis planktonic cells, biofilms on food contact surfaces and chicken skin. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sarjit A, Ravensdale JT, Coorey R, Fegan N, Dykes GA. Survival of Salmonella on Red Meat in Response to Dry Heat. J Food Prot 2021; 84:372-380. [PMID: 33057711 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Red meat is associated with Salmonella outbreaks, resulting in negative impacts for the processing industry. Little work has been reported on the use of dry heat as opposed to moist heat against Salmonella on red meat. We determined the effect of drying at 25°C and dry heat at 70°C with ∼10% relative humidity for 1 h against 11 Salmonella strains of multiple serovars on beef, lamb, and goat and rubber as an inert surface. Each strain at ∼108 CFU/mL was inoculated (100 μL) onto ±1 g (1 cm2) of each surface and allowed to attach for 15 min in a microcentrifuge tube. Samples were then exposed to 70 and 25°C with ∼10% relative humidity in a heating block. Surviving Salmonella numbers on surfaces were enumerated on a thin agar layer medium. If numbers were below the limit of detection (2.01 log CFU/cm2), Salmonella cells were enriched before plating to determine the presence of viable cells. Water loss (percent) from meat after at 25 and 70°C was determined. Whole genomes of Salmonella were interrogated to identify the presence-absence of stress response genes (n = 30) related to dry heat that may contribute to the survival of Salmonella. The survival of Salmonella at 25°C was significantly higher across all surfaces (∼6.09 to 7.91 log CFU/cm2) than at 70°C (∼3.66 to 6.33 log CFU/cm2). On rubber, numbers of Salmonella were less than the limit of detection at 70°C. Water loss at 70°C (∼17.72 to 19.89%) was significantly higher than at 25°C (∼2.98 to 4.11%). Salmonella cells were not detected on rubber, whereas survival occurred on all red meat at 70°C, suggesting its protective effect against the effect of heat. All Salmonella strains carried 30 stress response genes that likely contributed to survival. A multi-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium 2470 exhibited an increase in heat resistance at 70°C on beef and lamb compared with other strains. Our work shows that dry heat at 70°C for 1 h against Salmonella on red meat is not a practical approach for effectively reducing or eliminating them from red meat. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreeta Sarjit
- School of Public Health.,ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7469-7363 [A.S.].,CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ranil Coorey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5261-1300 [R.C.])
| | - Narelle Fegan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1729-9630 [N.F.])
| | - Gary A Dykes
- Graduate Research School (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5014-9282 [G.A.D.]), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Akhidime ID, Slate AJ, Hulme A, Whitehead KA. The Influence of Surface Topography and Wettability on Escherichia coli Removal from Polymeric Materials in the Presence of a Blood Conditioning Film. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7368. [PMID: 33050212 PMCID: PMC7599617 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of biofouling and the reduction of cross-contamination in the food industry are important aspects of safety management systems. Polymeric surfaces are used extensively throughout the food production industry and therefore ensuring that effective cleaning regimes are conducted is vital. Throughout this study, the influence of the surface characteristics of three different polymeric surfaces, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), on the removal of Escherichia coli using a wipe clean method utilising 3% sodium hypochlorite was determined. The PTFE surfaces were the roughest and demonstrated the least wettable surface (118.8°), followed by the PMMA (75.2°) and PET surfaces (53.9°). Following cleaning with a 3% sodium hypochlorite solution, bacteria were completely removed from the PTFE surfaces, whilst the PMMA and PET surfaces still had high numbers of bacteria recovered (1.2 × 107 CFU/mL and 6.3 × 107 CFU/mL, respectively). When bacterial suspensions were applied to the surfaces in the presence of a blood conditioning film, cleaning with sodium hypochlorite demonstrated that no bacteria were recovered from the PMMA surface. However, on both the PTFE and PET surfaces, bacteria were recovered at lower concentrations (2.0 × 102 CFU/mL and 1.3 × 103 CFU/mL, respectively). ATP bioluminescence results demonstrated significantly different ATP concentrations on the surfaces when soiled (PTFE: 132 relative light units (RLU), PMMA: 80 RLU and PET: 99 RLU). Following cleaning, both in the presence and absence of a blood conditioning film, all the surfaces were considered clean, producing ATP concentrations in the range of 0-2 RLU. The results generated in this study demonstrated that the presence of a blood conditioning film significantly altered the removal of bacteria from the polymeric surfaces following a standard cleaning regime. Conditioning films which represent the environment where the surface is intended to be used should be a vital part of the test regime to ensure an effective disinfection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Devine Akhidime
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (I.D.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Anthony J. Slate
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Anca Hulme
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (I.D.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Kathryn A. Whitehead
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (I.D.A.); (A.H.)
