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Li W, Chen J, Linli F, Chen X, Huang Y, Yang X. Organophosphorus pesticide contaminants in fruits and vegetables: A meta-analysis. Food Chem X 2023; 20:101014. [PMID: 38144849 PMCID: PMC10740025 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide demand for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in food production has raised concerns about pesticide residues. Meta-analysis, proven effective in assessing contaminants like aflatoxins and organotin compounds, is applied here to comprehensively study OP contamination in fresh fruits and vegetables. Employing Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3.0 software, we meticulously examined 24 relevant articles encompassing 69,467 data points. Our findings revealed that while the residual concentrations of OPs (such as chlorpyrifos and profenofos) in most fruits and vegetables have typically met international or national safety standards, including Codex Alimentarius Commission, European Union, British, and Chinese standards, there are some instances in which the maximum residue limits have been exceeded, posing safety risks. Therefore, significant efforts are required to maintain residual OP contamination at safe concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Junlong Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Fangzhou Linli
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Xianggui Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yukun Huang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
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Boakye RG, Stanley DA, White B. Honey contamination from plant protection products approved for cocoa (Theobroma cacao) cultivation: A systematic review of existing research and methods. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280175. [PMID: 37878562 PMCID: PMC10599517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The main component of chocolate, cocoa (Theobroma cacao), is a significant commercial agricultural plant that directly sustains the livelihoods of an estimated forty to fifty million people. The economies of many cocoa producing nations, particularly those in the developing world, are supported by cocoa export revenue. To ensure satisfactory yields, however, the plant is usually intensely treated with pesticides because it is vulnerable to disease and pest attacks. Even though pesticides help protect the cocoa plant, unintended environmental contamination is also likely. Honey, produced from nectar obtained by honeybees from flowers while foraging, can serve as a good indicator for the level of pesticide residues and environmental pesticide build-up in landscapes. Here, we use a systematic literature review to quantify the extent of research on residues of pesticides used in cocoa cultivation in honey. In 81% of the 104 studies examined for this analysis, 169 distinct compounds were detected. Imidacloprid was the most frequently detected pesticide, making neonicotinoids the most frequently found class of pesticides overall. However, in cocoa producing countries, organophosphates, organochlorines, and pyrethroids were the most frequently detected pesticides. Interestingly, only 19% of studies were carried out in cocoa producing countries. We recommend prioritizing more research in the countries that produce cocoa to help to understand the potential impact of pesticide residues linked with cocoa cultivation in honey and the environment more generally to inform better pesticide usage, human health, and environmental policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Boakye
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dara A. Stanley
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Blanaid White
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research, DCU Water Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Screening for pesticide residues in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) by portable infrared spectroscopy. Talanta 2023; 257:124386. [PMID: 36858014 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid assessment of pesticide residues ensures cocoa bean quality and marketability. In this study, a portable FTIR instrument equipped with a triple reflection attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory was used to screen cocoa beans for pesticide residues. Cocoa beans (n = 75) were obtained from major cocoa growing regions of Peru and were quantified for pesticides by gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The FTIR spectra were used to detect the presence of pesticides in cocoa beans or lipid fraction (butter) by using a pattern recognition (Soft Independent Modeling by Class Analogy, SIMCA) algorithm, which produced a significant discrimination for cocoa nibs (free or with pesticides). The variables related to the class grouping were assigned to the aliphatic (3200-2800 cm-1) region with an interclass distance (ICD) of 3.3. Subsequently, the concentration of pesticides in cocoa beans was predicted using a partial least squares regression analysis (PLSR), using an internal validation of the PLRS model, the cross-validation correlation coefficient (Rval = 0.954) and the cross-validation standard error (SECV = 14.9 mg/kg) were obtained. Additionally, an external validation was performed, obtaining the prediction correlation coefficient (Rpre = 0.940) and the standard error of prediction (SEP = 16.0 μg/kg) with high statistical performances, which demonstrates the excellent predictability of the PLSR model in a similar real application. The developed FTIR method presented limits of detection and quantification (LOD = 9.8 μg/kg; LOQ = 23.1 μg/kg) with four optimum factors (PC). Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) offered a viable alternative for field screening of cocoa.