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Pontin KP, Borges KA, Furian TQ, Carvalho D, Wilsmann DE, Cardoso HRP, Alves AK, Chitolina GZ, Salle CTP, Moraes HLDS, do Nascimento VP. Antimicrobial activity of copper surfaces against biofilm formation by Salmonella Enteritidis and its potential application in the poultry industry. Food Microbiol 2020; 94:103645. [PMID: 33279070 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As a consequence of developing antimicrobial resistance to disinfectants, copper, which exhibits antimicrobial activity, has been studied as a possible alternative to the use of stainless steel surfaces. The aim was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of copper surfaces in preventing biofilm formation by Salmonella Enteritidis and to determine their corrosive capacity. Strains of S. Enteritidis were incubated at 4 °C, 12 °C, and 25 °C with 1 cm2 coupons of electrolytic copper (99.9% Cu), brass (70% Cu), copper coated with tin, and stainless steel (control). A planktonic cell-suspension assay was used, followed by serial dilutions and bacterial counts. The corrosion test was performed with two disinfectants: benzalkonium chloride and sodium hypochlorite (100, 200, and 400 ppm). There was a significant reduction in biofilm production (log10 CFU cm-2) on the copper (2.64 at 4 °C, 4.20 at 12 °C, 4.56 at 25 °C) and brass (2.79 at 4 °C, 3.49 at 12 °C, 4.55 at 25 °C) surfaces compared to the control (5.68 at 4 °C, 5.89 at 12 °C, 6.01 at 25 °C). The antimicrobial surfaces showed uniform corrosion similar to that of surfaces generally used. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of copper surfaces in reducing S. Enteritidis and suggest they can be used as a complementary antimicrobial to control for this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Patrin Pontin
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, 91540-00, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Karen Apellanis Borges
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, 91540-00, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Thales Quedi Furian
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, 91540-00, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Daiane Carvalho
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, 91540-00, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Daiane Elisa Wilsmann
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, 91540-00, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Henrique Ribeiro Piaggio Cardoso
- Laboratório de Metalurgia Física, Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Annelise Kopp Alves
- Departamento de Materiais, Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Osvaldo Aranha 99, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Zottis Chitolina
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, 91540-00, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Tadeu Pippi Salle
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, 91540-00, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Hamilton Luiz de Souza Moraes
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, 91540-00, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Vladimir Pinheiro do Nascimento
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, 91540-00, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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7
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Yuan L, Sadiq FA, Wang N, Yang Z, He G. Recent advances in understanding the control of disinfectant-resistant biofilms by hurdle technology in the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3876-3891. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1809345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Faizan A. Sadiq
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ni Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenquan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Sarjit A, Ravensdale JT, Coorey R, Fegan N, Dykes GA. Salmonella survival after exposure to heat in a model meat juice system. Food Microbiol 2020; 94:103628. [PMID: 33279093 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of heat against eleven Salmonella strains in model meat juices was examined. Juices from beef, lamb and goat were made from either the fatty layer (FL), muscle (M) or a mixture of both (FLM). The pH of each FLM sample was altered to match the pH of PBS and vice versa to determine the pH effect on the survival of Salmonella against the effect of heat. Salmonella were exposed to either gradual heating to 70 °C in FLM, M and FL or heat shock at 70 °C for 5 min in FLM. Fat, fatty acid profile and iron content of the juices were determined. Gradual heat treatment significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced Salmonella as compared to the untreated controls (~1.92-7.61 log CFU ml-1) while heat shock significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced Salmonella as compared to the untreated controls (~5.80-7.36 log CFU ml-1). Survival of Salmonella was higher in lamb juices than other juices. The fat content in lamb FL (3.25%) was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than beef (1.30%) and goat FL (1.42%). Iron content in lamb FLM (~127 mg kg-1) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower than beef (~233 mg kg-1) and goat FLM (~210 mg kg-1). The omega 6 and linoleic acid content in goat FLM (~36.0% and ~34.4%) was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than beef (~29.1% and ~27.1%). Fat, fatty acids and iron may differentially protect Salmonella against the effect of heat in these juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreeta Sarjit
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia; CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua T Ravensdale
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ranil Coorey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Narelle Fegan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.
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Wang N, Sadiq FA, Li S, He G, Yuan L. Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics reveals the regulators in biofilm formation and biofilm control of Bacillus licheniformis. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Lira MC, Rodrigues JB, Almeida ETC, Ritter AC, Tondo E, Torres SM, Schaffner D, de Souza EL, Magnani M. Efficacy of oregano and rosemary essential oils to affect morphology and membrane functions of noncultivable sessile cells of Salmonella Enteritidis 86 in biofilms formed on stainless steel. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:376-386. [PMID: 31448524 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated the efficacy of essential oil from Origanum vulgare L. (oregano; OVEO) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary; ROEO) to inactivate sessile cells of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis 86 (SE86) in young and mature biofilms formed on stainless steel. METHODS AND RESULTS Ultrastructural alterations and damage in different physiological functions caused by OVEO and ROEO in noncultivable sessile cells of SE86 were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry. OVEO (2·5 μl ml-1 ) and ROEO (40 μl ml-1 ) were effective to eradicate young and mature biofilms formed by SE86 sessile cells on stainless steel surfaces; however, the efficacy varied with exposure time. OVEO and ROEO caused alterations in morphology of SE86 sessile cells, inducing the occurrence of bubbles or spots on cell surface. OVEO and ROEO compromised membrane polarization, permeability and efflux activity in noncultivable SE86 sessile cells. These findings show that OVEO and ROEO act by a multitarget mechanism on SE86 membrane functions. CONCLUSIONS ROEO and OVEO showed efficacy to eradicate SE86 sessile cells in preformed biofilms on stainless steel, displaying a time-dependent effect and multitarget action mode on bacterial cell membrane. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study provides for the first time the effects of OVEO and ROEO on morphology and physiological functions of noncultivable sessile cells of S. Enteritidis biofilms preformed on stainless steel surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lira
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - J B Rodrigues
- Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Laboratory of Microbial Process in Foods, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - E T C Almeida
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - A C Ritter
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - E Tondo
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - S M Torres
- Department of Materials Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - D Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - E L de Souza
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - M Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Laboratory of Microbial Process in Foods, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Cadena M, Kelman T, Marco ML, Pitesky M. Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Profiles of Salmonella Biofilm and Planktonic Bacteria Challenged with Disinfectants Commonly Used During Poultry Processing. Foods 2019; 8:E275. [PMID: 31336660 PMCID: PMC6678331 DOI: 10.3390/foods8070275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella that survive cleaning and disinfection during poultry processing are a public health concern because pathogens that survive disinfectants have greater potential to exhibit resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants after their initial disinfectant challenge. While the mechanisms conferring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) after exposure to disinfectants is complex, understanding the effects of disinfectants on Salmonella in both their planktonic and biofilm states is becoming increasingly important, as AMR and disinfectant tolerant bacteria are becoming more prevalent in the food chain. This review examines the modes of action of various types of disinfectants commonly used during poultry processing (quaternary ammonium, organic acids, chlorine, alkaline detergents) and the mechanisms that may confer tolerance to disinfectants and cross-protection to antibiotics. The goal of this review article is to characterize the AMR profiles of Salmonella in both their planktonic and biofilm state that have been challenged with hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP), peracetic acid (PAA), sodium hypochlorite (SHY) and trisodium phosphate (TSP) in order to understand the risk of these disinfectants inducing AMR in surviving bacteria that may enter the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna Cadena
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Todd Kelman
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maria L Marco
- UC Davis, Department of Food Science and Technology, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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12
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Biofilm formation by Salmonella sp. in the poultry industry: Detection, control and eradication strategies. Food Res Int 2019; 119:530-540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes and its resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in a simulated salmon processing environment. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Sarjit A, Dykes GA. Transfer of Campylobacter and Salmonella from Poultry Meat onto Poultry Preparation Surfaces. J Food Prot 2017; 80:750-757. [PMID: 28358259 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thermophilic Campylobacter and Salmonella enterica are major causes of gastrointestinal foodborne infection. Survival of these pathogens on food-associated surfaces is a risk contributing to their spread through the food system. This study examined the transfer of two strains each of C. jejuni, C. coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhimurium from chicken meat to a knife or scissors used on either a plastic or wooden cutting board. Each strain of Campylobacter and Salmonella at ∼108 CFU mL-1 was inoculated (5 mL) onto 25 g of chicken meat with skin and allowed to attach (for 10 min). The meat was then cut (20 times per implement) into 1-cm2 pieces with either a knife or scissors on either a plastic or wooden cutting board. The numbers of pathogens transferred from meat onto cutting implements and cutting board surfaces were enumerated. The surfaces were subsequently either rinsed with water or rinsed with water and wiped with a kitchen towel to mimic commonly used superficial cleaning practices for these implements, and the numbers of pathogens were enumerated again. The bacterial numbers for both pathogens were determined on thin-layer agar. The attachment of the Salmonella strains to chicken meat (∼7.0 to 7.8 log CFU cm-2) was higher than the attachment of the Campylobacter strains (∼4.6 to 6.6 log CFU cm-2). All four Salmonella strains transferred in higher numbers (∼1.9 to 6.3 log CFU cm-2) to all surfaces than did the Campylobacter strains (∼1.1 to 3.9 log CFU cm-2). The transfer rates of both pathogens from the chicken meat to all the surfaces examined varied substantially between ∼0 and 21.1%. The highest rate of transfer (∼21.1%) observed was for C. coli 2875 when transferred from the chicken meat to the scissors. Most cleaning treatments reduced the numbers of both pathogens (∼0.3 to 4.1 log CFU cm-2) transferred to all the surfaces. Our study gives insights into the risks associated with the transfer of Campylobacter and Salmonella from poultry to the surfaces used in poultry preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreeta Sarjit
- School of Science, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 46150, Selangor, Malaysia; and
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Western Australia, Australia (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5014-9282)
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