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Sahyoun W, Net S, Baroudi M, Ouddane B. Monitoring of pesticides residues in fruits and vegetables: Method optimization and application. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Siow CS, Chan EWC, Wong CW, Ng CW. Antioxidant and sensory evaluation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) tea formulated with cocoa bean hull of different origins. FUTURE FOODS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Zainudin BH, Salleh S, Yaakob AS, Mohamed R. Comprehensive strategy for pesticide residue analysis in cocoa beans through qualitative and quantitative approach. Food Chem 2021; 368:130778. [PMID: 34391100 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiresidue quantitative and qualitative screening method for the analysis of pesticide residues in dried cocoa beans was validated and applied to imported and domestic cocoa beans samples. The quantitative method comprises of 15 pesticides while the screening method covers 110 pesticides of different chemical classes. The method was based on modified QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Efficient Rugged Safe) extraction and detection using triple quadrupole (QQQ-MS) and ion mobility quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (IMS-QTOF). The method was quantitatively validated in terms of linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), specificity, selectivity, accuracy, and precision. On the other hand, screening detection limits were established for 110 pesticides. Finally, the optimized strategy was successfully applied for the routine analysis of pesticide residues in 137 cocoa bean samples and 32% of the total samples were found positive for ametryn, chlorpyrifos, isoprocarb, and metalaxyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrul Hisyam Zainudin
- Analytical Services Laboratory, Chemistry and Technology Division, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Cocoa Innovation and Technology Centre, Lot 12621 Kawasan Perindustrian Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Salsazali Salleh
- Analytical Services Laboratory, Chemistry and Technology Division, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Cocoa Innovation and Technology Centre, Lot 12621 Kawasan Perindustrian Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Syukur Yaakob
- Analytical Services Laboratory, Chemistry and Technology Division, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Cocoa Innovation and Technology Centre, Lot 12621 Kawasan Perindustrian Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Rahmat Mohamed
- Analytical Services Laboratory, Chemistry and Technology Division, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Cocoa Innovation and Technology Centre, Lot 12621 Kawasan Perindustrian Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
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Yusiasih R, Pitoi MM, Endah ES, Ariyani M, Koesmawati TA. Pyrethroid residues in Indonesian cocoa powder: Method development, analysis and risk assessment. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Haque AM, Hwang CE, Kim SC, Cho DY, Lee HY, Cho KM, Lee JH. Biodegradation of organophosphorus insecticides by two organophosphorus hydrolase genes (opdA and opdE) from isolated Leuconostoc mesenteroides WCP307 of kimchi origin. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sulaiman NS, Rovina K, Joseph VM. Classification, extraction and current analytical approaches for detection of pesticides in various food products. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-019-01242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mohammed S, Lamoree M, Ansa-Asare OD, de Boer J. Review of the analysis of insecticide residues and their levels in different matrices in Ghana. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:361-372. [PMID: 30616153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review reports on how Ghanaian scientists analyse insecticide residues in various matrices in their laboratories as well as the levels of insecticides found in Ghana. It covers different sample preparation methods such as solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction. The main technique used for this analysis was gas chromatography (GC) with various detectors such as electron capture, flame photometric, nitrogen phosphorus, and mass spectrometric detection. Liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometric detection was sometimes used to determine the levels of very polar insecticide residues. From the articles reviewed 74% of the insecticides detected were organochlorines with DDTs, lindanes, and endosulfans as most abundant ones. Levels of the insecticides of interest analysed, varied from below the detection limits to clearly above the safety limits. The lowest detected concentration of insecticide residues reported in fruits and vegetables was δ-lindane in pawpaw (0.06 mg/kg) while the highest was fenvalerate (25.6 mg/kg). Insecticide residues reported in sediment were predominantly organochlorines with concentrations ranging from 9.68 ng/kg to 10.98 µg/kg. Endosulfan and its metabolites were the main insecticides found in water bodies with concentrations ranging from 0.036 µg/L to 62.3 µg/L. DDT and its metabolites were the dominant insecticides found in human fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saada Mohammed
- Vrije Universiteit, Dep. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CSIR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 38, Achimota, Ghana.
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit, Dep. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jacob de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit, Dep. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Chawla P, Kaushik R, Shiva Swaraj V, Kumar N. Organophosphorus pesticides residues in food and their colorimetric detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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